外文翻譯--液壓支架的發(fā)展與前瞻

河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 1 The hydraulic pressure support development with first gazes Key words hydraulic pressure support； Control； Intellectualization 1 hydraulic pressure supports development The hydraulic pressure support is take the high-pressured liquid as a power, by certain hydraulic pressure part (cylinder, pipe accessory) one kind of strut and the control roof mining coal working surface equipment which becomes with some steel work combinations. Has the intensity high, the travelling speed quick, support the performance good, safe is reliable and so on the characteristic. Since the 20th century 50s, the hydraulic pressure support has gradually become the mining coal working surface core equipment, in the world mainly produced the coal country to invest the massive manpower physical resource and the financial resource carries on the research development to it. At present, support tends to take the hydraulic pressure support as the main body maturely, in the world has produced makes several hundred kind of frames and the up to ten thousand kind of models hydraulic pressure support, meets each kind of coal bed mining support need. On the century 60s, our country once has also developed 10 kind of hydraulic pressure supports, because all sorts of reasons have not obtained the promoted application, the hydraulic pressure support is in the development, the experimental stage； The 70s successively from England, Germany, Poland, former Soviet Union and so on mainly produce the coal country to introduce several 10 sets of hydraulic pressure supports. After the unceasing exploration, the use, the digestion and the summary, make each kind of type the support, it is the beginning which the domestically produced hydraulic pressure support develops； The 80s hydraulic pressure support research and development is in the innovation to enhance the stage, develops 30 kind of new frames one after another, makes the ZZ series, the XY series, the ZD series and so on the different specification, and widely uses in the state-owned large and middle scale coal mines, obtains the good economic efficiency； 90s special hydraulic pressure support development obtains the rapid development, the mechanized shop net support, the water granulated substance fills the support, the reason support, the force support, puts goes against the coal support and so on to be published one after another； This century along with the computer technology, the automated technology popularization and the application, the hydraulic pressure support control obtains unprecedentedness to progress, gradually to the procedure control, the 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 2 numerical control, the remote control and the automated control makes great strides forward. 2 domestic and foreign hydraulic pressure supports difference The domestically produced support in the manufacture technology, the material quality performance, the processing craft, the control system and in the sealing property compares with the overseas advanced countries has the very big disparity. 2.1 processings manufactures aspect According to the related synthesis picks the engineers and technicians to reflect that, the domestically produced hydraulic pressure support craft technology, the service life, the operational performance, use the material quality so far not yet to achieve in 1979 introduced 100 sets of supports the technical levels. If structural material: Germany uses the ST52 material it yield strength is 500 MPa, but our country uses 16 Mn material yield strength is only 350 MPa； Valve class: Overseas always uses the copper alloy valve shell and the high strength stainless steel valve core, our country is the 45# steel adds surface heat processing； In processing craft: The overseas cylinder endophragm is duplicate plates, the domestic product for does not plate, causes the column premature to appear the spot in the use process, scratches and so on the seal leaks the fluid phenomenon, affects support the effect. The domestically produced hydraulic pressure support and the overseas production hydraulic pressure support compares the average to reduce 2 3 a service life. 