英語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)及學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn) (習(xí)題及答案).doc

基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)： （一）概念：“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系，通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。 （二）功能：“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定性狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動(dòng)詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí)，雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，并不是真正的獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表?xiàng)l件、表方式、表伴隨、表時(shí)間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。 （三）形式：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上由兩部分組成：第一部分由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任，第二部分由分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語擔(dān)任。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為：ing 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；ed分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；無動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨等。常見的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有如下幾種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；名詞(代詞)+形容詞；名詞(代詞)+副詞；名詞(代詞)+不定式；名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構(gòu)成。（名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞）1、名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間的主謂關(guān)系。如：The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say.姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。2、名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard.由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。3、名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他們道別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。4、名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.這么多人缺席，會(huì)議不得不取消。5、名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如：He put on his sweater wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home.會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。6、名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.那男孩手里拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對(duì)著門。例句分析今天是星期天，你不必去上學(xué)。原因從句：Because it is Sunday, you neednt go to school.主語It being Sunday, you neednt go to school. ()分詞 邏輯上的主語（It being Sunday 構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作原因狀語）Being Sunday, you neednt go to school. ()（因分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，所以句子錯(cuò)誤。） 官員們都到齊了，宣布開會(huì)。分詞表示All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.分詞邏輯上的主語時(shí)間狀語從句：After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 天氣允許的話，我們?nèi)ヮU和園。分詞表示：Weather permitting; well go to the Summer Palace.分詞邏輯上的主語條件狀語從句：If weather permits , well go to the Summer Palace. All the work done, you can have a rest.分詞邏輯上的主語=All the work is done and you can have a rest. 所有的工作都完成了，你們可以休息了。注意 分詞做獨(dú)立主格，有時(shí)前面可以加with或without （四）舉例e.g.（名詞（代詞）+ 現(xiàn)在分詞）1、小王病倒了，我們得照顧他。Xiao Wang falling ill, we have to look after him.2、客人們走了，她開始打掃房間。The guests having left, she began to clean the room.（名詞（代詞）+ 過去分詞）3、眼鏡打破了，她看不見黑板上的字。Her glasses broken, she couldnt see the words on the blackboard.4、她雙手交叉在胸前站在那兒。She stood there, her hands crossed on the chest.（名詞（代詞）+ 形容詞）5、街道上又濕又滑，我們只好小心緩慢地騎車。The streets wet and slippery, we had to ride our bikes slowly and carefully.6、學(xué)生們睜大眼睛在聽老師講課。The students were listening to the teacher, their eyes wide open.（名詞（代詞）+ 副詞）7、會(huì)議結(jié)束了，我們從大禮堂回到了教室。The meeting over , we returned to the classroom from the auditorium.8、他急急忙忙地穿上襯衫，把襯衫穿反了。He pulled on his shirt, wrong side out.（名詞（代詞）+ 不定式）9、運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將在下周舉行，我們必須為它作準(zhǔn)備。The sports meeting to be held next week, we must get ready for it.10、如此多的人幫助他，他一定會(huì)成功的。So many people to help, he is sure to succeed.（名詞（代詞）+ 介詞短語）11、老人手里拿著煙斗坐在椅子上。The old man sat on the chair, (with) a pipe in his hand.12、那個(gè)人走出房間，嘴里嚼著食物。The man went out of the room, food in mouth.（There being + 名詞（代詞）13、沒有公共汽車，我們只好步行回家。There being no bus, we had to walk home.14、沒有什么事情要討論，會(huì)議結(jié)束了。There being no more things to be discussed, the meeting came to an end.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中的作用:（作時(shí)間狀語）15、春天到了，樹變綠了。Spring coming on, the trees turn green.16、問題解決后，他們回到了各自的工作崗位。The problem (having been) solved, they went back to their own post.（作原因狀語）17、昨天是星期天，我們沒有上學(xué)。It being Sunday yesterday, we didnt go to school.18、鑰匙丟失了，她進(jìn)不了房間。The key(having been) lost, she couldnt enter the room.（作條件狀語）19、如果時(shí)間許可，我們將參觀那個(gè)公園。Time permitting, well visit the park.20、如果水加到很高的溫度，我們會(huì)看到水蒸氣從中冒出來。Water heated to a high temperature, we can see steam rising from it.（作方式或伴隨狀語）21、孩子們?cè)诙蜒┤?，他們的手凍得通紅。The children were making a snowman, their hands red with cold.22、他跌倒在地，鼻子流著血。He fell to the ground, blood trickling from his nose. 