2018年高考英語熱點題型和提分秘籍專題11定語從句含解析.docx

專題11 定語從句考生在定語從句的學習過程中存在著以下幾個問題：(1)考生不能辨別定語從句的結(jié)構；(2)關系代詞與關系副詞的選擇混亂，不清楚關系代詞與關系副詞的使用情況；(3)習慣性以翻譯的方式來理解定語從句、同位語從句，而使自己陷入困境之中；(4)由于對句型結(jié)構分析不到位，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)代詞與關系代詞錯用的情況。熱點題型一 關系代詞引導的定語從句例1、 2017北京卷 The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.Athat Bas Cwhere Dwhen 【提分秘籍】引導定語從句的關系代詞有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，關系代詞可作主語、賓語、定語等。1who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.我已與去年在英語演講比賽中遇到的我校的幾個學生成為了好朋友。2whose既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中作定語。指物時，“whose名詞”可用“the名詞of which”或“of whichthe名詞”來代替。Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?你認識那個書法非常漂亮的男孩嗎？This is the house whose window broke last night.This is the house, the window of which broke last night.This is the house, of which the window broke last night.這就是昨晚窗戶被打破的那所房子。3.which, that所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which gave us much cool in summer.過去，院子中央的一棵古樹遮成的大片樹蔭使我們在夏季非常涼爽。We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government，will succeed.我們希望政府采取的控制房價的措施會成功。4.指物時，關系代詞that和which一般情況下可換用，但以下幾種情況下一般用that，而不用which。(1)先行詞是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代詞，或先行詞被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修飾時。I have read all the books (that) you gave me.你給我的書我都已經(jīng)讀過了。注意：當something確指某物或某事時，用that或which都可以。 There is something that/which keeps worrying me.有一件事一直令我不安。(2)先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞the first，the second, .，the last修飾時。This is the best film (that)I have ever seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。(3)先行詞被the only，the very，the right等修飾時。The only thing that matters is to find our way home.唯一一件要緊的事情是找到我們回家的路。(4)先行詞既有人又有物時。They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.他們談論起他們記得的學校里的人和事。5在以下情況中，只能用which，不能用that。(1)在非限制性定語從句中，如從句中缺少主語或賓語指物，只能用which。Our football team won the final, which made us excited.我們的足球隊贏得了決賽，這使我們非常興奮。(2)關系代詞充當介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關系代詞之前時，只能用which。The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.過去我居住的房子變成了鞋店。熱點題型二 關系副詞引導的定語從句例2、 Greg decided to take some of my songs that I had recorded to a local radio station, _ he explained about my illness.【解析】考查定語從句用法。從句中不缺少主語和賓語，先行詞表示地點，故用關系副詞where。【答案】where【提分秘籍】 當定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語、定語和表語時，要選用關系副詞。其中when, where, why是常見的三個關系副詞。when表時間的介詞(in, on, at, during等)which。where表地點的介詞(如in, at, on, under等)which；why表原因的介詞(如for)which。1關系副詞when, where, why的先行詞是表示時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.現(xiàn)代人更加關心他們居住的環(huán)境。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。當定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語、定語和表語時，要選用關系副詞。其中when, where, why是常見的三個關系副詞。when表時間的介詞(in, on, at, during等)which。where表地點的介詞(如in, at, on, under等)which；why表原因的介詞(如for)which。xkw1關系副詞when, where, why的先行詞是表示時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.現(xiàn)代人更加關心他們居住的環(huán)境。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。2way和time后接定語從句的情況。(1)當先行詞是way(意為“方式、方法”，且關系詞在定語從句中作狀語)時，引導定語從句的關系詞可以是that, in which或省略。如：I dont like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.我不喜歡他看我的方式。(2)先行詞是time時，若time作“次數(shù)”講，應用關系代詞that引導定語從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時間，時代”講，應用關系副詞when或“介詞at/duringwhich”引導定語從句。