2.2 control systems aspect The domestically produced hydraulic pressure support control system research and development is at backwardness condition, seriously restricted the support to move supposes the speed the enhancement and the synthesis picks the economic efficiency the display. In the world several mainly produce the coal great nation throughout to enhance the support control system achievement the synthesis to pick the economic efficiency the important method, the 20th century 60s use manually straight control the operating system； The 70s use the forerunner control system, along with it England first proposed the development electrohydraulic control system, the eightys tends to maturely； The 90s ladders company develops the entire working surface electrohydraulic control system, follows closely after that Wister to cut down the advantage Asia - shell Switzerland special company to develop more advanced P - M3, P - the M4 electrohydraulic control system. Presently country and so on US, Germany, England, 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 3 Australia basically all is the programmable electrohydraulic control, but our country still used the hand control system. 2.3 hydraulic pressure parts aspect The hydraulic pressure part research and development speed lags by far to the hydraulic pressure support need to develop. The hydraulic pressure support reliability mainly relies on the hydraulic pressure part reliability, the hydraulic pressure support in the coal mine production applies whether succeeds, the key lies in the hydraulic pressure part the technical performance whether does meet the requirements. Overseas at present uses the great current capacity safety valve, the fluid much controls the cone-way valve, the cut-off valve, initially supports the strength maintenance valve and the column quickly returns at once the fluid valve. To the hydraulic pressure part structural style, the geometry size, the choice of material, the heat treatment method and the surface treatment and so on various aspects have conducted the thorough research and the development. Develops one batch of sealing property well, the sensitivity high, enters the row of fluid ability to be big, the anti- impact load strong each kind of hydraulic pressure part, adapts the hydraulic pressure support operating performance request. But our country kind of hydraulic pressure part research and development lags regarding this, at present still continued to use the century for 80s the product, has not formed the hydraulic pressure part universalization, the seriation, the standardization 3 hydraulic pressure supports prospects for development forecast In view of the fact that the science and technology high speed development, new technical, the new craft, the new method, the new material unceasing application and the computer technology unprecedented expansion, the hydraulic pressure support future development will have the extremely attractive prospect. 3.1 designs ideas renewal, the hydraulic pressure support develops a revolution Must consider the environment in the hydraulic pressure support design the attribute. Because the hydraulic pressure support working condition is bad, the person, machine the environment reciprocity question appears importantly. The green design is the choice of materia l, the product structure, the technique, the outward appearance modelling and the color matches according to the certain rule, adopts artistic the method to perform ingeniously to fuse, fully manifests the man-machine environment system the harmonious unification. The unwieldy 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 4 hydraulic pressure support image safe, reliable, is been easy to service, lowly to consume energy, the high efficiency, the modelling artistic substitutes. This kind of green design, it not only Filters the environment and the resources both must meet the economical development needs, and must meet the human survival development needs, is the humanity sustainable developmental strategy in support design manifesting. For example: The hydraulic pressure support uses the multi- goals fuzzy design in the design process, requests to support the strength in a big