微生物復(fù)習(xí)題庫(kù)注解版by GMC.pdf

Microbiology Review 1 GMC Jan 2006 雖說(shuō)考試以前聲稱(chēng)要換題庫(kù) 但是就考試實(shí)際來(lái)看還是以這個(gè)版本里的題目為基 礎(chǔ) 只是有些題改成了選擇和判斷而已 還有就是如果那本課本讀不完的話 盡量找一些全面的資料做一個(gè)了解性的閱讀 吧 精要速覽很不錯(cuò)的 這樣有很多細(xì)節(jié)性的基礎(chǔ)題不會(huì)出錯(cuò) 總之是要盡心準(zhǔn)備 每道題盡量對(duì)照原文理解清楚了 這里我對(duì)某些題與其它知 識(shí)的聯(lián)系作了一些注解 僅供參考 但愿對(duì)各位的考試有所幫助 注意里面的有 些章節(jié)我們考試的時(shí)候沒(méi)有要求 就刪去了 GMC 歡迎與我聯(lián)系 雖然我們已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了這個(gè)令人留戀的校園 gmc03 目錄 Complete Question List for Microbiology 1 Introduction to Microbiology 1 What is Microbiology 2 What are Microorganisms 3 What are Prokaryotes 4 What are Eukaryotic Microorganisms 5 Structural differences between P 部分滅菌 pasteurization Radiation microwave UV X ray r ray electrons Filtration depth filter membrane filter nucleation track filter Chemical germicides cidal agent kill or inhibit 不可逆 static agent inhibit growth but not kill bacteria 可逆 disintectants kill microorganisms and are used on inanimate object antisepeics kill or inhibit and are sufficiently nontoxic to be applied to living tissue 體內(nèi)抗菌 chemotherapeutic agent have selective toxicity 1 synthetic agent growth factor agent quinolones 2 antibiotics 43 On what sites do antibiotics act on cells Cell wall synthesis folic acid metabolism cytoplasmic membrane structure DNA gyrase DNA directed RNA polymerase inhibition of protein synthesis through tRNA or ribosome 30s 50s 目標(biāo)位點(diǎn) 作用類(lèi)型 例子 Microbiology Review 21 GMC Jan 2006 Inhibition of cross linking Penicillin 細(xì)胞壁 阻止 peptidoglycan 的 合成 Inhibition of polymerization Glycopeptide antibiotics Inhibition of translocation of ribosome Aminoglycoside antibiotics 蛋白質(zhì)合成 Inhibition of binding of aminoacyl tRNAs Tetracycline 四環(huán)素 Inhibition of tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis Sulfonamides 磺胺制劑 核酸合成 Inhibition of DNA gyrase Quinolone antibiotics 細(xì)菌中抗生素 resistance 的產(chǎn)生方式 Mechanism Examples beta Lactamase Penicillin resistance Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase Chloramphenicol 氯霉素 resistance Antibiotic Inactivation 抗生素失活 Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes Aminoglycoside resistance Reduced uptake 降低吸收量 Natural resistance of Gram bacterial due to the presence of outer membrane Reduction of permeability 通透性抑制 Antibiotics efflux 外排 Tertracycline resistance No longer sensitive to the drug 原位點(diǎn)脫敏 Sulfonamide resistance New target sites not sensitive to the drug 新位點(diǎn)不敏感 Methicillin 甲氧苯青霉素 resistance Alteration of target site 作用位點(diǎn)修飾 Overproduction of target sites 冗余 Trimethoprim 甲氧芐氨嘧 啶 resistance 44 How to preserve food Sterilization lower temperature pH acidity low water availability canning chemical food preservation 滅菌 低溫 強(qiáng)酸 脫水 裝罐 化學(xué)藥物處理后儲(chǔ)存 4 Microbial Molecular Biology 4 Microbial Molecular Biology 45 Describe the DNA replication process DNA synthesis begins at a unique location called the origin of replication The double helix is unwounded by helicase and is stabilized by single Microbiology Review 22 GMC Jan 2006 stranded binding protein DNA polymerase generally III is then bound to each of the DNA strands The extension of the DNA replication occurs continuously on the leading strand but discontinuously on the lagging strand In the leading strand 5 3 replication is from 5 end to 3 end according to complementary principle In the lagging strand 3 5 replication is also