工程造價(jià)外文翻譯-工程項(xiàng)目管理中的造價(jià)管理.doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除工程項(xiàng)目管理中的造價(jià)管理 Cost management in the engineering project management論文摘要：工程造價(jià)控制是工程建設(shè)管理工作的重要組成部分，如何合理確定和有效控制工程投資，是工程項(xiàng)目管理的一大難題。本文系統(tǒng)地分析了工程項(xiàng)目整個(gè)過程的造價(jià)控制的主要影響因素，并提出了有效的、切實(shí)可行的造價(jià)管理措施。 Abstract : the project cost control is an important part of project construction management work, how to determine a reasonable and effective control of project investment, is a big problem in the project management. This paper systematically analyzes the main influence factors of cost control of the whole process of engineering project, and proposes effective, feasible cost management measures.論文關(guān)鍵詞：工程；項(xiàng)目管理；造價(jià)管理 Keywords: project; project management;engineering cost management; 在工程項(xiàng)目建立和實(shí)施過程中，如何有效地利用投入建設(shè)工程的人力、物力、財(cái)力，以盡量少的勞動(dòng)和物質(zhì)消耗，取得較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益，是工程項(xiàng)目管理中的一個(gè)十分重要的問題。工程造價(jià)管理。工程造價(jià)管理的目的不僅在于控制項(xiàng)目投資不超過批準(zhǔn)的造價(jià)限額，更在于從項(xiàng)目的整體利益出發(fā)，合理地使用人力、物力、財(cái)力，以取得最大的投資效益。 Establishment and implementation process in the project, how to effectively use the input of construction engineering of the human, material and financial resources, to minimize the consumption of labor and material, to achieve good economic and social benefits, is a very important problem in engineering project management. Project cost management. The purpose of project cost management is not only the cost quota control project investment does not exceed the approved, but from the overall interests of the project, the rational use of human, material and financial resources, to obtain the maximum investment benefit.一個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目從醞釀、規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)到建成投產(chǎn)包括以下程序：即項(xiàng)目建議書階段、可行性評估階段、設(shè)計(jì)階段、施工階段、竣工驗(yàn)收階段。相應(yīng)地，工程造價(jià)的確定與工程建設(shè)階段性工作相適應(yīng)，一般分為以下幾個(gè)階段：一是決策階段的造價(jià)管理；二是設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段的造價(jià)管理；三是實(shí)施階段的造價(jià)管理；四是竣工階段的造價(jià)管理。 A construction project from the brewing, planning, design to put into operation includes the following procedures: the project proposal stage, feasibility evaluation stage, design stage, construction stage, the completion acceptance stage. Accordingly, to determine the project cost and project construction stage work, generally divided into the following stages: one is the cost management decision-making stage; two is the cost management in design and planning stage; three is to implement the cost management; four is the completion of the construction cost management.一、決策階段的造價(jià)管理 I, decision-making phase of the cost management決策階段的投資估算是項(xiàng)目建設(shè)前期編制項(xiàng)目建議書和可行性研究報(bào)告的重要組成部分，是進(jìn)行投資方案選擇的重要依據(jù)之一。決策階段影響工程造價(jià)的主要因素有：建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水平的確定；建設(shè)地區(qū)的選擇；建設(shè)地點(diǎn)（廠址）的選擇；項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模；工藝評選；設(shè)備選用。 Estimated investment decision-making stage is an important part of the earlier stage of project construction project proposal and feasibility study report,and is one of the important basis for investment options. The decision stage of the main factors affecting the project cost: identify the level of construction standards; construction area selection; construction site ( sites ) choice; development; technology selection; equipment selection.決策階段項(xiàng)目決策的內(nèi)容是決定工程造價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)，直接影響著決策階段之后的各個(gè)建設(shè)階段工程造價(jià)的確定與控制是否科學(xué)、合理的問題，在項(xiàng)目的決策階段必須編制可行的投資估算。