大學(xué)英語文章開頭和結(jié)尾的寫法PPT課件

.,1,Expositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.,.,2,Anargumentativeessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,toapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.,.,3,專業(yè)4級(jí)寫作,第1步了解專四寫作基本要求：專四概要作文時(shí)間：35分鐘字?jǐn)?shù)：200詞便條時(shí)間：10分鐘字?jǐn)?shù)：5060詞第2步研究專四寫作歷年真題：熟悉真題命題思路，才能適應(yīng)考試，才能寫出符合要求的文章，并作出合理的預(yù)測(cè)。第3步根據(jù)寫作中所遇問題，進(jìn)行自我評(píng)估：?jiǎn)栴}評(píng)估提筆無話可說不只是英語水平有限有話說不出需要加強(qiáng)語言基本功的訓(xùn)練表意不清多多背誦高分詞匯、精彩句式內(nèi)容空洞加強(qiáng)思維拓展訓(xùn)練個(gè)別地方意思表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)確需要仔細(xì)檢查改正,.,4,作文的主要類型,一般來說，各類考試中涉及到的作文，按照命題形式可劃分為提綱式作文、圖表式作文、規(guī)定情景式作文等類型。,.,5,1.提綱式作文,1)對(duì)比選擇型2)給定觀點(diǎn)型3)自由發(fā)揮型2圖表式作文3規(guī)定情景式作文,.,6,2009WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?對(duì)比選擇型（社會(huì)生活類）2008TheBenefitsforVolunteering給定觀點(diǎn)型（社會(huì)生活類）2007IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline?對(duì)比選擇型（社會(huì)生活類）2006SavingMoneyorUsingTomorrowsMoney對(duì)比選擇型（社會(huì)生活）2005MyIdeaofaUniversityArtFestival自由發(fā)揮型（校園）,.,7,2004WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?對(duì)比選擇型（社會(huì)生活）2003TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood給定觀點(diǎn)型（社會(huì)生活）2002TheBestWaytoStayHealthy自由發(fā)揮型（社會(huì)生活）2001TravelBroadenstheMind給定觀點(diǎn)型2000TheImportanceofExtracurricularActivities給定觀點(diǎn)型（校園）1999AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision對(duì)比選擇型（社會(huì)生活）,.,8,1998OneWaytoSolvetheProblem自由發(fā)揮型（社會(huì)生活）1997MorePressurefromAcademicStudiesDoes(orDoesnot)GoodtoUs對(duì)比選擇型（校園）1996TheMainDifferenceBetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife對(duì)比選擇型（校園）1995TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPart-timeJobs對(duì)比選擇型（校園）1994TV:aGoodThingoraBadThing?對(duì)比選擇型（社會(huì)生活）,.,9,1作文開頭部分的寫作,1)開門見山，點(diǎn)明主題文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題和論點(diǎn)是什么。這種寫法適用于“自由發(fā)揮型”和“給定觀點(diǎn)型”兩種提綱式作文。2002年的專四作文考題“TheBestWaytoStayHealthy”,.,10,2002年的專四作文考題“TheBestWaytoStayHealthyThebestwaytostayhealthyistodevelopagoodqualityofpsychology(保健的最好方法就是保持良好的心態(tài)。),.,11,WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor,Thesedaysweoftenhearaboutthewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoor(最近我們經(jīng)常聽到貧富差距拉大。),.,12,2)正反表態(tài)法,在開頭一段中把正反觀點(diǎn)都表達(dá)出來，最后一句寫自己的觀點(diǎn)。用一、兩句介紹主題，再用一、兩句介紹正反兩種觀點(diǎn)或看法，接下來再表達(dá)自己的看法。這種寫法比較適合“對(duì)比選擇型”題目。,.,13,1999年“AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision”,NowadaysmoreandmoreadvertisementsareseenonTVeverydaySomepeoplethinkthatadvertisingonTVcanbringusalotofbenefits,butothersholdthedifferentopinionsInmyopinionIaminfavoroftheformer,.,14,WhereWouldYouGoafterGraduation,Aftergraduation,somestudentschoosetogotosupercitiesforcareerdevelopmentMeanwhile，somestudentsprefertoreturntotheirhometownsAsforme，Iwouldliketogobacktomyhomecity,.,15,3)讓步法,也稱為先抑后揚(yáng)法，先把反方觀點(diǎn)引出來，做一個(gè)肯定的評(píng)價(jià)，然后筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，回到自己的觀點(diǎn)上來。比較適用于“對(duì)比選擇型”題目。,.,16,2004年“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”,Nowadays，youngpeoplechoosetophoneeachotherratherthanwritelettersSomeareworriedthatletterwritingwillbeuselessinthefutureEvenso,Istillmaintainthatletterwritingwillneverbekilledbyphones，despitethatwehavealreadysteppedintotheinformationage,.,17,“DegreeandUniversityStudy”(學(xué)位與大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí))的范文的開頭一段采用了先抑后揚(yáng)的手法，首先肯定學(xué)位的重要性，然后提出了“學(xué)位并不是大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的一切”這樣的觀點(diǎn),.,18,Inoursociety，themostcommonlyrecognizedstandardofastudentsacademicachievementisthedegreeConsequentlysomepeopleregardthedegreeastheonlythingvaluablewhilestudyingincollegeAdmittedly，thedegreeisimportantforstudentswhowantaprosperousfuture，butitisbynomeanstheonlypurposeatuniversity,.,19,4)背景法,對(duì)一個(gè)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析時(shí)，先把這個(gè)現(xiàn)象事件的原因、結(jié)果、發(fā)展等背景信息介紹一下，然后再給出自己的看法。