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小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全經(jīng)典全面第1講 字母1、 英語(yǔ)中共有26個(gè)字母。Aa,Ee,Ii,Oo,Uu是元音字母,Yy是半元音字母,其余是輔音字母。英語(yǔ)單詞就是由這26個(gè)字母組合而成的。Aa和Ii可以獨(dú)立成詞,分別表示“一個(gè)(張)”和“我”的意思,Ii翻譯成“我”時(shí)要大寫(xiě)。2、英語(yǔ)字母可以分為印刷體和書(shū)寫(xiě)體。在書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志上見(jiàn)到的一般都是印刷體。在四線三格上書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)應(yīng)注意書(shū)寫(xiě)位置,可以記住以下口訣:大寫(xiě)字母不頂格,小寫(xiě)字母占滿格。書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)還要注意字母的筆順。3、英語(yǔ)句子的第一個(gè)單詞的首字母要大寫(xiě)。單詞與單詞之間在書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)必須保持適當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x,一般以空出一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母的寬度為宜。句子的末尾要有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。4、英語(yǔ)中的句號(hào)是一個(gè)實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)(.),省略號(hào)是三個(gè)居下的實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)(),英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有頓號(hào)和書(shū)名號(hào),頓號(hào)用逗號(hào)替代,書(shū)名用斜體字表示。5、英語(yǔ)縮寫(xiě)詞PRC中華人民共和國(guó) UN 聯(lián)合國(guó) WHO 世界衛(wèi)生組織NBA美國(guó)職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)賽 KFC 肯德基 IT 信息技術(shù) EQ 情商CCTV 中國(guó)中央電視臺(tái) kg 千克 a.m. 上午 USA 美國(guó)HK 香港 WTO 世界貿(mào)易組織 CBA 中國(guó)男子籃球聯(lián)賽ATM 自動(dòng)柜員機(jī) ID 身份證 CPU 中央處理器 BBC 英國(guó)廣播公司cm 厘米 p.m. 下午 UK 英國(guó) SOS 國(guó)際求救信號(hào)UFO 不明飛行物 VIP 貴賓 EMS郵政特快專遞 IQ 智商RMB 人民幣 VOA 美國(guó)之音 No. 號(hào)碼6、 26個(gè)英語(yǔ)字母按照相同的元音因素進(jìn)行歸類:/ e? /Aa Hh Jj Kk/ i: /Ee Bb Cc Dd Gg Pp Tt Vv (Zz)/ a? /Ii Yy/? /Oo/ju:/Uu Qq Ww/ e /Ff Ll Mm Nn Ss Xx Zz/: /Rr第2講 語(yǔ)音1、音素:語(yǔ)音的最小單位。英語(yǔ)中共有48個(gè)音素,其中元音音素20個(gè),輔音音素28個(gè)。元音單元音/i:/,/?/,/?:/,/?/,/:/,/L/,/?:/,/?/,/u:/,/?/,/e/,/?/雙元音/e? /,/a?/,/?/,/?/,/a?/,/?/,/e?/,/?/輔音清輔音/p/,/t/,/k/,/t/,/tr/,/ts/,/f/,/,/s/,/,/h/濁輔音/b/,/d/,/g/,/d?/,/dr/,/dz/,/V/,/e/,/z/,/?/,/r/,/m/,/n/,/?/,/l/,/w/,/j/2、元音:發(fā)音時(shí)氣流不受阻礙。元音分為單元音和雙元音兩類。單元音發(fā)音時(shí)唇形和舌位不變;雙元音發(fā)音時(shí)由一個(gè)元音向另一個(gè)元音滑動(dòng),唇形和舌位有一個(gè)變化過(guò)程,且前重后輕,前長(zhǎng)后短。3、輔音:發(fā)音時(shí)氣流受到阻礙。輔音分為清輔音和濁輔音兩類。清輔音發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶不振動(dòng);濁輔音發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶振動(dòng)。4、音標(biāo):用來(lái)記錄音素的符號(hào)。為了避免與字母混淆,音標(biāo)被放在斜括號(hào)/ /內(nèi)。5、英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)字母或字母組合在不同的單詞中發(fā)音可能是不一樣的,而相同的發(fā)音對(duì)應(yīng)的字母或字母組合也可能不完全相同。6、開(kāi)音節(jié):以元音字母結(jié)尾或以一個(gè)元音字母加一個(gè)輔音字母再加不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾(r除外)的音節(jié)。元音字母在開(kāi)音節(jié)中讀長(zhǎng)音,即該字母的名稱音。閉音節(jié):以一個(gè)或幾個(gè)輔音字母(r除外)結(jié)尾。元音字母在閉音節(jié)中讀短音。aeiou開(kāi)音節(jié)/e? /name/i:/we she/a?/hi white/?/go note/ju:/ or /u:/use閉音節(jié)/?/map/e/desk/?/sit/?/clock/L/cup第3講 名詞名詞是指表示人和事物名稱的詞,可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。1、專有名詞:特定的人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱。第一個(gè)字母通常要大寫(xiě)。e.g. Jim Green, New York, Bank of China,Peking University星期、月份、節(jié)日、學(xué)科、報(bào)刊名也是專有名詞。e.g. Monday,May,Christmas,Spring Festival,Maths,China Daily2、普通名詞:表示一類人或物或抽象概念的名稱。