因此，可采取以下措施控制該階段的工程造價(jià)： The decision-making phase of the project decision content is the basis of project cost, directly affects whether scientific, reasonable question to determine the various construction phases of the project cost and control decision-making phase, in the decision-making phase of the project must prepare a feasible investment estimation. Therefore, the project cost may take the following measures to control the:（一）做好基礎(chǔ)資料的收集 A. basic data collection 造價(jià)人員需要收集工程所在地的水電路狀況、地質(zhì)情況、主要材料設(shè)備的價(jià)格資料、大宗材料的采購地以及已建類似工程資料，并對資料的準(zhǔn)確性、可靠性認(rèn)真分析，保證投資預(yù)測、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的準(zhǔn)確。 The cost of personnel need to collect the project location, geological conditions, water circuit of main material and equipment price data, procurement of bulk materials and construction of similar projects have been data, accuracy, and reliability of data analysis, investment analysis, to ensure accurate forecast of economic.（二）做好可行性研究階段的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)論證 B. the feasibility study stage of the technical and economic argumentation要做好可行性研究，就需要作充分的市場調(diào)查研究，包括國內(nèi)外市場在項(xiàng)目計(jì)算期內(nèi)對擬建產(chǎn)品的需求狀況、類似項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)情況、國家對該產(chǎn)業(yè)的政策和今后發(fā)展趨勢等。 Should do well feasibility study, we need study full market investigation, including the domestic and foreign markets in the project calculation period of the product demand, similar projects, the state of the industry policy and development trend in the future.（三）做好方案優(yōu)化 C. the plan optimization技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)人員應(yīng)該和設(shè)計(jì)人員密切配合，用動(dòng)態(tài)分析方法進(jìn)行多方案技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較，通過方案優(yōu)化，使工藝流程盡量簡單，設(shè)備選型更加合理，從而節(jié)約大量資金。 Technical and economic personnel should cooperate closely and design staff, technical and economic comparison of several schemes for dynamic analysis method, through the scheme optimization, the process as simple as possible, equipment selection is more reasonable, which can save a lot of money.二、設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段的造價(jià)管理 II, the design and planning phase of the cost management 基于對大型工程項(xiàng)目和造價(jià)控制分析與研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)階段的方案選擇對其工程整個(gè)投資影響最大，可以高達(dá)80%以上。規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)水平的優(yōu)劣，對工程實(shí)物的投資、工程進(jìn)度和建筑質(zhì)量有著非常大的影響。設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段影響工程造價(jià)的主要因素有：總平面設(shè)計(jì)、空間組合（包括層高、層數(shù)、室內(nèi)外高差的確定等）、項(xiàng)目資金、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)型式、建筑材料、建設(shè)地點(diǎn)（廠址）及設(shè)計(jì)人員的專業(yè)化水平等等。 Based on the research and analysis of large engineering projects and cost control, the discover phase project design scheme selection of maximum impact on the engineering investment, can be as high as 80%. The planning and design quality, has a very large impact on engineering physical investment, project schedule and quality of construction. The design and planning stage main influencing factors of construction cost: total plane design, space combination ( including height, number of layers, indoor and outdoor elevation determination ), project financing, building structure, building materials, construction site ( site ) and the design of the professional staff of water equal.由此可見，只有在設(shè)計(jì)工作沒有完成，設(shè)計(jì)圖紙未交付使用之前把好工程造價(jià)管理的第一關(guān)，才能為總體工程造價(jià)控制打好基礎(chǔ)。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，可以利用價(jià)值工程對設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)性比較分析，對不合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案提出意見，從而達(dá)到控制造價(jià)、節(jié)約投資的目的。在工程項(xiàng)目中，針對該階段，我們可采取以下措施對工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行造價(jià)管理： Thus, not only in the design work, design drawings has not delivered for use before the project cost management is the first pass, in order to lay a good foundation for the overall project cost control. In the design process, you can use the value engineering to the design of economic comparison analysis, put forward opinions on the design unreasonable, so as to control the cost, save the investment objective. In the project, aiming at this stage, we can take the following measures for cost management of Engineering projects:（一）建立必要的規(guī)章制度，明確各部門及崗位的權(quán)責(zé)，分工明確，獎(jiǎng)懲分明 ( a ) establishing the necessary rules and regulations, clear the various departments and job responsibilities, a clear division of labor, rewards and punishments只有明晰的文件管理制度，把工程技術(shù)人員和經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)人員的責(zé)、權(quán)、利與工程造價(jià)管理掛上鉤，才能調(diào)動(dòng)他們的積極性，才能把設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段的造價(jià)管理工作做細(xì)致、準(zhǔn)確。 