from 5 end to 3 end pieces by pieces and primer is needed The primer is synthesized by primase After synthesis by polymerase III the primers are removed by the DNA polymerase I Finally the pieces of DNA of the lagging strand are linked by ligase Most errors in base pairing are corrected by proofreading functions associated with the action of DNA polymerase 46 What proteins are involved in initiation of DNA synthesis DNA replication fork helicases single stranded DNA binding proteins 47 How do leading and lagging strands replicate Leading strand DNA synthesis occurs continuously from the 5 end to 3 end Lagging strand DNA synthesis occurs discontinuously and the pieces called Okazaki fragments are linked by ligase 48 What are enzymes involved in replicating the lagging strand DNA primase 合成 RNA primers 3 端有 OH 可供添加新的 nucleotide DNA polymerase III 去除引物 補(bǔ)全 DNA 鏈 此外還有 proofreading 功能 DNA polymerase I 功能包括 3 5 添加 nucleotide 5 3 exonuclease 和 proofreading DNA ligase 連接新合成 DNA 鏈中的 nicks 包括連接 okazaki fragments 49 What are the differences between replicating circular DNA and linear DNA For linear DNA replication there is one problem at the extreme 5 end of each strand of linear DNA even if the RNA primer is very short and there is one special enzyme to remove it no DNA polymerase can replace it with DNA since all DNA polymerase require a primer So there are many ways to solve this problem such as sticky ends direct repeats using a protein primer or telomerase and so on 注 telomerase 在 3 端添加數(shù)目不定的重復(fù)片段 其本身帶有一個(gè) RNA 模板 as a cofactor 故不需要 DNA 模板 50 What structural roles has RNA played Microbiology Review 23 GMC Jan 2006 Messenger RNA mRNA Ribosomal RNA rRNA Transfer RNA tRNA Catalytic RNA Ribozyme 注 ribozyme 指由催化生化反應(yīng)能力的 RNA 片段 如 telomerase 中的 RNA 輔 因子 大多數(shù) ribozyme 的為 self splicing intron 在發(fā)揮功能的時(shí)候自身也失去 活性 只能發(fā)揮一次 sequence specific endonuclease 的功能 RNaseP 為一 具有特定功能結(jié)構(gòu)的可重復(fù)形式功能的 ribozyme 51 Describe the transcription process The initiation and termination sites are specific nucleotide sequences on the DNA RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain causing temporary opening of the double helix and transcription of one of the DNA strands When a termination site is reached chain growth stops and the mRNA and polymerases are released 52 How is transcription terminated Termination of transcription occurs at specific base sequences on the DNA Stem loop structure formed by intra strand base pairing caused the release of ribosome and the termination of transcription 53 What is a promotor and what is its function Promoters are specific DNA sequences at which RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription 54 Polygenic or polycistronic mRNA a single mRNA molecule that often codes for more than one protein in prokaryotes 55 What is an operon A series of genes all regulated by one operator is called operon Operon is a complete unit of gene expression often involving genes coding for several polypeptides on a polycistronic mRNA or genes coding for ribosomal RNA 56 Describe the RNA processing The conversion of a precursor RNA into a mature RNA is called RNA processing In prokaryotes and eukaryotes tRNAs and rRNAs are made initially as long precursor molecules which are then cut to make the final mature RNAs The mRNAs of eukaryotes need three more processing steps splicing capping 5 end and tailing or polyadenylation 3 end and also