如：This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.這是我第一次和一個外國人面對面交流。There was a time when I hated going to school.曾經(jīng)有一段時間我討厭上學。熱點題型三 “介詞which/whom”引導的定語從句 例3 Im sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier, _ I must say, I apologize.【解析】考查定語從句用法?！癐 must say”為插入語，可去掉后再分析句子結(jié)構。從句中apologize后加介詞才能跟賓語。根據(jù)句意可知此處需加for，表示“因而道歉”注意。apologize to sb. for sth.。【答案】for which【提分秘籍】掌握“介詞關系代詞”引導的定語從句，要注意以下幾點：1關系代詞的確定在介詞后作賓語的關系代詞只有which和whom。如果先行詞是物，引導詞用which；如果先行詞是人，則引導詞用whom。如：This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.這就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火車。This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.這就是我為他買詞典的那個學生。2介詞的位置介詞一般放在關系代詞which和whom之前，但也可以放在原來的位置上。如：The house in which we live is very large.The house (which/that) we live in is very large.我們住的房子很大。This is the man from whom I learned the news.This is the man (that/whom) I learned the news from.就是這個男人，我從他那里得到的這個消息。注意：如果介詞和句中動詞組成固定詞組時，這個介詞一般不前置。如：My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding.我得照看我的小弟弟，真是讓人費神。3關系代詞前介詞的確定(1)依據(jù)定語從句中動詞或形容詞的習慣搭配來確定。如：The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.我與之說話的那個人起初沒有回答。(speak to)The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.西湖是一個美麗的地方，杭州以此而聞名。(be famous for)(2)根據(jù)先行詞來確定。如：Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永遠不會忘記我在鄉(xiāng)村度過的童年時光。(during the time)(3)根據(jù)所表達的意思來確定。如：Air, without which man cant live, is really important.空氣真的很重要，沒有它人類就不能生存。(live without)4“名詞/代詞介詞關系代詞”結(jié)構此類結(jié)構常見的有“some/many/most/all/none/the largestofwhich/whom”等。如：Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.問題都在這兒，其中一些我認為對你來說很難。He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.他有三個兒子，沒有一個是當醫(yī)生的。5“復合介詞短語關系代詞which”引導的定語從句，其從句部分常與先行詞用逗號隔開，且從句部分常用倒裝語序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大樹。6“介詞which/whom不定式”結(jié)構The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man has no house to live in.The poor man has no house in which he can live.那個窮人沒房子住。熱點題型四 as引導的定語從句例4、 Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film _ is bad for their mental development.【解析】考查定語從句用法。從句中缺少主語，故用關系代詞，且先行詞由such修飾，故用關系代詞as?！敬鸢浮縜s【提分秘籍】1as作為關系代詞，在定語從句中缺少主語或賓語時使用，通常先行詞由the same, as, such, so等修飾時，關系代詞用as。They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.他們只能讀類似這樣的一些簡易英語改寫的故事。(as作主語)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.這些房子以人們期望的低價出售。(as作賓語)This is the same knife as I lost.這把小刀和我丟的那把一樣。注意：such.as.與such.that.的區(qū)別such.as.中的as引導的是定語從句，而such.that.中的that引導的是結(jié)果狀語從句。當as引導定語從句時，as在從句中一般作主語或賓語，而that引導結(jié)果狀語從句時，that在從句中不作任何成分。This is such a difficult problem as all of us cant work out.這是一個我們所有人都不能解決的難題。(從句中的work out缺少賓語，前面的as是關系代詞，用作work out的賓語。)This is such a difficult problem that all of us cant work it out.這個問題很難，我們中無人能解決它。(從句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引導從句的作用，在從句中不作成分。2關系代詞as與which引導非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別(1)位置不同as引導的非限制性定語從句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句之后。如：As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.小男孩總是很活潑好動，很難控制，這是常見的情況。Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.眾所周知，愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學家。There was a bank around here as I remember.