普通名詞又可以分為四類:個(gè)體名詞 表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:student , desk集體名詞 表示若干個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:class , family物質(zhì)名詞 表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)名稱,如:water , rice , sand,hair抽象名詞 表示情感,狀態(tài),品質(zhì)等抽象名稱,如:love ,carelessness個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞多數(shù)可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算,稱為可數(shù)名詞,有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式;物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞通常無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算,稱為不可數(shù)名詞,一般只有一種形式。注 意: 集體名詞被看作一個(gè)整體時(shí),表達(dá)單數(shù)概念。e.g. His family was well known in the town. 他家在鎮(zhèn)里是名門(mén)望族。 集體名詞被看作若干個(gè)體的集合時(shí),表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)概念。e.g. His family are waiting for him. 她的家人正在等他。 集體名詞表達(dá)多個(gè)集體時(shí),也有復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g. Our village is made up of 300 families. 我們村有300戶人家。3、可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則: 一般名詞在末尾直接加s,清輔音后讀/ s /,濁輔音和元音后讀/ z /e.g. book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾,加es,讀/ IZ /e.g. bus-buses, box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加es, 讀/ z /e.g. baby-babies, library-libraries,factory-factories 以f或fe結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v,再加es,讀/ vz /e.g. thiefthieves,knifeknives 以o結(jié)尾,表示無(wú)生命的物體時(shí)加s, 表示有生命的物體時(shí),加es,都讀/ z /e.g. photo-photos, piano-pianos, radio-radios, zoo-zoospotato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,mango-mangoes,hero-heroes 不規(guī)則變化e.g. manmenchildchildrenfootfeetfishfishwomanwomenmousemicetoothteethsheepsheeppolicemanpolicemenoxoxengoosegeesedeerdeer fish表示魚(yú)的數(shù)量時(shí),單復(fù)數(shù)同形;表示魚(yú)的種類時(shí),復(fù)數(shù)為fishes.e.g. My cat had two fish for lunch.You can see a lot of different fishes in the lake.4、不可數(shù)名詞一般只有原形,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,但是可以借助量詞表示一定的數(shù)量。如果表達(dá)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的概念時(shí),量詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,不可數(shù)名詞不變。e.g. a bottle of water ,a cup of coffee,two glasses of milk ,five bags of rice 這種形式用于可數(shù)名詞時(shí),量詞和可數(shù)名詞都要用復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. ten baskets of eggs5、既可用作可數(shù),又可用作不可數(shù)的名詞:不可數(shù)glass 玻璃paper 紙iron 鐵wood 木頭beauty 美room 空間可數(shù)a glass 一只玻璃杯a paper 一份報(bào)紙、論文、文件a iron 一個(gè)熨斗a wood 一片森林a beauty 一個(gè)美人a room 一個(gè)房間6、名詞所有格 在英語(yǔ)中,有些名詞可以加s來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格。大多數(shù)表示有生命的東西。e.g. Toms book 如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞末尾已有s,就直接加 。e.g. the teachers office 如果一些物品為兩者共有,只需在后一個(gè)名詞后加s ;如果為各自所有,則需在每個(gè)名詞后加s。e.g. Lucy and Lilys bedroom.(Lucy 和 Lily共用一個(gè)臥室)Lucys and Lilys bedrooms.(Lucy 和 Lily分別擁有各自的臥室) 表示無(wú)生命的物體的名詞所有格,一般與of短語(yǔ)連用。e.g. a map of the world ,a photo of my family雙重所有格:把of所有格和s所有格結(jié)合在一起表示所有關(guān)系。e.g. a friend of my fathers第4講 冠詞冠詞一般用在名詞的前面,對(duì)名詞起限定作用,不能離開(kāi)名詞單獨(dú)存在。1、不定冠詞a,an用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面,泛指一類人或物中的任何一個(gè)。 a用于輔音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞之前。e.g. a bed,a computer,a “U” an用于元音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞之前。 e.g. an egg,an umbrella,an hour2、定冠詞the用在單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前。 表示特指的人或物前。e.g. The man with a flower in his hand is Jack. 指說(shuō)話人雙方都知道的人或物前。e.g. Lily, close the door, please. 在上文提到過(guò),第二次又提到的人或物前。e.g. There is a man under the tree. The man is called James. 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。e.g. The sun is bigger than the moon. 用在序數(shù)詞前面。e.g. It is the first day of the new term. 