這種寫法適合“給定觀點(diǎn)型”和“自由發(fā)揮型”。1998年的專四作文考題“OneWaytoSolvetheProblem”(解決問題的一個(gè)方法)的首段可以先介紹機(jī)動(dòng)車是城市污染的主要來源，接下來亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)發(fā)展公共交通：VehiclesareamajorsourceofairpollutionincitiesInmyopinion，thesolutiontothispollutionproblemisdevelopingthemodernpublictransportation,.,20,2003年“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”,Themodernsocietyischaracterizedbyrapidpace，andpeopleinsuchasocietyhavetocopewithalotofpressuresfromeitherouterworldorinnerwillThemostdifficult，butnecessarythingforthemistokeepagoodmoodunderwhatevercircumstances,.,21,“HowtoDealwiththeProblemofUnemployment”,Inrecentyears，ChinahasexperiencedanalarmingincreaseinunemploymentrateUnemploymentismorethananeconomicproblemIfitwerenothandledproperly，itwouldresultinserioussocialproblemsEffectivemeasuresmustbetakentosolvetheunemploymentproblem,.,22,5)提問式,要討論什么就先把話題以問句形式提出，然后通過回答問題表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)?；蛘撸瑢?duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)做個(gè)理由概述先寫出反方觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)其進(jìn)行反駁，順勢(shì)提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。比較適用于“對(duì)比選擇型”題目。,.,23,FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults,Ofthevariousfactorsthatcanhaveinfluenceonyoungadults，thefamilyandfriendsstandoutmostWhichofthetwoismoreimportant?Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,24,ChoosingaJobProfitableoraJobILove,Howcanonefindadesirablejob?ThisquestionpuzzlesnearlyeveryoneInpractice，mostpeoplelookforwell-paidjobswhileafewsearchforjobstheylove,.,25,2作文結(jié)尾部分的寫作,結(jié)尾是對(duì)全篇的總結(jié)、概括，也叫結(jié)束語。文章或段落的結(jié)尾和開頭對(duì)整個(gè)文章來說是非常重要的。這是作者最后一次和讀者交流的機(jī)會(huì)，這里可以進(jìn)一步地進(jìn)行解釋、加強(qiáng)或者總結(jié)你在文中所闡述的觀點(diǎn)和看法。一個(gè)好的結(jié)尾可以給評(píng)閱老師留下好的印象,.,26,1)總結(jié)式,對(duì)全文做簡(jiǎn)短的歸納、概括，得出結(jié)論。AMajorAdvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision最后一段總結(jié)了中間段落的兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，就電視廣告所傳達(dá)的信息、而言，制造商和消費(fèi)者都能受益：Fromtheabove，wecaneasilyseethatTVadvertisingisbeneficialbothtomanufacturersandconsumersonaccountoftheabundantinformationitprovided,.,27,在“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”的最后一段，同樣也總結(jié)了中間兩段的分論點(diǎn)，保持良好心情既有助于建立友誼，也有助于保持健康：Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors，wemaydrawtheconclusionthatkeepingagoodmoodbringsyounotonlyfriendship，buthealthaswell,.,28,2)重申式,重申主題，即再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和肯定文章引言段中闡述的中心思想。例如，在“SchoolandMajor?”的范文中的最后一段再次強(qiáng)調(diào)作者觀點(diǎn)(Ipreferaprestigiousuniversity)：Asforme，choosingagooduniversityiswiser，asfarasthefuturejob-huntingisconcerned,.,29,在“FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults”的范文中的第一段就已表述了作者觀點(diǎn)：Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults最后一段再次強(qiáng)調(diào)作者觀點(diǎn)：But，generallyspeaking，inmostcases，friendsarethemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,30,3)引申式,提出建議，提供解決辦法。這種方法特別適用于討論問題的文章，例如對(duì)某事的原因或結(jié)果的分析，提出建議和解決辦法，也可展望未來。住文章結(jié)尾處表示對(duì)未來的展望或號(hào)召讀者采取行動(dòng)。