Chapter 5 Semantic 語言學總結.doc

Chapter 5 Semantic5.1 Definition The study of meaning in language; how meaning is represented in languages. About the linguistics units, words and sentences Important meaning: the basic function of language in communication.5.2 Approaches to meaning5.2.1Word meaningThe naming theory: definition, important figures, some problems in naming theory. The conceptualist view: definition, a problem with conceptualist view. Linguistics model of conceptualist viewThough(concept) Symbol(form) Referent The behaviorism: definition, important figures, problems with behaviorism Contextualism: definition, important figures, a problem with contextualism Conventionality and motivation5.3 word meaning Reference: how languages refer to this external world Sense: the way people relate words to each other within the framework of their language. Types of meaning 1) conceptual meaning 2)connotative meaning 3)social meaning associative meaning 4)affective meaning 5)reflectied meaning 6)collocative meaning 7)thematic meaningPolysemy and HomonymyPolysemy: to be the result from the change of meaning.Homonymy: refers to the case where lexemes with the same phonological or morphological shape have the different meaning.Homonymy homophones homographs complete homonyms site,sight tear n, tear v lead n. lead v Synonymy1) sources of synonymy: borrowing, dialects and regional EnglishFigurative and euphemistic of wordsCoincidence with idiomatic expressionAntonymy1) complementary antonyms2) Gradable antonyms3) Relational antonyms Types 1) semantic antonyms2) Stylistic purpose of the use of antonymsSentence meaning1) sentence and proposition Sentence: definition: a unit of language, a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. Proposition：the basic idea/thought of the sentence;events or states; say something about events/states. Proposition: predicate+argument(s)Semantic Roles: Agent, patient, instrument, goal, beneficiary.Intersentential semantic relationsA entailment (蘊含)B presupposition（前提）C inconsistency （矛盾）D synonymy （同義）Exercise2(1) (a) and (b) words are “nature”(a) words are plants(b) words are animals (2) (a)and(b) words are “food”(a) words are snakes(b)words are liquids (3) (a)and(b) words are “adjective ”(a) words are derogatory term(b)words are commendatory term (4) (a)and(b) words are “food”(a)words are nuts(b)words are fruits (5) (a)and(b) words are “stationery”(a) words are book(b) words are writing tools (6)(a) and(b) words are “ sport”(a) words are easy(b) Words are difficult (7)(a) and(b) words are “verb”(a) words are normal(b) words are specific (8)(a)and (b) words are “l(fā)ife” (a) words are the process of the life(b) words are the expression of the people (9)(a) and(b) words are “f