way, moves a speed quickly, weight light, the timber wood are few and so on, each goal determined a function, namely many designs objective function, then the combination optimizes, determination preferred plan. 3.2 will adopt the pure water hydraulic pressure technology, the hydraulic pressure support becomes the green machinery The pure water hydraulic pressure technology is the hydraulic pressure domain development front. It not only has good anti- burns the nature, the radiation, moreover the price also cheaply, does not have the pollution, since the long-time hydraulic pressure support in Surface under has worked, because the use actuating medium is the emulsion, and has many chemical additives (emulsifier, guards against rust medicinal preparation, antiseptic, partner mixture and so on), the micro environmental pollution is extremely serious to the surface below, therefore, the hydraulic pressure support use pure water hydraulic pressure technology, to reduces the coal mine the production cost, protects the environment is beneficial, and may greatly improve the mine pit the work and the security condition. Unceasingly progresses along with the society, the people had a higher request to the dependent survival environment, hoped has a security, the environmental protection, the highly civilized green environment. The time request summoned the hydraulic pressure transmission (to origin in 1605 discovered the Pascals law) this ancient brand-new technology resurfaced, and received the world the attention. At present, the western nation concentrates the strength to study this technology, and makes the unprecedented progress. For example: The lubrication attrition question, reasonably selects rubs the vice- material, has the engineering plastics, the structure ceramics, the high polymer material, guards against rust anticorrosion coating and so on. The structure ceramics have the resistance to wear, the anti- cavitation performance is good, the good chemical stability, characteristic and so on lower friction factor, prepares is favoured. Replaces the partial metals material in the 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 5 hydraulic pressure part with the structure ceramics, big improvement its performance. In brief, the new material success develops and applies, precisely processes technical the unceasing progress, as well as each kind of new structure hydraulic pressure part making, all will become the hydraulic pressure support to use the pure water hydraulic pressure technology to enter the strict non- pollution domain, will provide the extremely attractive application prospects for development. 3.3 high tech applications, the hydraulic pressure support tends to the intellectualization The advanced science and technology application is mutually seeps each kind of technology, mutually unifies in the foundation mutually assists, mutually promotes and the enhancement, fully uses each kind of related technical the superiority, enhances strong points and avoid weaknesses, after causes the combination the overall function to be bigger than the composition whole sum of each part of function comprehensive interdisciplinary studies. The many kinds of technologies unceasingly seep to the mechanical parent substance - hydraulic pressure support, including technical and so on machine, electricity, fluid, light, magnetism servosystem. Specifically said that, is the strength, the speed which outputs by the hydraulic pressure support are a goal, constituted from has output to the input closed-loop system, was involves sensing the technology, the computer control technology, the signal processing technology, the mechanical drive technology, the hydraulic transmission technology and so on. Because fast operating speed, formidable memory function and keen logical judgement function, thus has realized the man-machine dialogue, causes it operation maintenance conveniently, the entire machine function to be strong. The hydraulic pressure support application function unceasingly expands, unceasingly strengthens to the mine pit coal bed geology condition compatibility, production benefit to equipment dependent degree increasingly big, the operational reliability is more important. The breakdown diagnosis technology (including signal examination, breakdown judgement, failure detection, content and so on fault analysis) along with the high tech development theory (for example wavelet technology, nerve network, artificial intelligence and so on) will enter the hydraulic pressure support the early diagnosis, the prevention and the reduced accident occurrence, service blindness and the maintenance time, will lengthen the support service life, will enhance the production efficiency. 