文學體裁.doc

文學體裁：詩歌poem，小說novel，戲劇dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 bible 圣經(jīng) Myth 神話 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亞瑟王和他的騎士（筆記）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、這個時期的文學作品分類： pagan(異教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 貝奧武甫 ( national epic 民族史詩 ) 采用了隱喻手法3、Alliteration 押頭韻（寫作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 詩章1、romance 傳奇文學2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和綠衣騎士) 是一首押頭韻的長詩三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.喬叟 時期1、the father of English poetry 英國詩歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英國文學史的開端)大致內容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是來自英國的各地的人,代表著社會的各個不同階層和社會團體小說特點：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故事，無形中表明了各自的觀點，展示了各自的性格。小說觀點：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命運).他希望人們能從迷信和對命運的盲從中解脫出來。4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上).歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托馬斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾四、The Renaissance (16世紀) 文藝復興時期（Greek and Roman） 戲劇 drama 詩章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文藝復興最初是指經(jīng)典藝術和科學在英國的復興。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文藝復興時期的英國戲劇也得到了迅速的發(fā)展。1、key work: humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1)、Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一個散文家(essayist)3)、Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特 引入十四行詩的第一人sonnet(十四行詩)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻) in 14 lines iambic pentameter4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓塞 poets poet(詩人中的詩人) The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem 史詩)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.馬洛blank verse(無韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚格) 是十六世紀英國戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形式。6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亞 戲劇 drama四大悲劇：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奧賽羅)，King Lear(李爾王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白)五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世紀) 資產(chǎn)階級革命與王權復辟prose 散文1、文學特點：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩和愛情詩、與舊思想脫離。2、代表人物：1)、John Donne 約翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄學派詩人) 的代表人物sonnet 十四行詩 Death be not proud(筆記)作品特點： strike the reader in Donnes extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦誠的態(tài)度和現(xiàn)實描繪) novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角) novelty of its form.(新穎的形式)2)、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 a great poet 詩人 （ poem 詩歌 blank verse ）Defense for the English People為英國人辯護Paradise Lost失樂園 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是壞人Paradise Regained復樂園)、John Bunyan 約翰.拜揚 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrims Progress天路歷程 prose 散文該書采用的寫作手法“written in the old-fashioned(舊體形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世紀) 啟蒙運動prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.強調正確的格式和寫作規(guī)范，像艾迪生一樣創(chuàng)作散文，和蒲柏一樣創(chuàng)作詩歌。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.啟蒙運動實際上是當時先進的資產(chǎn)階級同落后的封建主義斗爭的一種形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚的人類本惡的觀點；論證了人生誠實而友善，而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會環(huán)境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.無論怎樣講究理性，社會不平等現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明顯不足。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會公平的手段。2、18th century 文學的三個方面：Classicism(古典主義)、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(剛啟萌的現(xiàn)代派小說)3、代表人物：1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福 realistic novel 現(xiàn)實主義小說Novel：Robinson Crusoe魯賓遜漂流記 Jonathan Wild喬納森.威爾德 Moll Flanders摩爾.弗蘭德斯2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁 father of modern fiction(現(xiàn)代小說之父)Joseph Andrews約瑟夫.安德魯斯 受到了理查森的帕美勒的啟發(fā)作家之間的不同：Richardson no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默，咬文嚼字，說教Fielding direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 語言直接、生動、歡快、粗糙，甚至有點俗,精神煥發(fā)，講述流浪者的故事。The History of Tom Jones, a foundling棄嬰湯姆.瓊斯的故事 the best novel of him3)、Jonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威夫特Gullivers Travels格列佛游記 novel 反諷作品特點：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不動顏，罵不揚聲，語調冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷刺辛辣，僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時才偶露揶揄之態(tài)。A Modest Proposal一個溫和的建議4)、Samuel Richardson 塞繆爾.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 書信體小說5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.謝爾丹School for Scandal造謠學校，喜劇 comedy6)、Oliver Goldsmiths 奧利佛.哥爾德斯密斯 散文作家 essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲爾德的牧師，小說 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全，歡樂喜劇 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村，詩歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感傷主義 no belief 沒有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感傷主義的代表人物在繼續(xù)反對封建主義的同時又模糊的感覺到資本主義進程中出現(xiàn)的種種矛盾，感覺到資本主義制度對人性的奴役和破壞。代表人物：Thomas Gray 托馬斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓園挽歌七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主義散文 prose1、前浪漫主義代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布萊克 詩人 poetRobert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主義極大地影響了工業(yè)革命和法國大革命。2、教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛3、開始的標志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads從威廉.華茲華斯發(fā)表的抒情歌謠開始4、lake poets(湖畔詩人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 poet-laureate (桂冠詩人)The Prelude序曲 自傳性詩歌Autobiographical poetryWith S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”. 與s.t.coleridge一起,聯(lián)合發(fā)表了“抒情民謠”作品特點：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry簡單而純潔的語言,反傳統(tǒng)形式的18世紀詩歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜倫 Childe Harold Pilgrimage查爾德?哈羅德游記 cantos 詩章 成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 詩 satiric masterpiece 諷刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness閑散時刻 poem 詩 the first volume of poem 首卷詩 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊 Prometheus Unbound解放的普羅米修斯 drama 戲劇 Ode to the West Wind西風頌 poem 詩 4)、John Keats 濟慈 poet 詩人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希臘古甕頌 poem To a Nightingale致夜鶯 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美學原則 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是創(chuàng)造者和歷史小說大師 6)、Jane Austen 簡.奧斯丁 女 Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見 Sense and Sensibility理智與情感 Emma愛瑪 寫作特點：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中產(chǎn)階級小說的發(fā)起人。 7)、Charles Lamb 查爾斯.蘭伯 essayist散文家6、十九世紀散文的特點：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在這兩個時期的開始，艾迪生和斯蒂爾的社會散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世紀前期，散文變得對自我的表達越來越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實主義 ，Victorian Period 維多利亞時期 humanism 人文主義1、意義：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國的歷史中，憲章運動是偉大的無產(chǎn)階級政治運動。2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艱難時刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威克外傳 Oliver Twist霧都孤兒 A Tale of Two Cities雙城記(描述了法國大革命French Revolution)特點：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。 2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre簡.愛 Emily Bronte 艾米麗.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼嘯山莊（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff） 特點：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone. 3)、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South瑪麗.巴頓，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利場 this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小說中描繪了廣闊的社會生活，無情抨擊了殘酷和不擇手段的拜金主義 人物：Rebecca Sharp a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場中，完美的獲取財富和地位的手段。 特點： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小說是一個含有諷刺意味的上流社會寫照。 5)、George Eliot 喬治.艾略特 女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最認真考慮的是個人的道德立場，但是她的心洞察了個性的發(fā)展。 特點：the sign