大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作專題講解PPT課件

.,大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作專題,.,一、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)二、寫作實(shí)例分析,四級(jí)作文解析,.,文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu),概論文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)寫作的三段論模式,.,一、概論,文章是由段落構(gòu)成，而段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主題句、支撐句和結(jié)尾句所構(gòu)成，它的具體結(jié)構(gòu)可以用以下的圖表加以表示：,1/2,.,二、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu),2/2,.,寫作的三段論模式,大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作通常采用三段論模式，即：開頭段(introduction)主體段(bodyparagraph)結(jié)尾段(conclusion),.,(一)開頭段,開頭段概論常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法開頭段的常用核心句型,.,開頭段概論,對(duì)于大學(xué)英語四級(jí)的寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長(zhǎng)。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達(dá)的是整篇文章的主題思想。在議論文中，我們稱之為中心論點(diǎn)，它起到駕馭全文的作用。一個(gè)意義清晰、明確的開頭段，將有助于讀者理解全文；一個(gè)精彩、新穎的開頭段還能激起讀者的閱讀欲望。,.,常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法,使用引語（useaquotation）引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）提出問題（askaquestion）給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定義法（givedefinition）主題句法（useoftopicsentence）,.,常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法,使用引語（useaquotation）使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。如：“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)”對(duì)于成功的重要性，點(diǎn)明主題。,.,常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法,引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）當(dāng)然對(duì)于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問題。如：Asisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，很有說服力。,.,常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法,提出問題（askaquestion）提出有爭(zhēng)議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡(jiǎn)要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡(jiǎn)短討論。如：Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money,Promotions,Interestingchallenges,Continuallearning,Work-basedfriendships,Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials.Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。,.,常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法,給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）如：Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.分析：文章通過引用新聞報(bào)道的一個(gè)實(shí)例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。,.,常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法,定義法（givedefinition）針對(duì)討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。如：Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.分析：文章用Itmeansthat這一句型，說明了practicemakesperfect的含義。,.,常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法,主題句法（useoftopicsentence）文章一開始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。如：NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.分析：文章開頭即提出中國(guó)的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題，然后再用實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。,.,開頭段的常用核心句型,Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,IbelievethatThearguermayberightabout,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat.Althoughitiscommonlyagreedthat,itisunlikelytobetruethat.Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat.Inallthediscussionanddebateover,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.,.,開頭段的常用核心句型,Onthesurface（Atfirstthought）,it（this）mayseemasound（anattractive）suggestion（solution/idea）,butcarefulweighingonthemind（oncloseranalysis/onsecondthought）,wefindthatAlthoughmanypeoplebelievethat,Iwonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis.,.,開頭段的常用核心句型,Thedanger（problem/fact/truth/point）isthat.IagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat.Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof.Thosewhoobjecttoarguethat.Butpeoplewhofavor,ontheotherhand,arguethat.,.,開頭段的常用核心句型,Currently（Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears/Formanyyearsnow）,thereis（hasbeen）a（n）general（widespread/growing/widelyheld）feelingtowards（concernover/attitudetowards/trendtowards/awarenessof/realizationof/illusionof/beliefin）.AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat.Nowitiscommonly（widely/generally/increasingly）believed（thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that.ButIwonder（doubt）whether,.,(二)主體段,主體段概述主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法,.,主體段概述,主體段的寫作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的組織形式。