Only clear the file management system, the engineering and technical personnel and economic and technical personnel of the responsibility, right, benefit and cost management of project of hanging hook, to mobilize their enthusiasm, can the design and planning phase of the cost management work to do meticulous, accurate.（二）加強(qiáng)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，不斷提高各方面人員的綜合素質(zhì) (b) to strengthen the technical training, and continuously improve the comprehensive quality of the staff設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)劃階段工程造價(jià)管理是一項(xiàng)綜合性的工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員和經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)人員要具備較好的綜合素質(zhì)才行。 The design and planning stage of project cost management is a comprehensive work, designs the personnel and the economic and technical personnel should possess good comprehensive quality.（三）把限額設(shè)計(jì)作為工程造價(jià)管理的重要手段 ( c ) the quota design as an important means of project cost management要求設(shè)計(jì)單位在工程設(shè)計(jì)中推行限額設(shè)計(jì)，凡是能進(jìn)行定量分析的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容，均要通過計(jì)算，技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)相結(jié)合用數(shù)據(jù)說話，在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮施工的可能性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性，要和技術(shù)水平和管理水平相適應(yīng)。 Design units to carry out quota design in engineering design, which can design the content of quantitative analysis, both by calculation, the combination of technology and economic data to speak, in the design should fully consider the possibility and economic construction, and the level of technology and management to adapt.三、實(shí)施階段的造價(jià)管理 C. the implementation of the cost management工程實(shí)施階段，在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)周期中所占用的時(shí)間最長，投入的資金量最大，是建設(shè)項(xiàng)目價(jià)值和使用價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)的主要階段，也是貨幣資金轉(zhuǎn)化為建筑實(shí)體的關(guān)鍵階段。實(shí)施階段影響工程造價(jià)的主要因素有：工程招投標(biāo)、合同的簽訂與管理、施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的審查、材料管理及竣工結(jié)算審核。 The project implementation stage, occupied in the whole project construction period of time is the longest, largest funds into, is the main stage of the construction project value and use value realization, it is also a key stage of monetary funds into the construction entity. Implementation stages of the main factors affecting the project cost : the project bidding, contract signing and management, the construction organization design review, material management and completion settlement audit.盡管工程實(shí)施階段節(jié)約投資的比例相對較小，但由于種種原因造成浪費(fèi)投資的可能性卻很大，因?yàn)榻ㄖ?shí)體的形成過程是不可逆的，如果在此階段未能實(shí)現(xiàn)對工程造價(jià)的有效控制，造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失將無法挽回和彌補(bǔ)。在這一階段，我們可采取以下措施對工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行造價(jià)管理： Although the project implementation stage of saving investment ratio is relatively small, but the possibility due to various causes the waste of investment is very important, because the formation process of architectural entities are not reversible, if at this stage failed to achieve the effective control of project cost, the economic loss caused by the loss will not be able to restore and remedy. At this stage, we can take the following measures for cost management of Engineering projects:（一）做好施工項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)核算工作 ( a ) construction project economic accounting work施工項(xiàng)目經(jīng)濟(jì)核算是指對施工中發(fā)生的物化勞動(dòng)(人工、機(jī)械、材料)及活化勞動(dòng)消耗量進(jìn)行分析研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)存在的問題，尋求解決的方法。 