4 concluding remark 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 6 In summary, the hydraulic pressure support at present develops the main tendency is: Two columns shields type, enhances the hydraulic pressure support intensity, the design factor, moves a speed, the improvement individual part structure (overall top-beam, width center distance and so on), hydraulic pressure pipe accessory seriation, standardization, universalization, high working resistance, redundant reliability, with micro electron technology realization machine electrohydraulic integration digital gathering, operating mode monitor, breakdown diagnosis and automatic control. Hydraulic pressure support battery solution control engineering research and application Key words Hydraulic pressure support；Battery solution control system；Design application A coal mining technology significant innovation. At present,The battery solution control technology in synthesis and so on US, Germany picked the technical leading country to obtain the widespread application,But our country then only then gradually the necessary use battery solution controls the technology in recent years on some hydraulic pressure supports 1 battery solution control technology basic principle and main composition 1.1 Battery solution control technology basic principle （ 1） Bidirectional neighbour control system. The synthesis picks working surface each support has the frame to control the box,The operator controls the box choice neighbour control mode through the support frame,Then sends out the corresponding control command according to the instruction (to produce electrical signal),Causes electro-magnet or micro electrical machinery movement which on neighbour corresponds,Let the electrical signal transform as the hydraulic pressure signal,Controls the host to control the valve to open,Supplies the fluid to the support hydraulic cylinder,Realization neighbour support corresponding movement. The support working mode active status feeds back the frame by the position transmitter and the pressure transmitter to control the box,The frame controls the box to decide the support again according to the sensor feedback signal the next movement. （ 2） Bidirectional becomes the group control system. 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 7 Arranges the working surface support is certain groups,In on this group of in first frames presses the frame by the operator to control the box the start key,Sends out an instruction,Neighbour presses the pre-set sequence movement,After moves the frame to complete automatically sends out the control signal to control the box for next,Next starts the movement. Infer from this,In realization group support automatic control. （ 3） Entire working surface automatic control system. The function consummates battery solution.The control system is equipped with the main control console, the infrared installment,Can realize the support and the coal mining machine linkage entire working surface automation control. Its principle is:On each support frame controls the box with the main control console networking,When the support infrared receiving device receives the position which the coal mining machine infrared launcher sends out to believe.After number,The feedback gives the main control console,The main control console sends out the instruction according to the feedback signal,Causes the corresponding support movement. 