我記得過去這兒附近有一家銀行。He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.他考試沒及格，這是意料之外的。(2)意義不同as常譯作“正如，像”，多用于下列習慣用語中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那樣；as is well knownas is known to all眾所周知；as we had expected 正如我們所預料的那樣；as (it) often happens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as is often the case正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所記得的那樣。which常譯作“這一點，這件事”，此時指前面主句所提到的那件事。如：He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反對這個意見。Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.湯姆進步很大，這使他父母很高興。(3)用法不同當非限制性定語從句是否定句或表示否定時只能用which。如：He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected)他來得很晚，這是未預料到的。當as在句中作主語時，后常接動詞的被動語態(tài)。如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果從句中動詞是主動語態(tài)，一般用which作主語。如：She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了，正如預料的那樣。 1.2017北京卷 The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.Athat Bas Cwhere Dwhen 【答案】A【解析】考查定語從句。先行詞是 the little problems, 在從句中作 meet的賓語，故選關系代詞that。句意：我們在日常生活中遇到的那些小問題有可能會成為偉大發(fā)明的靈感。 2.2017江蘇卷 In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.Awhich Bits Cwhose Dwhom 【答案】C【解析】考查定語從句。先行詞the World Food Programme在非限制性定語從句中作定語，修飾名詞purposes，所以用關系代詞whose引導，故選C項。句意：1963年，聯(lián)合國成立了世界糧食計劃署，其目的之一就是緩解世界范圍內(nèi)的饑荒。3.2017天津卷 My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.Athat Bwhose Chis Dwho【答案】B1.【2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A【解析】a couple是先行詞，這對夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所屬關系，故用whose作定語，whose children相當于the children of whom，故選A。2.【2016江蘇】23.Many young people, most _were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams.A.of whichB.of themC.of whomD.of those【答案】C【解析】本題定語從句的先行詞是Many young people，關系代詞whom指代先行詞，在定語從句中作介詞of的賓語。故C項正確。3.【2016天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when【答案】D【解析】句意：我們將把公園的野餐推遲到下個星期，那時天氣可能會更好。使用定語從句，先行詞是next week，定語從句中不缺少主賓表，缺少時間狀語。故選D。4.【2016浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that【答案】B【解析】句意：關于人類為什么哭的時候會流淚，科學家已經(jīng)提出了很多理論，沒有一個被證明了。使用定語從句，先行詞是theories，指物，定語從句中用代詞+介詞+關系代詞which引導。故選B?！究键c】考查定語從句。1(2014北京卷)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _ my classmates recommended to me.【答案：】which【解析】本題考查定語從句的引導詞。句意：上周我從圖書館借了本夏洛克福爾摩斯，這是我同學推薦我看的書。先行詞為the book Sherlock Holmes，把先行詞代入定語從句后為“My classmates recommended the book Sherlock Holmes to me.”，由此可知先行詞在定語從句中作賓語，故定語從句用which引導。2(2014福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities_they can gain experience for growth. 【答案：】where3(2014湖南卷)I am looking forward to the day _ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.【答案：】when【解析】考查定語從句。句意：我盼望我的女兒能讀這本書并懂得我對她的感情的那一天的到來。先行詞是the day，后面是定語從句不缺少主語、賓語或表語，故用關系副詞when在定語從句中作時間狀語。4(2014重慶卷)Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year.【答案：】which【解析】本題考查定語從句的引導詞。句意：我們將在一個月之內(nèi)完成年初設定的銷售目標。which是關系代詞，指代物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。先行詞為the sales targets，定語從句中缺少賓語，把先行詞代入定語從句后為“we set the sales targets at the beginning of the year”， 故用關系代詞which引導定語從句，而且which也可以省略。5(2014四川卷)Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected.【答案：】which【解析】考查定語從句。句意：直到現(xiàn)在，我們已經(jīng)為貧困兒童籌集了50 000英鎊，這很出乎意料。which引導非限制性定語從句，指代前面整個句子的內(nèi)容，并在從句中作主語，可譯為“這件事”。注意：that不能引導非限制性定語從句。6(2014安徽卷)The exact year_Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.