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Literary Translation 廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)高級翻譯學(xué)院 張保紅 2012.05.,引言: 1)談翻譯的書,特別是談文學(xué)翻譯的書,一般有兩大類:一類是純粹探討翻譯理論的書,搞翻譯的人大都不看,看也看不下去;一類是單純探討翻譯技巧的書,這類書有些是不怎么做翻譯的人“研究”出來的,不是隔靴搔癢,也多是紙上談兵,所謂的實用指南并不能用到實踐中去。 文學(xué)翻譯工作者戒 (譯事十戒;譯事十法) 英語世界2012(3):4-6,2)文學(xué)翻譯由來已久,而且現(xiàn)在的本科翻譯專業(yè)基本上走的都是文學(xué)翻譯的老路子,仍然重復(fù)文學(xué)翻譯的課程設(shè)置, 中國翻譯2012(1):26 (文學(xué)翻譯“假想敵”) 3)用文學(xué)翻譯的例子研究了普適性的翻譯問題;文學(xué)翻譯是基礎(chǔ)、訓(xùn)練、修養(yǎng)與提高。 4)審美忠實:不可叛逆的文學(xué)翻譯之重 英語世界2012(2):4-6,主要內(nèi)容 1 文學(xué)語言的基本特性 2 文本層次論與翻譯研究 3 文學(xué)譯者的素質(zhì)要求 4 文學(xué)翻譯的原則 5 譯例演示,一 文學(xué)語言的基本特性 指義性 VS 審美性 1 外部指涉性(他指性)VS 自我指涉性(自指性) 2 直接指涉性(直指性)VS 間接指涉性(曲指性) 3 真實指涉性(真值性)VS 虛假指涉性(虛指性),文學(xué)語言的自指性: 使語言話語突出和顯示自身。其表現(xiàn)在: -語音:日常語言注重意思的表達(dá),發(fā)音是否悅耳動聽,節(jié)奏是否抑揚頓挫等就順其自然、比較隨便;文學(xué)語言關(guān)注發(fā)音諧拗、節(jié)奏疾徐、韻律有無等。 -語法:文學(xué)語言往往會偏離日常語言語法規(guī)范,如語序調(diào)整,詞性變換等。 目的:增強語言的審美效果,激發(fā)讀者審美感知和審美情感。,Sweet and Low Alfred Tennyson Sweet and low, sweet and low, Wind of the western sea, Low, low, breathe and blow, Wind of the western sea! Over the rolling waters go, Come from the dying moon, and blow, Blow him again to me; While my little one, while my pretty one, sleeps.,輕輕地,柔和地 阿爾弗雷德丁尼生 輕輕地,柔和地,輕輕地,柔和地, 西方吹來海風(fēng); 輕輕地,柔和地吹拂, 西方吹來海風(fēng)! 西邊吹來,月色朦朧, 吹過波濤洶涌; 吹得他回家呵, 親親睡著的寶寶,可愛的寶貝。,重譯: 西海的風(fēng)啊, 你輕輕地吹,輕輕地唱 西海的風(fēng)啊, 你輕輕地,輕輕地吹呀唱, 越過波濤翻滾的海洋, 掠過明月西沉的夜空,吹呀 再把他吹到我的身旁; 我的小寶寶,我的乖寶寶,睡呀睡得香。,A young lady home from school was explaining. “Take an egg,”she said, “and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.” An old lady who was listening exclaimed: “It beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end and sucked.”,譯文: 一個剛從學(xué)校回來的年輕女士正在解釋?!澳靡粋€雞蛋,”她說,“在底部打一個孔,在頂點上打一個相應(yīng)的孔。然后把嘴唇放在孔上,用力吸氣,蛋殼里的東西就會完全抽空了?!币粋€聽她講的老婦人驚叫道:“如今的人做事真奇怪,我作小孩的時候,他們一頭打個洞,就吸干了?!?譯文: 一位剛從學(xué)校回家的女學(xué)生正在解釋:“取一枚雞蛋,”她說,“在蛋的底部打一個小孔,再在蛋的頂點上打一個對應(yīng)的小孔。然后將嘴唇置于該孔之上并用力吸氣,殼內(nèi)之物則盡釋無遺?!币晃宦犓v話的老太太嚷了起來:“如今的人做事真叫人摸不著頭腦,我作姑娘的那陣兒,人們把蛋一頭磕一個洞,嘶溜兒一嘬就吃了?!?2.文學(xué)語言的曲指性: 采用曲折迂回手法表達(dá)意思 -原因:作者的表意策略;形象指涉的內(nèi)容具有某種不可窮盡性特點;讀者想象與回味的審美要求。 -表現(xiàn):各種修辭手段或含蓄手法。 -結(jié)果:“言有盡而意無窮” “言在此而意在彼” “不著一字,盡得風(fēng)流”。 -目的:強化和深化審美效果和藝術(shù)感染力。,三駝圖(明)李士達(dá) 張駝提盒去探親,李駝遇見問原因, 趙駝拍手哈哈笑,世上原來無直人。,尋隱者不遇 賈島 松下問童子, 言師采藥去。 只在此山中, 云深不知處。,標(biāo)題的翻譯 A Note Left for an Absent Recluse - tr. Witter Bynner A Call on the Recluse Who Is Just Out - tr. Sun Dayu A Hermit Visited but not Encountered - tr. Wan Changsheng & Wang Jianzhong Looking for a Recluse but Failing to Find Him - tr. Burton Watson An Unsuccessful Visit to an Absent Recluse - tr. Wang Dalian,譯文1:留下便條給隱者, 譯文2:拜訪, 譯文3:隱者, 譯文4:行為過程, 譯文5:尋訪失敗。 洛中訪袁拾遺不遇(孟浩然) 尋西山隱者不遇(丘為) 尋陸鴻漸不遇(皎然) 春日與裴迪過新昌里訪呂逸人不遇(王維) 訪戴天山道士不遇(李白),3.文學(xué)語言的虛指性: 指涉的內(nèi)容不是外部世界中已存在的實事,而是虛構(gòu)的假想情景。 原因:由文學(xué)創(chuàng)作活動的想象和虛構(gòu)的特點所決定。指涉虛構(gòu)情景的陳述,稱為“虛假陳述” 。 目的:以想象的真實、情感的真實制造出人們頗能接受,又能更有效地感染他們,打動他們的某種美學(xué)效果。 賀拉斯說:“虛構(gòu)的目的在引人喜歡?!?歸園田居(其一) 陶淵明 少無適俗韻,性本愛丘山。 誤落塵網(wǎng)中,一去三十年。 羈鳥戀舊林,池魚思故淵。 開荒南野際,守拙歸園田。 方宅十余畝,草屋八九間。 The land I own amounts to a couple of acres The thatched-roof house has four or five rooms. Elms and willows shade the eaves in back, Peach and plum stretch out before the hall. (tr. James R. Hightower),惠崇春江曉景 蘇軾 竹外桃花三兩枝,春江水暖鴨先知。 蔞蒿滿地蘆芽短,正是河豚欲上時。 When old bamboo sets off a few peach blooms And one wild duck calls out, “The Waters fine!” - tr. Gordon Osing & Min Xiaohong,總結(jié): -文學(xué)語言的特性:指義性與審美性。審美性以指義性為前提,蘊涵于指義性中。 -審美性體現(xiàn)在自指性、曲指性與虛指性。 -指義性相對顯在、直接,審美性相對潛在、間接。 -文學(xué)翻譯不只是作品語言指義性的翻譯,更為重要的是作品語言審美性的翻譯。,二 文本層次論與翻譯研究 要素論 層次說 1)形式與內(nèi)容 內(nèi)容:題材、主題、人物、環(huán)境、情節(jié)等 形式:體裁、結(jié)構(gòu)、語言、各種表現(xiàn)手法等,2)“言”、“象”、“意”三要素,逐層深入的層次結(jié)構(gòu)。三國時的經(jīng)學(xué)家王弼曰: 夫象者,出意者也。言者,明象者也。盡意莫若象,盡象莫若言。言出于象,故可尋言以觀象;象先于意,故可尋象已觀意。意以象盡,象以言著。,3)現(xiàn)象學(xué)家英伽登的“五分法”: 字音層:字音、字形等語義與審美意義。 意義單位:句法結(jié)構(gòu)都有它的意義單元。 圖式化方面:每一所寫客體都是由諸多方面構(gòu)成,在文學(xué)作品中出現(xiàn)時只能寫出其某些方面。 被再現(xiàn)客體:文學(xué)作品中所表達(dá)的人、物、情、事等。 形而上性質(zhì)層:揭示生命和存在更深的意義,如作品中所表現(xiàn)出的悲劇性、戲劇等。 這五這個層面逐層深入,彼此溝通,互為條件,成為一個有機的統(tǒng)一體。,4)童慶炳的“三分法” : 文學(xué)話語層: 呈現(xiàn)于讀者面前、供其閱讀的具體話語系統(tǒng)。 除具有形象性、生動性、凝煉性、音樂性外,還具有內(nèi)指性(指向文本中的藝術(shù)世界)、心理蘊含性(蘊含了作家豐富的知覺、情感、想象等心理體驗)、阻拒性(打破某些語言的常規(guī)引起人們的注意和興趣,從而獲得較強的審美效果。),文學(xué)形象層: 讀者經(jīng)過想象和聯(lián)想在頭腦中喚起的具體可感的動人的生活圖景。 文學(xué)意蘊層: 文本蘊含的思想、感情等內(nèi)容。 可分為歷史內(nèi)容層(包含一定的社會歷史內(nèi)容),哲學(xué)意味層(對宇宙人生所作的形而上的思考)以及審美意蘊層。 (5 譯例演示),三 文學(xué)譯者的素質(zhì)要求 要求譯者具有: 1 良好的職業(yè)道德 2 扎實的雙語語言功底 3 廣博的文化知識,職業(yè)道德:“就是責(zé)任心,對自己負(fù)責(zé),對他人負(fù)責(zé),對藝術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)。換言之,也就是要真實,對自己真實,對他人真實,對藝術(shù)真實?!?扎實的雙語語言功底:具有較強的駕馭譯出語和譯入語的雙語能力,具有較為出色的雙語寫作技能,能正確理解原文,熟練運用雙語。 廣博的文化知識:相關(guān)國家的文化背景知識(如歷史、宗教、政治、地理、軍事、外交等),中西文化差異的知識以及翻譯理論與翻譯研究相關(guān)學(xué)科的知識(如語言學(xué)、哲學(xué)、文學(xué)、美學(xué)、心理學(xué)等)。 就文學(xué)翻譯而言,還要求譯者突出具備以下幾個方面的素質(zhì)。,1 語言的感悟力 As the alarm clock burrs, the bedroom curtains swing silently apart, the Venetian blinds snap up and the thermostat boosts the heat to a cozy 70. The percolator in the kitchen starts burbling; the back door opens to let out the dog. The TV set blinks on with the days first newscast: (The Age of Miracle Chips) (作者的用心),As the alarm clock burrs , the bedroom curtains swing silently apart, the Venetian blinds snap up and the thermostat boosts the heat to a cozy 70. The percolator in the kitchen starts burbling; the back door opens to let out the dog. The TV set blinks on with the days first newscast:,No nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt Among Arabian sands: A voice so thrilling neer was heard In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides. (讀),An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. (How to Grow Old B. Russel),An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. (How to Grow Old B. Russel),The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds - even thousands - of years. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic-arched gateway of aged brick and stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. (上下左右前后看),The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.,Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, and the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to echo. The shop-keepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit . (The Middle Eastern Bazaar),事理可以專從文字的意義上領(lǐng)會,情趣必從文字的聲音上體驗。 (朱光潛詩論三聯(lián)書店1984年112頁),豐富的想象 The mountain is eating away the setting sun; (tr. Wu Juntao) As daylight fades along the hill. ( tr. J. Turner) The sun is setting behind the mountains. (tr. Wen Shu etc.) The pale sun is sinking behind the mountain,. (tr. Wang Shouyi (tr. Xu Yuanchong) The sun beyond the mountains glows,The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. (Pub Talk and the Kings English),Fog C. Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then move on.,3 豐富的情感 A Red, Red Rose O, my luve is like a red, red rose, Thats newly sprung in June. O, my luve is like the melodie, Thats sweetly played in tune. As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I, And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry.,Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. And fare thee weel, my only luve! And fare thee weel, a while! And I will come again, my luve, Tho it were ten thousand mile!,漢樂府古辭“上邪” 上邪!吾欲與君相知, 長命無絕衰。 山無陵, 江水為歇, 冬雷震震, 夏雨雪, 天地合, 乃敢與君絕!,唐代敦煌曲子詞“菩薩蠻” 枕前發(fā)盡千般愿, 要休且待青山爛。 水面上稱錘浮, 只待黃河徹底枯。 白日參辰現(xiàn), 北斗回南面。 休即未能休, 且待三更見日頭。,明代民歌“劈破玉分離” 要分離,除非天做了地。 要分離,除非東做了西。 要分離,除非官做了吏。 你要分時分不得我, 我要離時離不得你。 就死在黃泉,也做不得分離鬼!,4 審美藝術(shù)修養(yǎng) 音樂 Sweet and Low Alfred Tennyson Sweet and low, sweet and low, Wind of the western sea, Low, low, breathe and blow, Wind of the western sea! Over the rolling waters go, Come from the dying moon, and blow, Blow him again to me; While my little one, while my pretty one, sleeps.,譯文: 西海的風(fēng)啊, 你輕輕地吹,輕輕地唱 西海的風(fēng)啊, 你輕輕地,輕輕地吹呀唱, 越過波濤翻滾的海洋, 掠過明月西沉的夜空,吹呀 再把他吹到我的身旁; 我的小寶寶,我的乖寶寶,睡呀睡得香。,天域 輕輕地 你撫摸著我的臉龐 靜靜地 把溫暖灑在我身上 雖然我看不到你的身影 可是我知道 你就在我的身旁 輕輕地 樹葉在微風(fēng)中歌唱 靜靜地 遠(yuǎn)處飄來陣陣花香 雖然沒見過你美麗的容顏 可是我知道 你就在我的身旁 我的身旁 歌聲里 白云在藍(lán)天上飄過 歌聲里 鮮花在草叢中開放 歌聲里 我看到了美麗的姑娘 歌聲里 我走進廣闊的天域 (徐緩的感覺),親親我的寶貝 親親我的寶貝 我要越過高山 尋找那已失蹤的太陽 尋找那已失蹤的月亮 親親我的寶貝 我要越過海洋 尋找那已失蹤的彩虹 抓住瞬間失蹤的流星 我要飛到無盡的夜空 摘顆星星作你的玩具 我要親手觸摸那月亮 還在上面寫你的名字 啦啦呼啦啦啦呼啦啦 (主題),東北民歌 搖籃曲 月兒明,風(fēng)兒靜,樹葉遮窗欞.蛐蛐兒叫錚錚,好比那琴弦兒聲. 琴聲兒輕,調(diào)兒動聽,搖藍(lán)輕擺動.娘的寶寶閉上眼睛,睡了那個睡在夢中。 夜空里,衛(wèi)星飛,唱著那“東方紅“.小寶寶睡夢中,飛上了太空. 騎上那個月兒,跨上那個星,宇宙任飛行. 娘的寶寶立下大志,去攀那個科學(xué)高峰. 報時鐘,響叮咚,夜深人兒靜.小寶寶快長大,為祖國立大功. 月兒那個明,風(fēng)兒那個靜,搖藍(lán)輕擺動啊.娘的寶寶睡在夢中,微微地露了笑容 (基調(diào)), 舞蹈 My Papas Waltz T. Roethke The whiskey on your breath Could make a smal boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mothers countenance Could not unfrown itself.,The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle. You beat time on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt.,贈張云容舞 楊貴妃 羅袖動香香不已,紅蕖裊裊秋煙里。 