partially methylation Microbiology Review 24 GMC Jan 2006 57 Describe the translation process Initiation mRNA is attached to the ribosome involving the Shine Dalgarno sequence forming the initiation complex And then a special initiator aminoacyl tRNA fMet tRNA binds to the start codon AUG Elongation further more aminoacyl tRNA is attached to the mRNA leaving the amino acid then a peptide bond forms Termination release when the stop codon is met the release factors read the chain terminating signal and serve to cleave the attached polypeptide from the terminal tRNA Following this the ribosome dissociates and the subunits are the free to form new initiation complex Polypeptide folding many proteins require the assistance of other protein called molecular chaperones for proper folding or for assembly into larger complexs 59 What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Size 70s 30s 50s 80s 40s 60s Small subunit Number of proteins RNA size number of bases 30s 21 16s 1500 40s 30 18s 2300 large subunit Number of proteins RNA size number of bases 50s 34 23s 2900 5s 120 60s 50 28s 4200 5 8s 160 5s 120 Other Can use polycistronic mRNA because the ribosome can find each initiation site within a message Cannot translate polycistronic mRNA typical recognize an mRNA by its 5 cap and initiate only ate the 1st initiation codon 60 What are involved in initiation of protein synthesis Begin with a free 30s ribosome subunit and an initiation complex forms consisting of 30 S ribosome subunit mRNA formylmethionine tRNA Start codon AUG initiation factors and Guanosine triphosphate 61 What are polysomes and its function When several ribosomes are simultaneously translating a single message the complex is called a polysomes increase the speed and efficiency of mRNA translation and because each ribosome acts Microbiology Review 25 GMC Jan 2006 independently of the others each ribosome in a polysome complex can make a complete polypeptide 62 What is the function of molecular chaperones Molecular Chaperones assist many proteins for proper folding or for assembly into large complexes 63 Start codon and stop codon Several three consecutive nucleotides coding for the initiation of protein synthesis translation are called start codons Several three consecutive nucleotides coding for the termination of protein synthesis translation are called stop codons 64 Universal codons Universal code is the exact same code used by all living systems the answer is not codons 65 Open Reading Frame ORF a message RNA starts with a codon AUG and ends with codons UAG UAA or UGA 66 Bioinformatics The subject combined of computer and molecular biology 5 Virus 5 Virus 67 What are viruses How to classify viruses Virus is a noncellular genetic element that enlists a cell for its own replication It also has a mature infectious extracellular state 病毒是一種獨(dú)立于細(xì)胞染色體而依賴于細(xì)胞進(jìn)行復(fù)制的遺傳因子 具成熟的胞外 感染結(jié)構(gòu) 分類(lèi)方法 I According to hosts bacterial viruses animal viruses plant viruses II According to nucleic acid structure DNA viruses RNA viruses RNA DNA viruses 注 RNA DNA viruses 包括Retroviruses ss RNA 和 Hepadnaviruses dsDNA Retrovirus 的 virion 中含有 RNA genome 但在復(fù)制 過(guò)程中以 DNA 為媒介 而 Hepadnaviruses 則相反 68 How are viruses different from bacteria Viruses have smaller sizes than bacteria 體積小 Viruses have either DNA or RNA as genetic material single stranded double stranded or as in Hepadnavirus partially double