【答案：】which【解析】考查定語從句。句意：安吉拉和她的家人一起在中國度過的確切年份是2008年。本題定語從句中的謂語動詞spent為及物動詞，缺少賓語，先行詞為其賓語，故用關系代詞which。7(2014陜西卷)Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position.【答案：】that【解析】本題考查定語從句的引導詞。句意：請把你有的有關申請那個職位的人的所有信息發(fā)給我們。分析題意和句子結(jié)構可知，you have about the candidate for the position作定語修飾前面的information。選擇什么樣的引導詞，關鍵是分析先行詞以及定語從句中缺少什么成分。句中have是一個及物動詞，由此可以看出定語從句中缺少賓語，故用關系代詞。又因為information被all修飾，所以不能用which作關系代詞。注意：先行詞(指物)前面有the only，few，little，no，all，every，the very等詞(語)修飾時，關系代詞只能用that。而as引導限制性定語從句時，先行詞前面一般有same，as，such修飾，如：I want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要一本和他的一樣的字典。I studied in the same school as she did in Beijing. 我和她在北京的同一所學校就讀。8(2014天津卷)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _uses it differently.【答案：】which【解析】考查定語從句和主謂一致。分析句子結(jié)構可知，這是一個主從復合句，each of which引導非限制性定語從句。9(2014山東卷)A company_profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.10. (2014江西卷)Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.【答案：】which【解析】考查定語從句。句意：在水手們面對的很多危險中，可能最大的(危險)是霧。which引導定語從句并在從句中作賓語，dangers為先行詞。. 在空白處填上適當?shù)膬?nèi)容。 1Ive read many stories of Lei Feng，_this is the most touching one.AwhoBof whichCof whom Dthat答案：B 解析： 考查定語從句用法。句意：我讀過很多雷鋒的故事，其中這個故事最令人感動。先行詞為stories，代入定語從句后為：This is the most touching one of the_stories.由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作介詞of的賓語，先行詞(stories)表示“物”，故排除C項。 2Reading books，_takes the reader to other worlds，is a wonderful way to enjoy life.Athat BwhatCas Dwhich3This was returned because the person_this letter was addressed had died three years ago.Ato whom Bto whichCwhich Dwhom答案：A 解析： 考查定語從句。句意：信件被退回來了，因為收件人三年前就去世了。address this letter to sb.把這封信寄給某人。 4On the second floor there are two rooms，_is used as a meeting room.Athe larger of whichBone of themCthe larger one of thatDthe largest of which答案：A 解析： 句意：在二樓有兩個房間，其中較大的那個被用作會議室。句中沒有連接詞，可知逗號后為定語從句，the larger of whichand the larger of themand the larger of two rooms。B項變?yōu)閍nd one of them才正確；定語從句中，若介詞置于引導詞前，則不能用that而用which，所以C項也不正確。 5Do you have anything to say for yourselves?Yes，theres one point_we must insist on.Awhy BwhereChow D/答案：D 解析： the point作介詞on的賓語，因此應選用關系代詞或者省略。 6Following the girl，we went into a hall，on_walls hung a few pictures of some famous scientists.Aits BwhichCwhose Dthose答案：C 解析： 考查定語從句。分析句子成分可知，walls與先行詞hall存在所屬關系，因此關系詞應該使用whose。 7These old pictures bring to their mind the college days_they spent together，_life was hard but happy。Awhen；whose Bwhich；whoseCwhich；when Dwhen；which8Everyone will go through lifes stages of ups and downs，_selfrespect plays a key role in the maturity of a person.Awhen BwhichCas Dthat答案：A 解析： 考查定語從句。句意：每個人都將經(jīng)歷人生的浮沉階段，其間，自尊在一個人的成熟過程中起著關鍵作用。根據(jù)句意可知，后半句是定語從句，when在從句中作狀語。 9There were several messages from people，most of_I didnt know，on my answering machine when I got home.Athose BwhichCwhom Dthem答案：C 解析： 考查定語從句。分析句式結(jié)構可知，如果選擇A、D兩項，則構成獨立的分句，缺少連接詞；B項關系代詞which只能指代物。C項whom引導定語從句，修飾先行詞people，并在從句中作of的賓語。 10The reason_he was late was_he had to send his grandma to a hospital. Athat；why Bwhy；becauseCwhy；that Dthat；because11Every summer，the beautiful town welcomes top buskers，or street performers，_theyre called，from all over the world.Aas BthatCwhich Dwhat答案：A 解析： 句意：每年夏天，這座美麗的城鎮(zhèn)歡迎來自世界各地的優(yōu)秀街頭藝人，或如人們所稱呼的那樣，叫做街頭表演者。as正如，符合句意。 