構(gòu)成&作用1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于無事可做，他們離開了。（代詞ing; 表原因）2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著書。（無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，閉著眼睛。（名詞ed; 表狀態(tài)）4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放學(xué)了，我們開始玩籃球。（名詞副詞；表時(shí)間）5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒再多說一個(gè)字，他拾起那張紙。（復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我們的晚會(huì)開始了。（名詞不定式；表時(shí)間） （五）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同：1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。但是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例：（1） If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果時(shí)間允許，本周末我們最好休息一下。（2） When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 從頂樓上看，花園更漂亮。2、還應(yīng)該注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例：（1） Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。(依著原則)（2） When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.（我們）種花時(shí)必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞） （六）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同：1、有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。2、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題：1）當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加his)。2）當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 【典型例題】Weather_, well go out for a walk.A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting答案B. 本題中沒有連詞，它不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號(hào)，且we 小寫，可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞。由于permit在這里翻譯為天氣允許，表主動(dòng)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉，再將謂語動(dòng)詞改為非謂語動(dòng)詞即可。獨(dú)立主格的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：1、轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句His homework done, he went to bed.=After his homework was done, he went to bed.She not feeling well, we worried about her.= As she was not feeling well, we worried about her.Weather permitting, the sports meet will be held the day after tomorrow.=If weather permits, the sports meet will be held the day after tomorrow.2、轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句The young woman came into the cinema, a baby in her arms.= The young woman came into the cinema and a baby was in her arms.The boy stood there silently, his eyes fixed upon the black people.= The boy stood there silently and his eyes were fixed upon the black people.3、轉(zhuǎn)換成“with”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)Night falling, we hurried home.=With night falling, we hurried home.The signal given, the train left the railway station.= With the signal given, the train left the railway station.The old scientist came to the meeting, his wife supporting him.= The old scientist came to the meeting, with his wife supporting him.The spy sat on the ground, his hands tied behind his back.= The spy sat on the ground, with his hands tied behind his back. 【模擬試題】一、單項(xiàng)填空1. Oh, its you, Steve! I _ you.No surprising. Ive just had my hair cut.A. dont recognize B. havent recognizedC. didnt recognize D. hadnt recognized2. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A. all whose homes B. all of whose homesC. all their homes D. all of their homes3. Im glad to see that you _ a lot of progress since I _ you last.A. will make; have met B. have been making; metC. had made; met D. have made; meeting4. Where can I get _ information about a long journey?Nothing is of _ than a map, I think.A. an; greater help B. a piece of; greater priceC. some; better useful D. some; greater value5. Youre not _ to park here _ you have a permit.A. allowed; unless B. permitted; in spiteC. let; since D. agreed; even if6. Its _ a long time since I started to teach at this school.A. quite B. much C. pretty D. so7. Did you remember to return the book to our English teacher?Yes. I gave it to him _ I saw him.A. once B. while C. if D. the moment8. He was _ for work, for he could not imagine life without it.A. expected B. worried C. eager D. proud9. I _ from the crowd an old friend of mine whom I hadnt seen for ten years.A. figured out B. picked out C. gave out D. went out10. I believe the child _.A. to tell true B. to have told the truthC. having the truth D. having told the truth11. Jack _ the test again; in that case, his father will be very disappointed.A. must have failed B. might failC. should fail D. could have failed12. _ enough time, but I couldnt do it better.A. I was given B. GivenC. To be given D. Though I was given13. Our doctor always talks to me _ a teacher talking to a child.A. as same as B. how C. like D. similar as14. Johnson, therere a lot of chairs over there. Go and fetch _ for me.Why _? Mike is sitting there doing nothing.A. one; me B. that; not he C. it; not him D. some; I15. Let me help you carry your travel case to the station, Granny.Oh, no, my boy. It is _ heavy. _.A. so; What a good boy B. not so; Thanks a lotC. rather; How kind of you D. not too; Thank you anyway. 