例如，在“WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor的最后一段中提出建議，為了解決貧富差距問題，必須加大教育投資，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)：.Thegovernmentshouldmakemoreinvestmenttoensureequalchancesofeducation.Weshouldcreatemorejobopportunities.,.,31,在“HavingaCompanybeforeGraduation”中，在說明了大學(xué)生在開公司前要慎重考慮后，在最后一句話提出，大學(xué)生應(yīng)該記得自己的身份，大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)才是他們畢業(yè)后走向社會(huì)的必要準(zhǔn)備，主題有所深化：Fromtheabovediscussion,IholdtheviewthatcollegestudentsshouldbecarefulwhentheydecidewhethertheyshouldhaveacompanyornotTheyshouldremembertheyarestudents，andtheirstudyinuniversityistheessentialpreparationfortheirsuccessinsocietyaftergraduation,.,32,第二段落論證手法(1)舉例或例證法(ExampleandIllustration),舉例和例證使抽象的概念具體化，而所舉的事例也應(yīng)該具有充分的說服力，同時(shí)邏輯嚴(yán)密。2001年的專四作文考題“TravelBroadenstheMind”(旅游開闊視野)的主體段可以通過“自己到西安旅游”的例子進(jìn)行論證,.,33,ConsidermyownexperienceasanexampleTwoyearsago，IvisitedXian，anancientcityXianisacityofrichculturalinheritanceTherearesomanyplacesofintereststhere，suchastheoldcitywalls，thetomboftheEmperorQinandsoonItseemsthateverythingtheretellthestoriesandhistoryoftheancientChinaInthisway,Ihavegainedknowledgeofhistoryandculture，whichismorevividandimpressivethanwhatislearnedinclass,.,34,在“OpportunityandSuccess”(機(jī)遇與成功)的范文的論證過程中，以牛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)萬有引力定律為例，說明了獲得機(jī)遇只是獲得了成功的可能性，只有加上不懈的努力，可能性才會(huì)變成現(xiàn)實(shí),.,35,Whenanopportunitycomes，itbringspromiseforsuccess，butthatpromisenevercomestruebyitsownThepopularstoryofhowNewtonwashitbyafallingappleandthusfindingtheUniversalLawofGravitationalsoprovesthisIsupposemanypeoplebeforeNewtonsawapplesfall，butnonefoundanythingaboutgravityHowever，Newtontooktheopportunitytothinkaboutthephenomenonfurther，proposeanddemonstrateatheorytoexplainitThisindicatesyoumustmakeeffortsbefore，duringandafteryougetanopportunityThus，whenitiscoming，youcanrecognizeit；whenitisthere，youcangraspit；whenitisinyourhand，youcanturnitintosuccess,.,36,(2)因果法(CauseandEffect),因果關(guān)系可分為前因后果，前果后因，一因一果和多果多因等多種形式,.,37,2004年的專四作文考題“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”(電話是否會(huì)使書信消失?)的一個(gè)參考寫法，作者持否定態(tài)度，他給出了三個(gè)理由,First，peoplecannotonlygreeteachotherbutalsoexchangetheirthoughtsinlettersBecausewhenapersonwrites，hemustorganizehismindandexpresshisideasandfeelingsmorelogically，whiletelephoneoftenmakespeoplelazySecond，letterscanbekeptasarecordofmemory，whilephonecannotYoucanimagine，whenyoureadsomeoldletters，alotofbeautifulandindeliblememorieswillbebroughtbacktoyouLast，sendingaletterismuchcheaperthanhavingatelephonecall，especiallywhenwhomyouwanttocommunicatewithisinanothercity,.,38,在“HowtoGetAlongwithYourRoommates?”(如何與你的室友相處?)的范文，采用了因果法的方式論證了室友關(guān)系的重要性：,RoommatesconstitutethemostintimatepartnersinourcollegelifeTheyenableustohaveaccesstodifferentregionalsubculturesofChina，differentpersonalitiesanduniqueness，andsomeofthemwillbecomeourlifefriendsTheyalsocompriseourwarmdormitoryforfouryearsTheseadvantages.,.,39,(3)比較與對(duì)比法(ComparisonandContrast),對(duì)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)事物的異同之處逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較對(duì)照，排列順序?yàn)椋篈1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；。對(duì)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)事物的異同之處分別進(jìn)行比較對(duì)照，排列順序?yàn)椋篈1，A2，A3；B1，B2，B3；。比較和對(duì)比法常用的過渡詞有：like，likewise，unlike，similarly，inthesameway，ontheotherhand，comparewith，bycomparison，incontrastto，onthecontrary，but，yet，insteadwhile，whereas，however，nevertheless,.,40,1996年的專四作文考題“TheMainDifferenceBetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife”(我的大學(xué)生活和中學(xué)生活的主要不同)的范文，對(duì)比了大學(xué)?；詈椭袑W(xué)生活在課外活動(dòng)方面的不同，如下：.thesociallifeincollegeiscolorfulVariousclubsandcommunitieswelcomeanystudents，whereasinmiddleschool，chancesforextracurricularactivitieswerelittle,.,41,“InternetorLibrary?”(上網(wǎng)還是去圖書館?),Foronething，IamofopinionthatlibraryismoreofareliablesourceofinformationAsisknown，publicationswillhavetogothroughstrictcensorshipbeforetheycomeout