因此，在動(dòng)筆之前，必須先選擇好所采用的方法，然后根據(jù)自己所選的方法確定相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，才能把文章寫好。,.,主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法,一、列舉法（Listing）二、舉例法（Exemplification）三、分類法（Classification）四、比較對(duì)照法（ComparisonandContrast）五、因果法（CauseandEffect）,.,列舉法（Listing）定義,也叫枚舉法。是一種在主題句中提出論點(diǎn)，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進(jìn)行論證或闡述的方法。列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間順序等進(jìn)行。,.,列舉法作文例子,Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.,.,常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞,first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast.,.,舉例法（Exemplification）定義,作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者的觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。,.,舉例法作文例子,Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.,.,舉例法中常見的過渡性詞語,forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,takeasanexample,tonamejustafew,etc.,.,分類法(Classification)定義,在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類地?cái)⑹?，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。,.,分類法作文例子,Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.,.,常見的用以分類的詞語,動(dòng)詞：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fallinto,etc.名詞：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.,.,比較對(duì)照法(ComparisonandContrast)定義,比較對(duì)照法由比較和對(duì)照兩部分組成，但兩者往往一起用以闡述兩者或者更多事物間的異同，常用于說明文和議論文寫作。比較描述的是所比對(duì)象的相同、類似點(diǎn)，而對(duì)照則強(qiáng)調(diào)所描述對(duì)象之間的不同，甚至相反之處。常用的比較對(duì)照的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有兩種，即整塊比較法和逐點(diǎn)比較法。,.,在整塊比較法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式為：A1、A2、A3B1、B2、B3例子:,Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.First,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthemandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.,.,Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoesntseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonmyfathersmind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraidofhim.Incontrast,myfatherisverywarm-heartedtochildren.Helikestotalkwiththem,sothechildreninmyfamilyalllikehim.Finally,mygrandfatherisobstinate.Oncehehadmadeadecision,heneverchangesit.However,myfather,evenafterhehasmadeadecision,willaskothersforopinions.Ifhethinkstheopinionsarereasonable,hemightchangehismind.Althoughmygrandfatherandmyfatherresembleeachotherverymuchinappearance,theydifferincharacter,thinkingandbehavior.,逐點(diǎn)比較法是A、B雙方同時(shí)逐點(diǎn)描述，其模式為：A1B1A2B2A3B3例如：,.,常見的比較對(duì)照的過渡性詞語,常用的表示比較的過渡性詞語有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equally,important,bothand,thesameas常用的表示對(duì)照的過渡性詞語有：ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,eventhough,whereas/while,itistruebut,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differ(ent)from,contraryto,.,因果法(CauseandEffect)定義,因果法經(jīng)常用以闡述原因，回答“為什么”這類問題，分析事物發(fā)展的前因后果，也多見于說明文和論述文。因果關(guān)系的普遍性決定了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性，通常因果關(guān)系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式擴(kuò)展段落時(shí)通?？刹捎孟纫蚝蠊蛳裙笠虻囊灰蚨喙蛞还嘁蚰Ｊ剑渲械亩嘁蚧蚨喙猛ǔＲ悦杜e方式列舉。,.,因果法作文例子,Theroleofwomenintodayssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomensmovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsofinterestserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.,.,常用的表示因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞語,because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat,resultin,contributeto,.,（三）結(jié)尾段,結(jié)尾段概述常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,.,結(jié)尾段概述,開頭和結(jié)尾往往是讀者注意最多的部分。開頭引起讀者注意，提出主題；結(jié)尾與開頭呼應(yīng)，使讀者感覺全文論述完整，圓滿結(jié)束。從某種意義上來說，結(jié)尾更容易給讀者留下深刻印象。人們常把好的文章結(jié)尾稱作是“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”，可見結(jié)尾部分對(duì)整篇文章所起的作用。,.,常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法,總結(jié)歸納重申主題預(yù)測(cè)展望提出建議提出問題引用格言,.,常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法,總結(jié)歸納簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)歸納文章要點(diǎn)，以便深化主題印象。如：InconclusionIwouldliketosaythatchildrenneedtobeunderstoodbutchildrenalsoneedtounderstandtheirparents.Itisonlywhenparentsandchildrencometounderstandeachotherthatwecansolveproblemseffectivelyandnarrowthegenerationgap.分析：文章通過inconclusion引出對(duì)前面所作論述的歸納，使主題更加明確。,.,常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法,重申主題再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。