用在樂(lè)器名稱前。e.g. He often plays the violin at weekends. 用在形容詞最高級(jí)前。e.g. Spring is the best season in a year. 用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。e.g. I went to the Great Wall last week. 用在國(guó)家名稱的縮寫(xiě)前。e.g. He is from the UK.3、零冠詞:名詞前不用冠詞的情況。在季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、三餐、球類或棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)前,通常不用冠詞。e.g. have breakfast ,play basketball,play chess第5講 代詞1、人稱代詞:表示“我、你、他、她、它、我們、你們、他們”的詞。我你他她它我們你們他們主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem主格一般用在句子開(kāi)頭做主語(yǔ),通常用在動(dòng)詞前。e.g. I am a student. They are cleaning the classroom.賓格可以用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象,一般用在動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully.2、物主代詞:表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 詞 性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容詞性物主代詞后面一般要帶上名詞。如:my watch, his cousin, our school名詞性物主代詞本身就可以看作是名詞,故其后不能再加名詞,可單獨(dú)使用。e.g. Is that your bike? No. Mine is blue.3、不定代詞:沒(méi)有明確指定代替某個(gè)(些)人或物的詞叫不定代詞。(1)some和any都表示“一些”,既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 some多用在肯定句中,any多用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。e.g. There are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句)There isnt any milk in the fridge. (否定句)Do you have any hobbies? (疑問(wèn)句) 在表示邀請(qǐng)和希望對(duì)方給予肯定回答的疑問(wèn)句中也要用some。e.g. Would you like some coffee? Yes, please. (邀請(qǐng))Mum, can I have some peaches? Sure.(希望對(duì)方給予肯定回答)(2)both和all both表示“兩個(gè)都”,只指代或修飾可數(shù)名詞。e.g. We are both policemen.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩人) all表示“三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上都”,既可指代或修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可指代或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。e.g. They are all in the room.(至少三人)(3)many和much都表示“許多”,many修飾可數(shù)名詞,much修飾不可數(shù)名詞。e.g. My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup.(4)each和everyeach強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人,指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物中的“每個(gè)”;every是指許多人或事物的“全體”,與all的意思相近。e.g. Ill buy a present for each of her parents. 我要為她的父母每人買(mǎi)一件禮物。Every book in his study is interesting. 他書(shū)房里的每本書(shū)都很有趣。(5)other 作形容詞時(shí)意思是“其他的”,指尚未提到的部分,其后一般接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。e.g. We study Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.(6)something和everything something 某事;某物 e.g. I want something to drink. everything 一切事物;每樣事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you.(7)nobody 沒(méi)有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her.4、疑問(wèn)代詞:用來(lái)表達(dá)疑問(wèn)或構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句的代詞,一般放在疑問(wèn)句的句首。what問(wèn)什么Whats your name? My name is Tom.What colour問(wèn)顏色What colour is your coat? Its red.what day問(wèn)星期What day is it today? Its Monday.what date問(wèn)日期What date is it today? Its the first of June.what shape問(wèn)形狀What shape is the moon? Its round.whatjob問(wèn)工作Whats your fathers job? Hes a bus driver.what time問(wèn)時(shí)間What time is it? Its ten oclock.when問(wèn)時(shí)候When is your birthday? Its on the first of May.which問(wèn)哪個(gè)Which is your watch, this one or that one? That one.where問(wèn)地點(diǎn)Where is my pen? Its on the floor.who問(wèn)誰(shuí)Who is the boy with big eyes? Hes Liu Tao.whose問(wèn)誰(shuí)的Whose bag is this? Its Helens.why問(wèn)原因Why are you absent today? Im ill.how問(wèn)方式How do you go to school? By bus.how many問(wèn)數(shù)量How many books are there? There are five.how much問(wèn)價(jià)錢(qián)How much is it? Twenty yuan.how old問(wèn)年齡How old are you? Im twelve.how far問(wèn)距離How far is it from here? Its about one kilometer.how about問(wèn)情況Im thirsty. How about you? Me, too.5、指示代詞 this(這個(gè))、these(這些)表示在時(shí)間上或空間上較近的人或物。 