輕云嶺上乍搖風(fēng),嫩柳池邊初拂水。 Dancing Wide sleeves sway, Scents, Sweet scents Incessant coming. It is red lilies, Lotus lilies, Floating up, And up, Out of autumn mist.,Thin clouds, Puffed, Fluttered, Blown on a rippling wind Through a mountain pass. Young willow shoots Touching Brushing The water Of the garden pool. Tr. Amy Lowell,英譯唐人絕句百首129-130頁上說: 這首詩譯得很好,竟不妨說比原詩好。原詩只是用詞語形容舞態(tài),譯詩兼用聲形來象征。 翻譯的藝術(shù)118頁上說:原詩讀了好像看見唐代宮女在輕歌曼舞一樣。而譯詩給我的感受,卻象聽見美國女郎在酒吧間跳搖擺舞,時快時慢,如癡如醉,印象大不相同。 外國語1993(6):27-30上說,經(jīng)過三維九方詩美的分析,“原詩音調(diào)輕盈舒緩”“譯詩失去了原詩整齊的節(jié)奏;沒有音步,只有參差不起的音節(jié);節(jié)奏中夾著快速與急促?!?外國語1994(2):24上說:由于原詩予人的廣義意象舞、舞步、舞曲的作用,譯者大膽地將四行原詩處理成現(xiàn)在的十九行了。,繪畫 River-snow A hundred mountains and no birds, A thousand paths without a footprint; A little boat, a bamboo cloak, An old man fishing in the cold river-snow. - tr. Witter Bynner,Rain;empty river;a voyage Fire from frozen cloud heavy rain in the twilight Under the cabin roof was one lantern The reeds are heavy;bent and the bamboos speak as if Weeping (Ezra Pound),雕塑 Myron 米?。ㄏED) Discus Thrower 擲鐵餅者,誘導(dǎo)性頃刻 玉階生白露,夜久侵羅襪。李白玉階怨 The jewelled steps are already quite white with dew, 木落秋草黃,登高望戎虜。李白古風(fēng) Trees fall, the grass goes yellow with Autumn.,潘鶴 孺子牛,回顧性頃刻 十五始展眉,愿同塵與灰。李白長干行 At fifteen I stopped scowling, Cf. But at fifteen I straightened my brows and laughed. 中有冥寂士,靜嘯撫清弦。郭璞游仙詩之三 The lone man sits with shut speech, -tr. W. Bynner,Stone-breakers Gustave Courbet 碎石工 庫爾貝(1819-1877) (法),雙向性頃刻的“節(jié)點” 同居長干里,兩小無嫌猜。李白長干行 And we went on living in the village of Chokan: 雞鳴海色動,謁帝羅公侯。 月落西上陽,余輝半城樓。李白古風(fēng)十八 And the princes still stand in rows, about the throne, And the moon falls over the portals of Sei-go-yo, And clings to the walls and the gate-top.,四 文學(xué)翻譯的原則 原則標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 原則標(biāo)準(zhǔn):“忠實、通順、美” 為文學(xué)翻譯指明了追求的方向與目標(biāo); 具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn):“忠實、通順、美”之下蘊涵的豐富性與多樣性的闡釋為文學(xué)翻譯的具體操作提供了方法和手段。