如：Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasive無處不在的pollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedmansenergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevate舉起;抬高manintellectuallyandspiritually.分析：文章對(duì)前文的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了重復(fù)，使之更加鮮明。,.,常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法,預(yù)測(cè)展望立足當(dāng)前，放眼未來。如：Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.分析：文章通過對(duì)未來積極的展望，說明了愛在生活中的重要性。,.,常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法,提出建議提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。如：Astheissueplayssuchakeyroleinoursociety,sufficientattentionshouldbepaidfromboththegovernmentandthepublic.Thegovernmentshouldmakesurethatthecensus人口普查iswellcarriedoutandthepeopleshouldbeactivelyinvolvedinthecensus.分析：文章在結(jié)尾從政府和公眾兩個(gè)角度提出建議，以保證人口普查的順利進(jìn)行。,.,常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法,提出問題提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。如：Oldpeoplemaychoosetolivealoneforthemselvesandevenembrace欣然接受thislivingpattern.Butinthedeeppartoftheirhearts,theymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtakecareofthem.Whycantyoungpeoplethinkofthedayswhentheyaregettingold?分析：文章最后用一個(gè)反問句“年輕人為什么不想想自己年老時(shí)的情形”來提醒他們將心比心，設(shè)身處地，去關(guān)心父母雙親。,.,常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法,引用格言用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總括全文中心思想。如：Manyyeasago,agreatphilosopherFrancisBaconremarkedthat“Knowledgeispower.”Thiscannowbetranslatedintocontemporaryterms.Inoursocialsetting,“Knowledgeischange”andacceleratingknowledge-acquisition,fuelingthegreatengineoftechnology,meansacceleratingchange.分析:文章借用培根“知識(shí)就是力量”名言的結(jié)構(gòu)，指出“知識(shí)就是變化”以深化主題，給讀者留下深刻的印象。,.,結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove（Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judgingfromallevidenceoffered）,wemaysafelydraw（reach/cometo/arriveat）theconclusionthat.Alltheevidence（analysis）supports（justifies/confirms/warrants/pointsto）a（n）unshakable（unmistakable/sound/just）conclusionthat.Itishightimethatweplace（lay/put）great（special/considerable）emphasisontheimprovement（development/increase/promotion）of.,.,結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated根深蒂固的（unhealthy/undesirable不利的）situation（tendency/phenomenon）of.Wemustlook（search/call/cry）foranimmediateaction（method/measure),becausethepresent（current）situation（phenomenon/tendency/state/attitude）of,ifpermitted（allowed）tocontinue（proceed）,willsurely（certainly）leadto（resultin）theend（destruction/heavycost）of.,.,結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,Thereisnoeasy（immediate/effective）solution（approach/answer/remedy）totheproblemof,butmightbeuseful（helpful/beneficial）.Noeasymethod（solution/recipe/remedy）canbeathand（found/guaranteed）tosolve（resolve/tackle）theproblemof,butthecommon（general/public）recognitionof（realizationof/awarenessof/commitmentto）thenecessity（importance/significance）ofmightbethefirststeptowardschange（ontherightway/intherightdirection）.,.,結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,Followingthesemethods（suggestions）maynotguaranteethesuccessin（solutionto）,butthepay-off取得成功willbeworththeeffort.Obviously（Clearly/Nodoubt),ifweignore（areblindto）theproblem,thereiseverychancethat.Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof（generalcommitmentto）,itisverylikely（thechancesaregood）that.,.,結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,Thereislittledoubt（nodenying）thatserious（special/adequate/immediate/further）attentionmustbecalled（paid/devoted）totheproblemof.Itisnecessary（essential/fundamental）thateffective（quick/proper）action（steps/measures/remedies）shouldbetakentoprevent（correct/check/end/fight）thesituation（tendency/phenomenon).,.,結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,Itishopedthatgreateffortsshouldbedirectedto（expendedon/focusedon）finding（developing/improving）.Itremainstobeseenwhether,buttheprospect（outlook）isnotquiteencouraging（thatrosy樂觀的）.Anyhow,wider（more）education（publicity）shouldbegiventothepossible（potential/grave/serious）consequences（effects）of.,.,結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型,Toreverse（check/control）thetrend（tendency）isnotalighttask（aneasyjob）,anditrequires（demands/involves/entails）adifferentstateofmindtowards（attitudetowards/outlookon）.Forthesereasons,Istronglyrecommendthat.Forthereasonsgivenabove,Ifeelthat.,.,二、寫作實(shí)例分析,議論文說明文,.,議論文,概論議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)議論文舉例（1）議論文舉例（2）,.,概論,議論文的第一種形式是要求考生針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議性的兩種觀點(diǎn)，來闡述自己的立場(chǎng)，或?qū)@一問題反映出的某一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行駁斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以論證。