that(那個(gè))、those(那些)表示在時(shí)間上或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。第6講 形容詞形容詞用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。它的位置通常放在被修飾的名詞前,也可以放在be動(dòng)詞和look、feel、taste、sound、get之后。在英語(yǔ)中,形容詞有三個(gè)等級(jí),即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。1、表示兩者“等同”時(shí)用原級(jí),結(jié)構(gòu)為:as原級(jí)as,表示“xx和xx一樣”e.g. Are you as tall as your twin sister?其否定形式結(jié)構(gòu)為:notas原級(jí)as,表示“xx和xxx不一樣”e.g. Im not as tall as you.2、表示兩者“比較”時(shí)用比較級(jí),結(jié)構(gòu)為:比較級(jí)than,表示“xx比xxx更”e.g. Hes one year younger than me.形容詞比較級(jí)的構(gòu)成規(guī)則: 一般在詞尾加ere.g. taller,longer,stronger,younger 以字母e結(jié)尾,只加re.g. latelater,nicenicer 以輔音字母y結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加ere.g. heavyheavier 雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母,再加ere.g. fatfatter,thinthinner,bigbigger 雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí),在原級(jí)前加moree.g. more beautiful,more careful 不規(guī)則變化e.g. good-better,many / much-more,far-farther,bad / ill-worse3、三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較,用形容詞最高級(jí)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:the + 形容詞最高級(jí) in/of等表示范圍的短語(yǔ),表示“最”。e.g. Autumn is the bestseason in New York.She is the tallestgirl of our three.第7講 副詞1、副詞是一種用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞或形容詞的詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、程度、方式等概念。大多數(shù)副詞都可以放在動(dòng)詞后面。e.g. dance beautifully,listen carefully,sit quietly,speak loudly,very happy2、副詞的比較級(jí)變化規(guī)則與形容詞比較級(jí)基本相同,以ly結(jié)尾的副詞一般用more。e.g. more carefully ,more quietly第8講 介詞介詞又叫前置詞,是一種用來(lái)表示詞與詞、詞與句之間關(guān)系的詞,它一般放在名詞、代詞(賓格)或動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞ing形式)前面。1、in在里面。如:in the classroomin顏色,穿著顏色的衣服。如:Whos the man in white?in語(yǔ)言,用某種語(yǔ)言說(shuō)。如:Whats this in English?在上午、下午、晚上。如:in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening在年、月、季節(jié)前。如:in 2008,in August,in summer在國(guó)家、城市和較大的地方前。如:in China,in Wuxi,in the playground固定搭配。 如:in the middle of(在中間),do well in(擅長(zhǎng)),in the day(在白天),take part in(參加),stay in bed(躺在床上),in the street(在街上)2、on在上面。 如:on the desk用在某一天(上、下午)前。如:on the 5th of May,on Sunday,on Monday morning以Day結(jié)尾的節(jié)日前。如: on Childrens Day,on New Years Day固定搭配。如:on foot(步行),on duty(值日),put on(穿上),get on(上車(chē))turn on(打開(kāi)),on the right / left(在右邊/左邊),on the wall (在墻上),on ZhongshanRoad(在中山路上)注 意:樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)的水果用on the tree;不是樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)的外來(lái)物用in the tree。如:I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree.3、at在某個(gè)時(shí)刻前。如:at seven oclock在傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前。如:at Spring Festival,at Mid-Autumn Festival,at Christmas在較小的地點(diǎn)。如:at the bus stop固定搭配。