1.2 Main constituent （ 1） Battery solution controller (SCU). The battery solution controller is a control system department.Series heart,It by microprocessor, the intelligence transmission unit, operates the keyboard and the data receiving device and so on is composed. The battery solution controller has two aspects the functions:On the one hand is defers to the operational order and the pre-set sequence completes the solenoid valve group to open shuts,Then control support column, hoisting jack movement；On the other hand it receives the condition data which on the support obtains (including pressure, displacement and so on) and performs to analyze the judgment,Then controls the support the movement,And demonstrates the support state variable and the support breakdown. （ 2） Battery solution control valve group (FZ). The control valve group is one kind of multipurpose control hydraulic pressure solenoid valve,May replace the fluid cycle selector valve,This kind of valve assembly has causes the support movement the valve group and the surveillance support working condition pressure switch,Opens or the closed valve passage according to the controller instruction. （ 3） Central control bench (MCU). 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 8 Whether the system does use MCU,Must the working surface automated horizontal height which determined according to the user decide. Only installs the battery solution controller,Even does not need to install the ground master control room (MCU1) and the mine shaft control room (MCU2),Also may realize the entire automation. The lowest level control system is a bidirectional neighbour unicontrol,What at present is commonly used is as soon as controls four the system,Then expands to the automatic arrangement, becomes the group to control, to become the group to pass and the combination function and so on,These all do not need the central control bench. （ 4） Periphery accessory. The battery solution control system has can survey Condition, And transforms the hydraulic pressure parameter into the electronic signal original part pressure transmitter,The reflection passes the hoisting jack travelling schedule position contact sensor as well as uses for automatically to start the coal mining machine long-distance control hydraulic pressure support battery solution controller the infrared receiver and so on. All sensors all have respective output signal,Thus may discover the position which the line severs,And is distinguished by each support battery solution controller. If the system matches in the mine shaft working surface or the ground control room Has the central control bench,Has the breakdown cable line or the sensor can demonstrate on the key station screen,Like this very easy definite breakdown position battery solution control flow like chart 1 shows 2 battery solutions control the support the merit Below this support and the hand control system compare has the merit （ 1） The support travelling speed is quick. At present the domestic hydraulic pressure support is common.Uses the hand control,It passes the speed besides to receive the system current capacity and the hydraulic pressure part has flowed the ability the limit,The worker also has the direct influence in the bay travelling speed to it,This kind of influence appears the outstandingly in the thin coal bed. The battery solution control support work process may automatically circulate carries on,Sped up moved a speed form eight to ten mintenuse,This speed can follow form13113 to 1315m/Min coal mining 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 9 machine speed,Shan Taibeng current capacity 400 L/Min,Needs 2 to pump the simultaneous working. Satisfied the high efficiency coal mining machine fast to cut. （ 2） Improved the roof to support and protect the condition. Because uses to press every time Niu operates,May enable the support to follow close on after the coal mining machine carries on supports and protects,Moreover,Must act the support requests its two sides the support fastening to support and protect the roof,This characteristic and the correct strut unify,The guarantee forms a firm protecting band along the working surface. （ 3） Guaranteed the hydraulic pressure support fixed initially supports the strength. Battery solution control system.The passable excess pressure sensor feedback signal or lengthens the control electromagnetism the pilot valve on time realization at the beginning of support to support the strength self-preservation