二、完形填空Most children with healthy appetites（食欲）are ready to eat almost anything that is offered to them. A child seldom dislikes food 16 it is badly cooked. The 17 a meal is cooked and served is most important and an 18 served meal will often improve a childs appetite. Never ask a child 19 he likes or dislikes a food and never 20 likes and dislikes in front of him or allow 21 else to do so. If the father says that he hates fat meat or the mother 22 some vegetables in the childs hearing he is 23 to copy this action.Parents should accept the fact that he likes everything and he probably 24. Nothing healthful should be omitted （刪除）from the meal because of a 25 dislike. At meal times it is a good 26 to give a child a small part and let him 27 back for a second helping rather than give him as 28 as he is likely to eat 29 . Do not talk too much to the child 30 meal times, but let him get on with his food; and do not 31 him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will 32 learn to swallow his food 33 he can hurry back to the toys in his room. On 34 condition must a child be coaxed （哄騙） 35 forced to eat.16. A. if B. until C. that D. unless17. A. production B. process C. way D. method18. A. immediately B. attractively C. eagerly D. anxiously19. A. whether B. what C. that D. which20. A. agree B. tell C. discus D. argue21. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody22. A. opposes B. refuses C. admit D. digest23. A. willing B. possible C. forced D. likely24. A. should B. may C. will D. must25. A. supposed B. proved C. considered D. related26. A. point B. custom C. idea D. plan27. A. ask B. come C. return D. take28. A. much B. little C. few D. many29. A. all the best B. over and over C. not at all D. all at once30. A. on B. over C. by D. during31. A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade32. A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly33. A. so B. until C. while D. although34. A. some B. any C. such D. no35. A. or B. nor C. but D. neither 三、閱讀理解ALarry Bird was born in 1965 in a small town in the middle western State of Indiana. He was tall, and always good at playing basketball. He attended Indiana State University. Bird led the team into the College Basketball Championship Game.After completing his college studies, Larry Bird began playing professional（職業(yè)的）basketball for the Boston Celtics. He remained with the Celtics for all his professional career（生涯）. During those 13 years, Larry Bird was named the Most Valuable Player of the Year three times. He scored more than 21,000 points, and he played in 13 of the highest scoring games in his teams history. Once he scored 60 points in just one game.During his very successful basketball career, Larry Bird suffered a number of injuries. In 1989, he stopped playing because of pain in his feet. He returned in 1990, but the pain in his feet returned too. In the next two years he experienced more medical problems, and he missed many games.Larry Bird did play on the Dream Teamthe first Olympic Team with professional players. However, after winning the gold medal in Barcelona, he announced that he would retire（退役）from professional basketball. Larry Bird said he would have liked to play a little longer, but he could not because of his health problems. He also said it was a good time to leave the game. He wanted to be remembered as a winner.36. The main idea of the second paragraph is that Larry Bird _.A. was named the Most Valuable Player of the YearB. was strong and tallC. was good at shooting basketsD. was the oldest player of the team37. The underlined word “score” in the second paragraph means _.A. lost B. got C. made D. wrote38. Which of the following statements is NOT true? _.A. Larry Bird began his career soon after his graduation from the college.B. He lost interest in play basketball after he retiredC. Though he left the team, he didnt feel too much regret.D. He thought it a right decision to leave the team.39. What team did Larry Bird join during his professional career? _.A. The Dream Team.B. The Indiana State University Team.C. The Boston Celtics.D. An unknown team. 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The owner of the passage advertises _.A. to introduce the new sectionsB. to announce the new sections of the TimesC. to make known his new plan of the TimesD. to persuade people to buy the Times CPackaging（包裝）is an important form of advertising. A package can sometimes motivate someone to buy a product. For example, a small child might ask for a breakfast food that comes in a box with a picture of a TV character. The child is more interested in the picture than in breakfast food. Pictures for children to color or cut out, games printed on a package, or small gifts inside a box also motivate many children to buy productsor to ask their parents for them.Some packages suggest that a buyer wil