stranded In Microbiology Review 26 GMC Jan 2006 Bacteria most of the genomes are double stranded DNA 遺傳物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)的 差異 The viruses do not have cellular structures while the bacteria have complete cellular structure though a bit simpler than the eukaryotes 結(jié)構(gòu) 簡(jiǎn)單 無(wú)細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu) The viruses need host cells for replication Bacteria is a major one of their target 宿主依賴 69 Describe vital structure They have nucleic acid in the capsid which is composed of capsomeres Many have a complex membranous structure that is composed of lipid bilayers with membrane specific proteins surrounding the nucleocapsid and called an envelope Some viruses are more complex being composed of several separate parts with separate shape and symmetries such as the tail head endplate and tail fibers in T4 bacterial virus 注 此處還應(yīng)注意兩個(gè)特例 Viroid 為 small circular ssRNA pathogenic molecules 其胞外形式為 naked RNA 不含 capsid 蛋白且 Viroid 基因組本身不編碼任何蛋白質(zhì) 注意 naked virus 與 naked RNA 的區(qū)別 Prion 只含有蛋白質(zhì) 不含核酸的感染性病原體 可導(dǎo)致BSE CJD in human 等 編碼prion的蛋白位于宿主體內(nèi) 在misfold 蛋白和molecular chaperone 的作用下 正常的蛋白被 misfold 正常情況下產(chǎn)生的蛋白多位于 neuron 中 故表現(xiàn)為精神類(lèi)異常 70 What are the two common symmetry structures Helical symmetry Icosahedral symmetry 3 個(gè) 面 60 個(gè) 粒 同一面上三個(gè)分子可以不同也可 相同 Microbiology Review 27 GMC Jan 2006 71 What are the most common enzymes brought with by viruses themselves How to grow viruses Neuraminadase break down glycoprotein aiding liberation of the virus Lysosome bacteriophage Reverse transcriptase RNA dependent DNA polymerase in retroviruses Methods of growing viruses Bacteriophage bacterial cultures Animal viruses Tissue or cell cultures 注 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)方法包括貼壁培養(yǎng)和懸浮培養(yǎng) 用于病毒研究的細(xì)胞可分為 primary cells 單細(xì)胞直接培養(yǎng) diploid cells strains 培養(yǎng)過(guò)多個(gè)世代 5 passages must adding SO2 to kill the wild yeast press fermentation filtration racking 123 How mushroom is grown Cultivated in mushroom farms The organism is grown in special beds prepared by mixing soil with a material very rich in organic matter in buildings where temperature and humidity are carefully controlled If light is not necessary they can be grown in basements of homes in caves Beds are inoculated with mushroom spawn pure culture of the mushroom fungus that grown in large bottle When mycelium grows and spreads through the substrate in bed add to the sruface of the bed a layer of soil casing soil and when flushing occurs the mycelium is collected immediately Finally they are packaged and kept cool 124 What is the most critical problem during process scale up in microbial fermentation 125 How to maintain a constant dissolved oxygen concentration during the fermenation process Microbiology Review 45 GMC Jan 2006 126 What are the strengths and weaknesses of a technological process Strengths 1 reliance on renewable feedstocks 2 versatility with different feedstocks 3 food feed identification and quantification of microorganisms in various habitats Study microbial activity radioisotopes microelectrodes 研究微生物多樣性的方法包括不同環(huán)境中微生物的分離 富集 純培養(yǎng) 鑒定 和定量 核酸探針 熒光抗體 活菌計(jì)數(shù) 研究微生物活性的方法有放射性同位素法和微電極法 152 What is the Winogradsky column and the bacteria enrichment technique The Winogradsky column for isolation of purple and green phototrophic bacteria and other anaerobes