first. Guaranteed fixed initially supports the strength,Reduced the column to increase anti- needs the time,Enhanced has supported and protected the efficiency,Also the entire working surface at the beginning of support supports the strength evenly to be consistent,Improved the roof control （ 4） May have the pressure to move the frame. Uses the battery solution control system,Is moving the frame.In process,Easy to realize the belt pressure to move the frame,Reduced the working surface roof to have the frequent impact load to the hydraulic pressure support,Protection roof adjacent formation stability,Lengthens the hydraulic pressure support the service life. （ 5） Improved the working surface straight line. With manual operation compared to,The overwhelming majority battery solution control support all is pusher type,This meant the conveyer pulls the phenomenon to be few,Causes all supports by the biggest displacement quantity to abut in a working surface conveyer armored cable side,Maintains a straight working surface. Moves a step of distance to be accurate,Cuts the crest line to be neat,Improved has supported and protected the effect,And causes the scraper conveyer and the entire working surface straight line. The nature is good,The coal mining machine truncation depth is accurate. Improved the scraper conveyer and the coal mining machine operating mode. Moreover at the same time the multi- frames pushes slides,Slowly causes the scraper conveyer to be curving,Avoids the chute attachment point having the oversized stress. 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 10 （ 6） Improved the support operators working condition. Battery solution control technical application,Has realized the hydraulic pressure support remote control operation,But indirect maintenance,The worker work condition and the labor intensity have the enormous improvement,Because uses the computer automatic control,Reduced workers misoperation. （ 7） The operation flexibility is big. Supports and protects the system the support operation sequence is very easy to change,May act according to the different mining condition,Is suitable specially for the thin coal bed and inclines anxiously the coal bed,Also may use in the drum coal mining machine working surface,Also may use in the coal plow working surface；Also may use in promptly supporting and protecting (moves first frame boosts slides) supports and protects the way,Also after may use in lags supports and protects (pushes first slides moves) supporting and protecting the way. （ 8） The system can realize the long-distance procedure control. The operator may the root.According to coal mining machine coal cutting choice of direction best position,Has avoided operators casualty,At the same time also reduced the dust to the body the harm. （ 9） The battery solution control system may and the coal mining machine and the scraper conveyer.Automatic control system coordination linkage,Realizes the entire automated synthesis to pick the working surface. The support and the coal mining machine running status and the data may transmit to the tunnel in the main control console and the ground central control center,Is advantageous for the realization entire mine pit automated management. 3 domestic and foreign development surveys At present US, Germany and so on walk in this technology in the world front row,Its hydraulic pressure support battery solution control technology disposition has the breakdown to diagnose the early-warning installation,May realize the hydraulic pressure support and the coal mining machine, the scraper machine linkage and the long-distance control. Our country develops the hydraulic pressure support battery solution control system start to be late,Has developed successfully the first entire working surface hydraulic pressure support battery solution control system since 1995,Also has the many kinds of models the battery solution 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 11 control system hydraulic pressure support to be published. But our country produces battery solution control system hydraulic pressure support also not in mine shaft promotion use,Many high production highly effective working surfaces use the battery solution