如:at once(立刻,馬上),be good at(擅長(zhǎng)),look at(看),at home(在家),at school(在學(xué)校), at weekends(在周末), at the back of(在后部), at night(在夜晚)4、under 在下面 如:There is a cat under the table.5、behind 在后面 如:There is an umbrella behind the door.6、near 靠近 如:There is a park near my house.7、beside 在旁邊 如:The students are standing beside the teacher.8、next to 緊靠旁邊 如:The teachers office is next to our classroom.9、before (時(shí)間上)在之前如: before class(上課前)10、after (時(shí)間上)在之后;依照固定搭配: after class(課后),after school(放學(xué)后),look after(照看),run after(追趕),read after me(跟我讀)11、between 在兩者之間 如:There are some trees between Building A and Building B.12、by 乘某種交通工具 如:by bus,by plane,by the way(順便說(shuō)一下)13、frombe from = come from(來(lái)自) 如:Mr Smiths is/comes from Australia.fromto(從到)We go to school from Monday to Friday.14、to 到、去 如:Lets go to the zoo. 固定搭配:write to(給xx寫(xiě)信)15、about 關(guān)于;大約如: I want to buy a book about animals. Its about one kilometer away.16、for 為、給 如:Heres a letter for you. Whats for breakfast?固定搭配:look for (尋找),wait for(等候)17、with與一起。如:Ill go shopping with my mother.具有某種特征。如:Whos the boy with big eyes?help. with. 在某方面幫助某人 如: Can you help me with my English?play with. 和一起玩;拿玩 如:play with me,play with a yo-yo18、in front of 在前面如:There is a tree in front of the classroom.in the front of 在前部如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.19、along 沿著,順著 如:Go along this street.20、as 作為 如:What would you like as a birthday present?21、out of 從出來(lái);往之外 如:The dog is running out of the house.22、of 的,屬于 如:a map of China ,a map of the world23、off 離開(kāi),在之外 如:keep off the grass(勿踏草坪),get off(下車(chē))24、up 向上 如:stand up(起立),pull up carrots(拔胡蘿卜)25、down 向下 如:sit down(坐下), jump up and down(上下跳)第9講 數(shù)詞1、基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目多少。1one11eleven21twenty-one2two12twelve22twenty-two3three13thirteen30thirty4four14fourteen40forty5five15fifteen50fifty6six16sixteen60sixty7seven17seventeen70seventy8eight18eighteen80eighty9nine19nineteen90ninety10ten20twenty100hundred注意:數(shù)字“0”可以讀作“zero”,也可以讀作字母“o”。2、序數(shù)詞:表示順序先后。1stfirst11theleventh21sttwenty-first2ndsecond12thtwelfth22ndtwenty-second3rdthird13ththirteenth30ththirtieth4thfourth14thfourteenth40thfortieth5thfifth15thfifteenth50thfiftieth6thsixth16thsixteenth60thsixtieth7thseventh17thseventeenth70thseventieth8theighth18theighteenth80theightieth9thninth19thnineteenth90thninetieth10thtenth20thtwentieth100thhundredth基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞記憶口訣:一、二、三,需要記,八去t,九省e,ve結(jié)尾時(shí),f來(lái)代替,ty結(jié)尾時(shí),y變ie,再加th,若是幾十幾,前基后序別忘記。第10講 連詞連詞,顧名思義,是一種起連接作用的詞。1、and “和”,表示并列關(guān)系。如:There are some desks and chairs in the classroom.2、but “但是”,表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。如:You can skate well, but I cant .3、or “還是”,表示選擇關(guān)系。如:Would you like a glass of milk or a cup of tea?注 意:在疑問(wèn)句或否定句中,當(dāng)表示并列關(guān)系時(shí),不用and,而用or。如:Do you have any brothers or sisters?I dont have any brothers or sisters.4、than “比”,表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。如:Su Hai jumps farther than Su Yang.5、because “因?yàn)椤?,表示因果關(guān)系。如:I like summer best because I can go swimming.6、so “所以”,表示結(jié)果關(guān)系。如:Helen was ill , so she didnt go to school yesterday.第11講 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或行為的詞。按其詞義和在句子中的作用可以分為連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞。1、be動(dòng)詞(am,is,are) be動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí),要與主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。用法口訣: 我用am,你用are,is 用在他、她、它,復(fù)數(shù)全用are。