Enrichment culture technique a medium and a set of incubation conditions are used that are selective for the desired organism and are counterselective for the undesired organisms Winogradsky 柱是用來(lái)分離紫色和綠色光合營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)菌以及其它厭氧菌的傳統(tǒng) Microbiology Review 53 GMC Jan 2006 裝置 利用一定的培養(yǎng)基和培養(yǎng)方法選擇所需要的生物 而對(duì)不需要的生物進(jìn)行反選 擇的技術(shù)稱(chēng)為富集培養(yǎng)技術(shù) 153 What is the Winogradsky column used for Schematically draw it Winogradsky 柱是用來(lái)分離紫色和綠色光合營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)菌以及其它厭氧菌的傳統(tǒng) 裝置 它用于各種原核生物的富集 包括需氧菌和厭氧菌 154 How to carry out isolation of anaerobic bacteria in pure culture The objective of an enrichment culture study is usually to abtain a pure culture Pure cultures canbe obtained in many ways but the most frequently employes means are the streak plate the agar shake and liquid dilution methods The agar shake method is most useful for oxygen sensitive anaerobes It involves the dilution of a mixed culture in tubes of molten agar resulting in colonies embedded in the agar rather than on the surface of a plate 最經(jīng)常使用的純培養(yǎng)方法主要有 劃線平板法 瓊脂振蕩法和液體稀釋法 分 離厭氧菌要考慮到氧氣的影響 盡量使細(xì)菌與氧氣隔離開(kāi) 所以瓊脂振蕩法比較 好 它是在含熔化的瓊脂試管中混合不同稀釋濃度的培養(yǎng)物 使產(chǎn)生的菌落埋在 瓊脂中而不是在平板的表面 這就有效隔離了空氣 純化也可以在含有液體培養(yǎng) 基的試管中連續(xù)稀釋細(xì)胞懸浮也 達(dá)到最適濃度 不過(guò)也要注意隔絕空氣 155 How to do Identification and Quantification of environmental microorganisms using Nucleic Acid Probes Fluorescent Antibodies and Viable Counts 核酸探針 利用核酸探針與 16s 的互補(bǔ)性 某一特定的核酸探針將會(huì) 與特定種群的 RNA 結(jié)合 并通過(guò)放射性同位素或者熒光材料顯示出 來(lái) 熒光抗體 利用抗體對(duì)特定生物細(xì)胞表面組分的特異結(jié)合并發(fā)出熒光 可以鑒定出土壤中特定微生物 培養(yǎng)記數(shù) 每一個(gè)活的細(xì)胞都能夠培養(yǎng)出一個(gè)群落 我們可以根據(jù)微 生物在瓊脂培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)出的菌落數(shù)來(lái)確定細(xì)胞的數(shù)量 156 How to do the Measurements of Microbial Activity in Nature using radioisotope technique and microelectrodes 放射性同位素法 將碳 14 或者硫 35 等放射性同位素的化合物 適量 與生物共同培養(yǎng) 通過(guò)放射性的信息獲得微生物的活力信息 微電極法 用特制的微電極測(cè)定 PH O2 N2O S 等物質(zhì)濃度或者物 理量 方法是 將微電極插入微生物生長(zhǎng)的生境中 并在顯微操作器 的幫助下移動(dòng) 50 100 微米讀取數(shù)值 157 What Stable Isotopes are used in Microbial Biogeochemistry How to decide the biogenic or abiogenic of a material 穩(wěn)定同位素有碳 13 和硫 34 Microbiology Review 54 GMC Jan 2006 判斷物質(zhì)是不是生物合成的可以根據(jù)生物體的酶對(duì)較輕元素的偏好 生物 合成的物質(zhì)含有較環(huán)境較高的碳 12 158 What are aquatic habitats and primary producers How do they distribute in nature 水生環(huán)境是指 海洋 港灣 鹽沼 湖泊 池塘 河川 泉水等等 初級(jí)生產(chǎn)者 利用光能 從 CO2 合成有機(jī)物的生物 初級(jí)生產(chǎn)者分布在近海海域 湖泊 泉水中等 而在遠(yuǎn)海海域則分布較少 159 What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD BOD 是環(huán)保工作者用來(lái)描述水體耗氧屬性的一個(gè)量 BOD 的測(cè)定 將充分供氣后的水樣密封在瓶中 培養(yǎng)一定時(shí)間 通常為 20 度 5 天 然后測(cè)定水中剩余的氧氣量 由此即可得到 BOD 數(shù)值 160 How are microbial activities looked like in various layers of soil 在土壤表層 A 微生物活躍 因?yàn)槠渲泻写罅康挠袡C(jī)物 在地圖層 B 微生物活動(dòng)較 A 層為少 其中含有的有機(jī)物比較少 在土壤基質(zhì) C 微生物活動(dòng)較少 161 What are the conditions under deep sea What microorganisms inhabit in deep sea 深海環(huán)境特點(diǎn) 低溫 1000m 2 3 度 高壓 1atm 10m 低營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件 深海中的微生物有 barotolerant and barophilic bacterias as well as obligate barophilic bacterias 162 What makes microorganisms under deep sea so unique compared with normal microbes 為了適應(yīng)深海的低溫 高壓 低營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件 深海微生物具有一些特點(diǎn) 酶的折疊 程度較高 細(xì)胞膜不飽和脂肪酸增加 在蛋白質(zhì)合成和跨膜運(yùn)輸上也具有特殊性 