control system hydraulic pressure support also to have from the overseas import. The support battery solution control system develops which from our country looked,Still was in Shan Jia and becomes the group procedure to control.System initial stage. In the system does not have the main control console,Support and coal mining machine linkage entire working surface automatic control system also in development stage. Zhengzhou coal mine mechanical group limited liability company in the last few years through and German DBT Corporation, emperor fragrance Bach company and so on cooperation,The overseas advanced battery solution valve the hydraulic pressure support which will produce with this company necessary,Takes the lead to put into the use in the Jincheng coal industry group,Has met the design requirements completely,Has coal industry group 6 syntheses successively and so on the Jincheng, god China picks working surface nearly 800. The battery solution control hydraulic pressure support already or was going to put into the use. ZY4400 /9 /21 thin coal bed coal plow working surface battery solution control hydraulic pressure support and the ZY8640 /2,515 /55 manufacture domestically picks the high shield type hydraulic pressure support through to have the product appraisal in pairs greatly which four Chinese Academy of Science academicians participates (appraisal),The appraisal thought these 2 kind of supports overall performance achieves the world advanced level. Moreover,Corporate design manufacture Chinese god China localization battery solution control hydraulic pressure.Support ZY7600 /22 /45/The world is highest 612 meter two columns shields type battery solution control hydraulic pressure support ZY9400 /28 /62 has all represented the domestically produced support maximum level,Achieved or approaches the world advanced level. 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 12 液壓支架的發(fā)展與前瞻 關(guān)鍵詞 液壓支架 ； 控制 ； 智能化 1 液壓支架發(fā)展概述 液壓支架是以高壓液體為動(dòng)力 ,由若干個(gè)液壓元件 (油缸、閥件 )與一些金屬構(gòu)件組合而成的一種支撐和控制頂板的采煤工作面設(shè)備。具有強(qiáng)度高、移動(dòng)速度快、支護(hù)性能好、安全可靠等特性。自 20世紀(jì) 50年代以來(lái) ,液壓 支架已逐步成為采煤工作面核心設(shè)備 ,世界上主要產(chǎn)煤國(guó)家投入了大量的人力物力和財(cái)力對(duì)其進(jìn)行研究開(kāi)發(fā)。目前 ,以液壓支架為主體的支護(hù)趨于成熟 ,世界上已生產(chǎn)制造出數(shù)百種架型和上萬(wàn)種型號(hào)的液壓支架 ,以適應(yīng)各類(lèi)煤層開(kāi)采支護(hù)需要。上世紀(jì) 60年代 ,我國(guó)也曾開(kāi)發(fā)了 10余種液壓支架 ,由于種種原因未得到推廣應(yīng)用 ,液壓支架處于研制、實(shí)驗(yàn)階段 ；70年代先后從英國(guó)、德國(guó)、波蘭、前蘇聯(lián)等主要產(chǎn)煤國(guó)家引進(jìn)數(shù) 10余套液壓支架。經(jīng)不斷的探索、使用、消化和總結(jié) ,制造出各種類(lèi)型的支架 ,它是國(guó)產(chǎn)液壓支架發(fā)展的起點(diǎn) ； 80年代液壓支架研發(fā)處于創(chuàng)新提高階 段 ,相繼開(kāi)發(fā)出30余種新架型 ,制造出 ZZ系列、 XY系列、 ZD系列等不同規(guī)格 ,并廣泛用于國(guó)有大中型煤礦 ,取得良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 ； 90年代特種液壓支架的研制獲得迅速發(fā)展 ,機(jī)械化鋪網(wǎng)支架、水砂充填支架、端頭支架、強(qiáng)力支架、放頂煤支架等相繼問(wèn)世 ；本世紀(jì)隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的普及與應(yīng)用 ,液壓支架的控制獲得突破性進(jìn)展 ,逐步向程序控制、數(shù)字控制、遙控和自動(dòng)化控制邁進(jìn)。 2 國(guó)內(nèi)外液壓支架差異 國(guó)產(chǎn)支架在制造技術(shù)、材質(zhì)性能、加工工藝、控制系統(tǒng)及密封性能上與國(guó)外先進(jìn)國(guó)家相比有很大差距。 2.1 加工制造方面 據(jù)有關(guān)綜采工 程技術(shù)人員反映 ,國(guó)產(chǎn)液壓支架的工藝技術(shù)、服務(wù)年限、使用性能、所用材質(zhì)到目前為止尚未達(dá)到。 1979年引進(jìn) 100套支架的技術(shù)水平。如結(jié)構(gòu)材料 :德國(guó)采用ST52材料其屈服極限為 500 MPa,而我國(guó)使用 16 Mn材料屈服極限僅為 350 MPa；閥類(lèi) :國(guó)外一直使用銅合金閥殼和高強(qiáng)度不銹鋼閥芯 ,我國(guó)則是 45#鋼加表面熱處理 ；在加工工藝上 :國(guó)外油缸內(nèi)壁是復(fù)鍍 ,國(guó)產(chǎn)則為不鍍 ,導(dǎo)致立柱在使用過(guò)程中過(guò)早出現(xiàn)斑點(diǎn) ,劃傷等密封漏液現(xiàn)象 ,影響支護(hù)效果。國(guó)產(chǎn)液壓支架與國(guó)外生產(chǎn)的液壓支架相比平均縮短 2 3服務(wù)年限。 2.2 控制系統(tǒng)方 面 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 13 國(guó)產(chǎn)液壓支架控制系統(tǒng)的研發(fā)處于落后狀態(tài) ,嚴(yán)重制約了支架的移設(shè)速度的提高和綜采經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的發(fā)揮。世界上幾個(gè)主要產(chǎn)煤大國(guó)始終把支架控制系統(tǒng)作為提高綜采經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要手段 , 20世紀(jì) 60年代采用手動(dòng)直控操作系統(tǒng) ；70年代采用先導(dǎo)控制系統(tǒng) ,隨之英國(guó)首先提出研制電液控制系統(tǒng) , 80年代趨于成熟 ； 90年代道梯公司研制出全工作面電液控制系統(tǒng) ,緊隨其后威斯特伐利亞 - 貝瑞特公司研制出更為先進(jìn)的 P- M3、 P-M4電液控制系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)美國(guó)、德國(guó)、英國(guó)、澳大利亞等國(guó)家基本上全是可編程電液控制 ,而我國(guó)仍多采用手動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng) 。 