Economic accounting of construction project refers to the materialized labor can occur during construction ( manual, mechanical, materials and labor ) activation analysis of consumption, find the existing problems, find solutions.（二）加強(qiáng)合同措施 ( b ) to strengthen contract measures合同訂立是合同管理的基礎(chǔ)和依據(jù)。建設(shè)工程耗資巨大、涉及面廣、個(gè)性差異大、履約時(shí)間長，客觀上要求合同應(yīng)內(nèi)容完整、清楚，用詞嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、準(zhǔn)確,條款細(xì)致、嚴(yán)密，盡可能做到面面俱到，才能保證合同履行、合同管理的順利進(jìn)行。 The contract is the foundation and basis of contract management. Construction project cost, wide, personality differences, performing a long time, the objective requirements of the contract shall be complete, clear, precise, accurate words, terms and meticulous, rigorous, as far as possible to do everything, in order to ensure the performance of the contract, the contract management work smoothly.（三）做好材料成本的控制與管理 ( c) to control and manage the material cost首先，要編制材料需求計(jì)劃；其次，要加強(qiáng)材料使用管理,降低材料損耗量。 First of all, to prepare the material requirement planning; secondly, to strengthen the material management, reduce material consumption.（四）做好施工索賠工作 ( d ) do well construction claim work作為建設(shè)單位，加強(qiáng)索賠控制，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)的管理和控制，避免由于主觀人為因素造成施工單位索賠；做好施工過程中各種現(xiàn)場記錄、報(bào)表、日志、會(huì)議紀(jì)要、備忘、簽收手續(xù)、監(jiān)理通知、進(jìn)度記錄、驗(yàn)收資料、工程照片等可作為索賠和反索賠證據(jù)的資料收集、整理工作；公正、合理、及時(shí)地處理索賠的發(fā)生，避免產(chǎn)生更大的索賠損失；依據(jù)招投標(biāo)文件、合同文件、國家的法律、法規(guī)、規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等，有理有節(jié)地進(jìn)行反索賠。 As the construction unit, strengthen the claim control, should strengthen the management and control of key links, to avoid the subjective factors caused by the construction unit claim; do the construction process of on-the-spot record, report, log, minutes of meetings, memos, the procedures for receiving, recording, schedule supervision notice, acceptance of information, photos can be used as the claims and counter proof of claim data collection, collation; occurrence of fair and reasonable, timely processing of claims, to avoid greater claim losses; on the basis of the bidding documents, contract documents, the national laws, regulations, standard, rational section of counterclaim.（五）做好竣工結(jié)算工作 ( e ) well completion settlement work要有詳細(xì)健全的臺帳記錄，如材料上漲，工程變更引起的工程量增減以及隱蔽工程的驗(yàn)收等。工程量的計(jì)量，材料用量的核算對工程造價(jià)應(yīng)求計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確。 There should be detailed sound records, such as the material up, engineering change or engineering quantity caused and secret project etc. Measurement quantity, the amount of calculation of engineering cost should be calculated accurately.四、竣工階段的造價(jià)管理 D, the completion of the cost management竣工階段是控制工程總造價(jià)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，在工程結(jié)束階段，建設(shè)單位要對整個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行一次綜合性評價(jià)，也是對該項(xiàng)目工程造價(jià)的總結(jié)。一方面總結(jié)在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目建設(shè)期全過程管理造價(jià)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，另一方面分析在控制造價(jià)方面的不足，盡可能找出因主觀原因而影響全過程造價(jià)管理的因素，并加以克服。影響工程造價(jià)的主要因素有：在結(jié)算的編審過程中由于編審人員所處的地位、立場不同、目的不同，而且編審人員的工作水平不同的差異也會(huì)影響對工程造價(jià)的估算。針對這一階段，我們可采取以下措施對工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行造價(jià)管理： Completion stage is a key link to control the total cost of the project, at the conclusion of the project phase, the construction unit shall conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the whole construction project, but also on the construction costs of the project summary. A summary of the experience of the project construction period management of whole process cost, on the other hand analysis in the control cost, as far as possible to identify factors that influence the whole process cos