如:I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a nurse. We are Chinese. be動(dòng)詞的否定形式:am not(無(wú)縮寫(xiě)形式),is notisnt,are not=arent2、助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did) do,does用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),does用于第三人稱單數(shù),其他人稱和數(shù)用do。其過(guò)去式did用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。他們通常用在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。助動(dòng)詞后動(dòng)詞要用原形。如:Do you like this film?Does she like playing football?I didnt go to school yesterday. 否定形式:do not = dont,does not =doesnt,did not=didnt3、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can,may,must,should,will,would,shall等)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度,表示“可能”,“可以”,“需要”,“必須”,“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等意思。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,后面的動(dòng)詞要用原形。1)can和may都可以用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求或允許,但may比can更正式,更客氣些。如: Can I use your pen? May I come in?2)must和should must意為“必須,應(yīng)當(dāng)”,含有一種命令的語(yǔ)氣,比較生硬,不容商量。 should意為“應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該”,表示建議或勸告,語(yǔ)氣比較委婉,客氣。如:You must finish your homework before you go to bed.You should stay in bed and have a good rest.3)will和would用于疑問(wèn)句,表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢問(wèn),用would比will更委婉,更客氣。如:Will you please open the window? Would you like some coffee?注意區(qū)別:Id like 我想要(接名詞) 如:Id like some tea.Id like to 我想要做(接動(dòng)詞原形)如:Id like to go with you.I like 我喜歡(接名詞或動(dòng)名詞)如:I like monkeys. I like reading.4) shall 在問(wèn)句中表示征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn),主要用于第一人稱。如:Shall we go there by bus?5)否定形式:cant,may not,mustnt,shouldnt,wouldnt,shall not4、行為動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞也叫實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,是具有實(shí)際意義的動(dòng)詞。如run(跑), jump(跳),listen(聽(tīng)),sing(唱),eat(吃),think(想)等。行為動(dòng)詞在句子中有人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。在英語(yǔ)中,不同時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),需要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表現(xiàn),這就叫時(shí)態(tài)。一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)第12講 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1、定義:表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)。句中通常有usually,often,every day,sometimes,always,at weekends,on Sundays等表示經(jīng)常性時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)。2、構(gòu)成:1)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)是be動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成:主語(yǔ)be動(dòng)詞其他如:I am a student. He is Jims father. They are from Japan.2)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成:主語(yǔ)(非第三人稱單數(shù))動(dòng)詞原形其他如:I often watch TV at the weekends.Mr Green and Mrs Green like collecting stamps.主語(yǔ)(第三人稱單數(shù))動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式其他如:Jim usually visits his grandparents on Sundays.She sometimes goes to the park with her mother.3、動(dòng)詞三單形式的變化規(guī)則: 一般情況下,直接加s 如:read-reads,swim-swims 以s,x,sh,ch,o結(jié)尾,加es 如:wash-washes,watch-watches,do-does 以輔音字母y結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加es 如:study-studies,fly-flies 不規(guī)則變化 如:have-has4、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句型轉(zhuǎn)換:肯定句否定句一般疑問(wèn)句及回答They watch TVevery day.They dont watch TVevery day.Do they watch TV every day?Yes, they do. / No, they dont.She watches TVevery day.She doesnt watchTV every day. Does she watch TV every day?Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.