2.3 液壓元件方面 液壓元件的研發(fā)速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滯后于液壓支架發(fā)展的需要。液壓支架的可靠性主要依賴(lài)于液壓元件的可靠性 ,液壓支架在煤礦生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用是否成功 ,關(guān)鍵在于液壓元件的技術(shù)性能是否達(dá)到要求。國(guó)外目前多采用大流量安全閥、液控單向閥、截止閥、初撐力保持閥及立柱快速回液閥。對(duì)液壓元件的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、幾何尺寸、材料選擇、熱處理方法和表面處理等各方面進(jìn)行了深入的研究與開(kāi)發(fā)。研制出一批密封性能好、靈敏度高、進(jìn)排液能力大、抗沖擊載荷強(qiáng)的各類(lèi)液壓元件 ,以適應(yīng)液壓支架工作性能的要求。而我國(guó)對(duì)此類(lèi)液壓元件研發(fā)較為滯后 ,目前仍沿用上個(gè)世紀(jì) 80年代的產(chǎn)品 ,沒(méi)有形成液壓元件通用化、系列化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。 3 液壓支架發(fā)展前景展望 鑒于科學(xué)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展 ,新技術(shù)、新工藝、新方法、新材料的不斷應(yīng)用及計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的空前擴(kuò)展 ,液壓支架的未來(lái)發(fā)展具有十分誘人的前景。 3.1 設(shè)計(jì)理念的更新 ,液壓支架發(fā)展的一場(chǎng)革命 在液壓支架設(shè)計(jì)中必須考慮環(huán)境的屬性。由于液壓支架的工作條件惡劣 ,人、機(jī)環(huán)境的相互關(guān)系問(wèn)題顯得更加重要。綠色設(shè)計(jì)是將材料選擇、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝方法、外觀(guān)造型和色彩搭配按照一定規(guī)律 ,采取藝術(shù)的方法加以巧妙融合 ,充分體現(xiàn)人機(jī)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的和諧統(tǒng)一。笨重的液壓支架形 象將被安全、可靠、易維修、低耗能、高效率、造型美觀(guān)所取代。 這種綠色設(shè)計(jì) ,它不僅可慮環(huán)境和資源既要滿(mǎn)足經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需要 ,又要滿(mǎn)足人類(lèi)生存發(fā)展需要 ,是人類(lèi)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在支架設(shè)計(jì)中的體現(xiàn)。如 :液壓支架在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中采用多目標(biāo)模糊化設(shè)計(jì) ,要求支撐力大 ,移架速度快 ,重量輕 ,用材少等 ,每個(gè)目標(biāo)確定一個(gè)函數(shù) ,即得多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)函數(shù) ,然后組合優(yōu)化 ,確定最佳方案。 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 14 3.2 采取純水液壓技術(shù) ,液壓支架將成為綠色機(jī)械 純水液壓技術(shù)是液壓領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展前沿。它不僅有良好的抗燃性、散熱性、而且價(jià)格也便宜 ,無(wú)污染 ,長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)液壓支架在地表層下工 作 ,由于使用工作介質(zhì)是乳化液 ,并有許多添加劑 (乳化劑、防銹劑、防霉劑、偶合劑等 ) ,對(duì)地表以下微環(huán)境污染十分嚴(yán)重 ,所以 ,液壓支架使用純水液壓技術(shù) ,對(duì)降低煤礦的生產(chǎn)成本 ,保護(hù)環(huán)境是有益的 ,并可大大改善礦井的工作和安全條件。隨著社會(huì)不斷進(jìn)步 ,人們對(duì)依賴(lài)生存的環(huán)境有了更高的要求 ,希望有一個(gè)安全、環(huán)保、高度文明的綠色環(huán)境。時(shí)代的要求呼喚著水壓傳動(dòng) (起源于 1605年發(fā)現(xiàn)帕斯卡定律 )這一古老又嶄新的技術(shù)復(fù)出 ,并受到世界的關(guān)注。目前 ,西方國(guó)家集中力量研究該項(xiàng)技術(shù) ,并取得突破性進(jìn)展。如 :潤(rùn)滑磨損問(wèn)題 ,合理選用摩擦副材料 ,有 工程塑料、結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷、高分子材料、防銹防腐鍍層等。結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷具有耐磨性 ,抗氣蝕性能好 ,良好的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性 ,較低的磨擦系數(shù)等特征 ,備受青睞。在液壓元件中用結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷代替部分金屬材料 ,大大的改善了其性能?？傊?,新材料的成功研制與應(yīng)用 ,精密加工技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步 ,以及各種新結(jié)構(gòu)液壓元件的制成 ,都將成為液壓支架采用純水液壓技術(shù)進(jìn)入嚴(yán)格的無(wú)污染領(lǐng)域 ,提供十分誘人的應(yīng)用發(fā)展前景。 3.3 高科技的應(yīng)用 ,液壓支架趨于智能化 先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)應(yīng)用是將各種技術(shù)相互滲透 ,相互結(jié)合的基礎(chǔ)上相互輔助 ,相互促進(jìn)和提高 ,充分利用各種相關(guān)技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì) ,揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短 ,使組合后的整體功能大于組成整體的各個(gè)部分功能之和的綜合性交叉學(xué)科。多種技術(shù)向“機(jī)械母體 - 液壓支架”不斷滲透 ,包括機(jī)、電、液、光、磁等技術(shù)的伺服系統(tǒng)。具體說(shuō) ,是以液壓支架輸出的力、速度為目的 ,構(gòu)成了從輸出到輸入的閉環(huán)系統(tǒng) ,是涉及傳感技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)、信號(hào)處理技術(shù)、機(jī)械傳動(dòng)技術(shù)、液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)等。由于快速運(yùn)算速度 ,強(qiáng)大的記憶功能和靈敏的邏輯判斷功能 ,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了人機(jī)對(duì)話(huà) ,使之操作維護(hù)方便 ,整機(jī)功能強(qiáng)。液壓支架應(yīng)用功能不斷擴(kuò)大 ,對(duì)礦井煤層地質(zhì)條件適應(yīng)性不斷增強(qiáng) ,生產(chǎn)效益對(duì)設(shè)備的依賴(lài)性程度愈來(lái)愈大 ,工作 可靠性更加重要。故障診斷技術(shù) (包括信號(hào)檢測(cè) ,故障判斷 ,故障檢測(cè) ,故障分析等內(nèi)容 )將隨著高科技的發(fā)展理論 (如小波技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò) ,人工智能等 )進(jìn)入液壓支架的早期診斷 ,預(yù)防和減少事故的發(fā)生、維修的盲目性和維修時(shí)間 ,延長(zhǎng)支架服務(wù)年限 ,提高生產(chǎn)效率。 4 結(jié)束語(yǔ) 綜上所述 ,液壓支架目前發(fā)展主要趨勢(shì)是 :二柱掩護(hù)式架型 ,提高液壓支架強(qiáng)度、設(shè)計(jì)系數(shù)、移架速度 ,改進(jìn)個(gè)別部件的結(jié)構(gòu) (整體頂梁、寬中心距等 ) ,液壓閥件系列化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 15 化、通用化 ,高工作阻力 ,高可靠性 ,用微電子技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)電液一體化的數(shù)字采集、工況監(jiān)測(cè)、故障診斷和自動(dòng)控