163 Why can tube worms live under deep sea where little organic nutrients are available 管蟲(chóng)有一個(gè)改進(jìn)的腸胃道 是由營(yíng)養(yǎng)體的海綿組織組成的 營(yíng)養(yǎng)體組織充滿了硫 顆粒 并含有大量的原核細(xì)胞 營(yíng)養(yǎng)體組織具有硫氰酸生成酶的活性和三羧酸循 環(huán)中的酶 管蟲(chóng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)由化能無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)菌提供 是以化能無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)體分泌物和死 的細(xì)胞為生 管蟲(chóng)明亮紅羽毛富含血管 用獨(dú)特的可溶性血紅蛋白結(jié)合 O2和 H2S 作為 O2和 H2S 的捕捉器 運(yùn)輸化能無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)菌到營(yíng)養(yǎng)體中 164 List microorganisms you have known that tend to live in hydrothermal vents Microbiology Review 55 GMC Jan 2006 化能無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)菌 Sulfur oxidizing bacteria 硫氧化細(xì)菌 硫桿菌屬 Thiobacillus 硫微螺菌屬 Thiomicrospira 發(fā)硫菌 Thiothrix 貝日阿托氏屬 Beggiatoa 硝化 細(xì)菌 Nitrifying bacteria 硫酸鹽還原細(xì)菌 sulfate reducing bacteria 產(chǎn)甲烷細(xì) 菌 Methanogenic Archaea 氫氧化細(xì)菌Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria 鐵和錳氧 化細(xì)菌 Iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria 甲基營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)菌 Methylotrophic bacteria 165 Schematically describe carbon and oxygen cycles 碳是在整個(gè)地球的主要儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)中循環(huán) 發(fā)生于空氣 陸地 海洋和其它水環(huán)境 沉積物和巖石 地球上最快速的碳轉(zhuǎn)移方式是空氣中的 CO2 主要通過(guò)陸地植 物的光合作用除去大氣中的 CO2 然后 CO2又通過(guò)動(dòng)物和化能有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)微生物 的呼吸作用回到大氣中 微生物對(duì)死的有機(jī)物包括腐殖質(zhì)的分解作用使 CO2回 到大氣 合成新的有機(jī)碳唯一主要方式光合作用 合成新的有機(jī)碳唯一主要方 式 生氧光合作用總反應(yīng) CO2 H2O CH2O O2 呼吸作用 CH2O O2 CO2 H2O 分解作用 降解光合作用固定的碳 甲烷和二氧化碳 兩種 主要碳氧化作用狀態(tài) 這兩種氣體產(chǎn)物是由產(chǎn)甲烷菌或各種化能有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)菌通 過(guò)發(fā)酵 無(wú)氧或有氧呼吸形成的 當(dāng)甲烷被運(yùn)輸?shù)接醒醐h(huán)境時(shí) 產(chǎn)甲烷細(xì)菌將其 氧化成 CO2 然后所有碳最終回到 CO2 自養(yǎng)代謝又開(kāi)始 166 What microorganisms are involved in C and O cycles 藻類(lèi) 光合作用 藍(lán)細(xì)菌 光合作用 微生物 主要化能有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)微生物 呼 吸作用 化能無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)菌 甲烷氧化細(xì)菌 甲烷營(yíng)養(yǎng)菌 產(chǎn)甲烷菌 同型乙酸 細(xì)菌 光合營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)菌 厭氧微生物 發(fā)酵 167 How is methane produced from complex organic materials via microbial activities 甲烷產(chǎn)生是由古生菌 產(chǎn)甲烷菌來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 大多數(shù)在厭氧呼吸中利用 CO2 作為 最終電子受體 還原成甲烷 電子供體一般為 H2 4H2 CO2 CH4 2H2O DGo 130 kJ reaction 其它底物也可被轉(zhuǎn)化甲烷 包括甲醇 methanol 甲酸 鹽 formate 甲硫醇 methylcaptan CH3SH 乙酸鹽 acetate 和甲胺 methylamines 各種厭氧發(fā)酵菌協(xié)同厭氧分解復(fù)雜的有機(jī)物為甲烷和 CO2 復(fù) 雜多聚體通過(guò)纖維素分解細(xì)菌和其他水解細(xì)菌水解單體 初級(jí)發(fā)酵者發(fā)酵葡萄 糖 產(chǎn)生各種發(fā)酵產(chǎn)物 乙酸鹽 acetate 丙酸鹽 propionate 丁酸鹽 butyrate 琥 珀酸 succinate 乙醇 alcohols hydrogen 和 CO2 H2 可以立即被產(chǎn)甲烷菌 同 型乙酸細(xì)菌或硫酸鹽還原細(xì)菌消耗 乙酸可以由一些產(chǎn)甲烷菌轉(zhuǎn)化為甲烷 次級(jí) 發(fā)酵者是使復(fù)雜有機(jī)物轉(zhuǎn)化為甲烷的主要生物 特別是產(chǎn)氫脂肪酸氧化細(xì)菌 the H2 producing fatty acid oxidizing bacteria 利用脂肪酸或乙醇為能源 168 What are primary and secondary fermenters in methane production Primary fermenters consume glucose to a variety of fermentation products acetate propionate butyrate succinate alcohols hydrogen and CO2 Secondary fermenters key organisms in the conversion of complex organic materials to methane espacially the H2 producing fatty acid oxidizing bacteria Microbiology Review 56 GMC Jan 2006 169 List two syntrophic mi