,五 譯例演示 The First Snow (Longfellow) The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches.,What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children.,審美鑒賞 1. 聲音美 2. 節(jié)奏美 3. 意象美 4. 修辭美 5. 錯綜美 6. 感知美 7. 繪畫美 8. 寧靜美 9. 境界美,1. 聲音美(long vowels)(53/118=45%)(雪花片片、徐徐降落),Voiceless consonant(微風(fēng)輕拂 雪花飄飛),長元音和流輔音(l/ r/ m/ n)多會使節(jié)奏放慢 (王佐良),2. 節(jié)奏美 長短句的運用 (- 代表一個詞) -。-, - ,-, -, - ,-, -! -,-;-, -。-, - ,-, -!-, -。-,-!-, -。 - 短長長短短短長 - 長短相間、形式曲折變化、跌宕起伏、心物同構(gòu)(整體舒緩,但波瀾起伏-!) 節(jié)奏的功能 - 舒緩;平和;寧靜;沉思,3. 意象美 the first snow - the first love - the first kiss - the first lady - the first aid - the first night (戲劇等初次上演的夜場) - First Cause (造物主、上帝), seclusion: (place / mood) the state of being private and away from other people - seclude oneself from society - a secluded life - a secluded spot 問君何能爾?心遠(yuǎn)地自偏。 (Secluded heart creates secluded place), the hearts of children - the hearts of men / women / youth My heart leaps up when I behold William Wordsworth My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man; I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety.,4. 修辭美 parallel construction / antithesis - all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! - Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels!, diction - all white save the river not “except” - across the landscape not “scenery” - winding black line not “twisting” - the chiming of sleigh-bells- not “ringing/ jingling”,5. 錯綜美 How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! (錯綜:上下上下) (改寫:從上至下) ( on the mountains, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead,on the meadows! ),All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. 近大/ the river遠(yuǎn)小/ marked its course by a winding black line近大/ the landscape; 近低/ the leafless trees遠(yuǎn)高/ the leaden sky近低/ the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches.,6. 感知美 (時間過程、同時并發(fā)、經(jīng)驗的傳達(dá)) How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! 經(jīng)驗與邏輯: (on the mountains, the meadows, the roofs of the living and the graves of the dead!), All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. -邏輯表述(經(jīng)驗由近及遠(yuǎn),由低到高。