它的基本形式是：一些人認(rèn)為；另一些人認(rèn)為；我的看法。這種文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：,.,議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu),Paragraph1:Introduction(啟)Paragraph2:Analysis(承)Paragraph3:Conclusion(轉(zhuǎn)合),.,議論文舉例(1),例如：MyviewonDataCollection1.一些人認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)庫威脅個(gè)人隱私2.另一些人認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)庫有利于提高工作效率3.我的看法,.,MyviewonDataCollection,Datacollectionisafactofmodernlife.Somearguethatdatacollectionisendangeringtherightsofindividuals,thoughothersseeitasausefultoolwhichincreasesefficiency.(啟)Tobefrank,Ibelievedatacollectiondoesmoregoodthanharm.(作者觀點(diǎn)),.,MyviewonDataCollection,Foronething,databasesprovideaveryusefultool.Largedatabaseswhichcontaininformationonmanyindividualscanenablemoreeffectivedecisionstobemade.Institutionssuchasgovernmentdepartmentsandpolicerelyondatacollectioninordertooperateefficiently,andhospitalsusecomputerizedrecordstohelpintheirfightagainstdisease.(承1),.,MyviewonDataCollection,Foranother,databasesstoredoncomputercanalsobeveryefficient.Datawhichhasbeencollectedinoneareacanbesentanywhereintheworldalmostinstantly.Thismeansthatthosewhohavelegitimate合法的accesstothisdatacanworkveryefficiently.(承2),.,MyviewonDataCollection,Insummary,datacollectiononindividualscanbejustified,althoughallpossiblemeasuresshouldbetakentominimizetherisks.(轉(zhuǎn)合),.,議論文舉例(2),議論文的第二種形式是要求考生針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議性的觀點(diǎn)，表明自己的觀點(diǎn)(同意或是不同意)，并提出相應(yīng)的論證。如：Direction:Itisveryimportantthatchildrenshouldstudyhardatschool.Timespentplayingsportistimewasted.Doyouagreeordisagree?Giveyourreasons.,.,議論文舉例(2),Wecouldarguethatchildrengotoschooltostudysothattheymaybecomefullyproductiveadultsandgoodcitizens.Weshouldaskwhetherplayingsporthelpschildrentobecomebetterpeople.Ifso,sportisnotawasteoftime.(啟),.,議論文舉例(2),Itisgenerallybelievedthatstudentsneedmorethantheknowledgeofasubject.Theyneedtoknowhowtoworkingroupstoachieveamutualgoal,howtoworkasateam.Wherebettertolearnthoseskillsthanonthesportsfield?Anyoftheteamsportsinvolvecoordinationwithotherplayers,understandingandadoptingateammentality.Theseskillsaretoousefultobeignored.(承1),.,議論文舉例(2),Moreover,itisimportantthatpeoplebehealthy,andgoodhealthisnotsoeasilyachievedinasedentary久坐的society.Sportgetsstudentsoutsideandgivesthemgoodreasontorunabout,thuscounteringhoursspentsittingstill.(承2),.,議論文舉例(2),SoAlthoughschoolstudiesareundeniablyimportant,weshouldregardtimespentplayingsportastimewellspent.(轉(zhuǎn)合).,.,說明文,概論說明文段落結(jié)構(gòu)說明文舉例（1）說明文舉例（2）說明文舉例（3）說明文圖表型作文常用句型,.,概述,說明文一般用于解釋和分析社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)問題。要求考生對(duì)某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因及其可能造成的種種影響或應(yīng)采取的措施進(jìn)行分析和說明。,.,說明文的段落結(jié)構(gòu),此類文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Paragraph1:phenomenon(現(xiàn)象)Paragraph2:reasons(effects)(原因或危害)Paragraph:3suggestionsorsolutions(措施),.,說明文舉例(1),Drugabuseamongyoungpeoplehasbecomemoreandmoreprevalentoverrecentyears.(主題句)Statisticsshowthatthenumberofyouthdrugusersalmostdoublesinthepastthreeyears.(數(shù)據(jù)支撐)Itisvitaltoanalyzewhydrugsaresoattractivetoyoungpeopleandwhatcanbedonetocombatit.(結(jié)論),.,說明文舉例(1),Firstly,teenagersareunderincreasingpressure-thismaybepeerpressureorpressuretosucceed,forexample.Drugusemayhelpthemescapereality,forgettheirproblems,orsimplyfeelmoreacceptedbytheirfriends.(原因1)Inaddition,throughthemediaweareexposedtoinformationthatglamorizesdruguseandmakesitlookattractive,particularlytoyoungpeople.(原因2)Furthermore,teenagersareusuallynaturallycuriousaboutdrugs,anddrugdealerscantakeadvantageofthiscuriosityfortheirownprofit.(原因3),.,說明文舉例(1),Highfinesandprisonsentencesshouldalsobeimposedondrugdealersandusers.(措施1)However,itismyownpersonalviewthatpreventionisbetterthancureandsoagoodeducationprogrammedaboutthedangersofdrugabuseisoneofthemostimportantstepsanygovernmentshouldtake.(措施2),.,HarmfulnessofVideoGames,1許多年輕人沉溺于電子游戲中。2電子游戲的危害。3解決的辦法。,.,寫作導(dǎo)航:,第一段可陳述許多年輕人陷入電子游戲不能自拔的現(xiàn)象；第二段羅列電子游戲的危害，如對(duì)身體的危害、對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)和工作的影響，以及不良電子游戲?qū)δ贻p人道德會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響等；第三段可從充分認(rèn)識(shí)電子游戲的危害、取締非法網(wǎng)吧