第13講 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1、定義:表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。句中常有now,look,listen等詞。如:I am washing clothes now.Look! Liu Tao is climbing the tree.Listen! Jane is singing in the music room.2、構(gòu)成:be動(dòng)詞(am/is/are)+ 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞(V-ing)3、動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成: 一般是在動(dòng)詞原形后加ing如:read-reading,drink-drinking,eat-eating,look-looking 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,去掉e,再加ing如:write-writing,make-making,ride-riding,take-taking 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,如末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,要雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)字母,再加ing如:sit-sitting,swim-swimming,put-putting,run-running,stop-stopping,get-getting,begin-beginning,jog-jogging,forget-forgetting4、動(dòng)名詞其實(shí)就是動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞,它既有名詞性質(zhì)(可作主語(yǔ)),又有動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)(可帶賓語(yǔ))。如:Asking the wayMy hobby is collecting stamps.He is good at skating.5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的句型轉(zhuǎn)換:肯定句否定句一般疑問(wèn)句及回答He is running now.He isnt running now.Is he running now?Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.They are makinga puppet.They arent makinga puppet. Are they making a puppet?Yes, they are. / No, they arent.第14講 一般過(guò)去時(shí)1、定義:表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:a moment ago,just now,yesterday,last week,this morning等。如:My brother often went to school by bike last term.The watch was beside the diary a moment ago.I watched the moon and ate the moon cakes last Mid-Autumn Festival.Jim went to the supermarket yesterday.2、構(gòu)成:主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式其他3、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變化規(guī)則: 一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加ed如:play-played,listen-listened,look-looked 結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞,加d如:live-lived,like-liked,taste-tasted 輔音字母y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,變y為i,再加ed如:study-studied,carry-carried,cry-cried 末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加ed如:stop-stopped,plan-planned 不規(guī)則變化 如:am/is-was are-were have/has-had do-didgo-went sit-sat tell-told see-sawget-got make-made give-gave read-readbuy-bought come-came draw-drew eat-atefly-flew meet-met put-put run-ransay-said sing-sang swim-swam take-took4、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句型轉(zhuǎn)換肯定句否定句一般疑問(wèn)句及回答He watched TV yesterday.He didnt watch TV yesterday.Did he watch TV yesterday?Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.They played games just now.They didnt play games just now. Did they play games just now?Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.第15講 一般將來(lái)時(shí)1、定義:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),以及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備某事。句中一般含有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如:tomorrow morning,next week,this afternoon等表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。2、構(gòu)成: be gong to +動(dòng)詞原形如:I am going to see a Beijing opera tomorrow.We are going to meet at bus stop at half past ten.Dad and I are going to see a Beijing opera this afternoon. will +動(dòng)詞原形如:They will g
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