12Remember that there is still one point_we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.Awhere BwhyCwhen Dthat答案：D 解析： 考查定語從句。先行詞為one point，在從句中作make的賓語，所以用關系代詞that/which引導定語從句并在從句中作賓語。故選D項。 13The mountain，_the peak is hardly seen，is the highest mountain in the area.Awhose BwhichCof which Dthat答案：C 解析： 考查定語從句。句意：頂峰很難被看到的那座山是當?shù)刈罡叩纳?。of which the peakthe peak of whichwhose peak。 xk*w 14That ebook is no larger than an ordinary book with a screen_you can read novels.Ain which Bof whichCthat Dwhere答案：D 解析： 句意：那本電子書有一個能讀小說的屏幕，還不如一本普通的書大。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構可知空格后為where(on which)引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞screen，將其代入從句后為：On_the_screen you can read novels。 15MountHuangshan is such an attractive place of interest_everyone likes to visit. Aas BthatCwhich Dwhat答案：A 解析： 先行詞是place of interest，前面有such修飾，且從句中缺少visit的賓語，故A項正確。 .語篇語法填空(重點考查定語從句)Have you ever asked yourself why children go to school? You will probably say _1_ they go to learn languages, arithmetic, history, science and some other knowledge. That is quite true, _2_ why do they learn these things?We send our children to school to prepare them for the time _3_ they will be big and will have to work for themselves. Nearly everything _4_ they study at school has some practical use in their life. But is that the only reason _5_ they go to school?There is more in education than just learning facts. We go to school to learn how to learn, _6_ when we have left school we can continue to learn.A man _7_ really knows how to learn will always be successful, _8_ when he has to do something new, he will not only be able to do it well himself, he will also be able to teach others how to do it in the best way. The person _9_ is uneducated, on the other hand, is either unable to do something new, or just does it badly. The purpose of schools, _10_， is not to teach languages, arithmetic, history, science，etc., but to teach pupils the way to learn.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._本文講述的是我們?yōu)槭裁匆蠈W以及教育的目的。1that引導賓語從句，從句不缺少成分也不缺少意思，所以用連接詞that。2but因為前面有分號，所以是簡單句構成的句群，句子不缺少成分，根據(jù)意思用but。3when關系副詞引導定語從句，從句不缺少主語和表語，先行詞是the time，所以用when。4that引導定語從句，從句缺少study的賓語且先行詞是everything，所以用that。5why引導定語從句，從句不缺少成分，先行詞是“reason”，所以用why。6so that引導目的狀語從句，根據(jù)句子之間的邏輯關系是“因此，所以”，所以用so that。7who引導定語從句作從句主語，修飾前面的“A man”，所以用who。8because引導原因狀語從句，根據(jù)句子之間的邏輯關系是“因為”，所以用because。9who/that引導定語從句作從句主語，修飾前面的“The person”，所以用who/that。10therefore分析句子得知是簡單句，在主語和謂語之間，根據(jù)意思是“因此”，且前后有逗號，所以用therefore。.閱讀理解When I asked my motherinlaw to select which meals shed like me to order from the homedelivery menu, she only chose the ones her husband would like. This goes way beyond politeness. She is actually feeling uncomfortable voicing what she wants. She developed the main symptom of Askers Syndrome that ones unable to ask for what one wants.Its not just older women who have this problem. Askers Syndrome can strike the young. I have single friends who wont ask a man out on a date because they fear being considered “too forward”. My fiveyearold daughter Violet is showing the early stages of Askers Syndrome. Shes learned that women dont ask, but rather drop hints. Shell say，“Remember last Sunday afternoon we went to the park？” rather than “Can we go to the park？”Apart from women and girls problematic re