初中被動語態(tài)語法講解.docx

初中被動語態(tài)語法講解一、英語動詞有兩種語態(tài).，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動)A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動)漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。二 、被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣。常見的幾種時態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時：am / is / are + donePeople grow rice in the south of the country.Rice is grown in the south of the country.一般過去時：was / were + doneThe students didnt forget his lessons easily.His lessons were not easily forgotten一般將來時：shall / will + be done They will send cars abroad by sea.Cars will be sent abroad by sea.現(xiàn)在進行時：am / is / are + being + doneWe are painting the rooms.The rooms are being painted.過去進行時：was / were + being + doneThe workers were mending the road.The road was being mended.現(xiàn)在完成時：have / has + been + doneHe has brought his book here.His book has been brought here.過去完成時：had + been + done I found they had already sold out the tickets.I found the tickets had already been sold out. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。You must hand in your compositions after class.Your compositions must be handed in after class. 三、 被 動 語 態(tài) 的 使 用1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by 短語。“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”2.突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語。The cup was broken by Paul.3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in + 名詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。 These cars were made in China.四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。2.把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be + 過去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。3.把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by 短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in + 地點名詞作狀語。五、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時所注意的問題1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。We have bought a new computer.-A new computer has been bought. 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多，如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.A present was given to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。(1) The book was showed to the class 。 (2) My bike was lent to her.2.一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。(1) A new skirt was made for me. (2) The meat was cooked for us.(3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有： agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about ：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：(1) We always keep the classroom clean.The classroom is always kept clean.(2) She told us to follow her instructions.We were told to follow her instructions.注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。We often hear him play the guitar.He is often heard to play the guitar.5. 當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：Nobody can answer this question.-The question can not be answered by anybody.6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：They havent done anything to make the river clean.-Nothing has been done to make the river clean.7. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：(1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。9. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。(1) Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft.第二，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：The fire broke out in the capital building.第三，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。After the earthquake, few houses remained.第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如：I taught myself English. 誤：Myself was taught English.10. 在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，例如：據(jù)說 It is said that 據(jù)報導(dǎo) It is reported that 據(jù)推測 It is supposed that 希望 It i