先河/樹,后情形) - All is white . - All white save the river that marked its course (無直感) - the leafless trees that against the leaden sky now revealed ,- 感知美(時間過程、同時并發(fā)) What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children.,7. 繪畫美 All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. (綴合;由近及遠(yuǎn),由低到高),8. 寧靜美 (以聲襯靜) Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children.,漢文化語境: 以鳥聲襯靜 以鐘聲襯靜 以犬吠襯靜 蟬噪林逾靜,鳥鳴山更幽。(王籍) 夜半鐘聲到客船。(張繼) 狗吠深巷中,雞鳴桑樹巔。(陶淵明),9. 境界美 - 寧靜中的靜憶。 - 熱愛自然、贊美自然、熱愛生活。 - 積極樂觀、奮發(fā)向上、境界崇高。 - 追求真、善、美的和諧。,審美鑒賞 1 聲音美 2 節(jié)奏美 3 意象美 4 修辭美 5 錯綜美 6 感知美 7 繪畫美 8 寧靜美 9 境界美 大體而言,原作以上分析歸類如下: 1)文學(xué)話語層:1聲音美 2節(jié)奏美 3意象美 4修辭美 5錯綜美 6感知美 2)文學(xué)形象層: 7繪畫美 8寧靜美 3)文學(xué)意蘊層: 9境界美 1至6彼此營構(gòu),其目的共同指向7至8 1至8項共同服務(wù)于第9項。,譯文1 第一場雪 亨利瓦茲沃斯朗費羅 第一場雪飄落,多么美啊!晝夜不停地下著,落在山崗,落在草場,落在世人的房頂,落在死人的墓地。遍地皆白,只有河流像一條黑色的曲線穿過大地;葉子落光的大樹映襯在鉛灰色的天幕下,越發(fā)顯得奇?zhèn)延^,還有那錯落有序的樹枝。下雪是多么寂寥,多么幽靜!所有的聲音都變得沉濁了,所有的噪音都變得輕柔而富有樂感。沒有得得的馬蹄聲,沒有轔轔的車輪聲,只能聽到雪橇那歡快的鈴聲如童心在跳動。,譯文2 初雪 初雪飄臨,如萬花紛謝,整日整夜,紛紛揚揚,真美極了。雪花兒無聲無息,飛上山顛,撒向草原,飄至世人的房脊,落在死者的墳塋。莽莽原野,銀裝素裹,惟有長河逶迤,像一條黑色的長龍蜿蜒爬行于皚皚雪原??萏倮蠘洌ρ颈P錯,光禿禿地直刺灰蒙蒙的天宇,此刻越發(fā)顯得蒼古遒勁,奇特壯觀。 白絮飛舞,大自然靜謐寂寥,超然幽遠(yuǎn)。所有的聲響都趨于沉寂,一切喧囂都化作了輕柔的樂曲。得得的馬蹄聲聽不到了,轔轔的車輪聲也消逝了,惟有雪橇的鈴聲回蕩在空中,那歡快的節(jié)奏猶如童心在跳動。,譯文3 初雪 瑞雪飄臨,無聲無息。 紛紛揚揚,壯觀之極! 飛上山顛,撒向草原, 飄至房頂,落在墓地。 茫茫大地,銀裝素裹。 蜿蜒遠(yuǎn)去,長河逶迤。 老樹虬枝,枝丫盤錯。 直刺蒼穹,愈發(fā)壯麗。 白絮蹁躚,超然幽寂, 喧囂之聲,化作樂曲。 看不見轔轔車輪, 聽不見得得馬蹄, 惟聞雪橇的鈴兒,叮咚,叮咚 如童心跳動,永不停息。,譯文4 初雪 初雪飄然而至。如此美麗!整日整夜漫山遍野悄然飄落,落在生者的屋頂上,落在死者的墳?zāi)股?。白雪皚皚中,只有河流在美麗的風(fēng)景中描出一道道彎彎曲曲的墨線。葉子落光的樹枝,在鉛灰色天宇的映襯下,更顯得枝椏繁復(fù),儀態(tài)萬方。雪落無聲,如此安寧,如此寂靜。萬籟無聲,一切的嘈雜喧鬧都已變得如音樂般溫婉。馬蹄聲寂,車輪聲消,只有雪橇的鈴聲婉轉(zhuǎn)悠揚,輕捷明快如孩子們心房的歡跳。,譯文5 初雪 亨利瓦茲沃斯朗費羅 初雪飄然而至,真是美極了!它整日整夜靜靜地飄著,落在山嶺上,落在草地上,落在生者的屋頂上,落在逝者的墳塋上。天地皆白,惟有河流蜿蜒而去,在雪景上畫出一道彎彎曲曲的墨線。葉兒落凈的大樹在銀灰色天幕的映襯下,枝丫盤錯,更加顯得奇?zhèn)延^。雪落、無聲、幽寂、安寧!一切聲響都趨于沉寂,一切喧囂都化作了輕柔的樂曲。得得的馬蹄聲聽不到了,轔轔的車輪聲也消逝了,惟有雪橇的鈴聲在空中回蕩,那明快的節(jié)奏猶如童心在歡跳。,翻譯探討(選擇譯文1為對象) 1 基調(diào)確立 2 主題傾向 3 詞語色彩 4 句子選擇 5 語篇構(gòu)建,1 基調(diào)的轉(zhuǎn)存 原文:徐緩、寧靜。 徐緩: 第一場雪/飄落,多么美/啊!/晝夜/不停地/下著,/ 落在/山崗,/ 落在/草場,/ 落在/世人的/房頂,/ 落在/死人的/墓地。,從句子的標(biāo)示來看, 首句中的詞語前長后短,參差不齊,未能形成平穩(wěn)的節(jié)奏。 第二句中句子間的詞語長度彼此相當(dāng),以二字詞語為主導(dǎo),而且相互對稱,整齊劃一,加快了行文的節(jié)奏。 譯文頭兩句:節(jié)奏頗為急促。,比較: 初雪/飄然/而至,真是/美極了!它/整日/整夜/靜靜地/飄著,落在/山嶺上,落在/草地上,落在/生者的/屋頂上,落在/逝者的/墳塋上。,寧靜: 所有的聲音都變
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