英語從句用法總結ppt課件

1、,英語各種從句的用法,吳詩君 曹璐 楊青慧 李雙 蔣亞萍 王搏懷,表語從句,同位語從句,主語從句,賓語從句,狀語從句,從句,定語從句,定義：在句中作主語的句子叫主語從句 1.由從屬連詞that，whether，if引導； That the plates are moving is beyond dispute. Whether he will come or not is still a question. 2.由連接代詞who,that引導; What we lack is experience. Who will go to the energy conference is not imp

2、ortant.,Subject Clause(主語從句),3.由連接副詞when,how,where,why引導; How he manages to finish the job is of interest to us. Why he failed the english exam wasnt clear. 注意：that在從句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當成分。 4.當主語過長時，為了符合英語語言的習慣和避免出現(xiàn)頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象常用it 代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末； It is known to a

3、ll that light travels in straight lines.,It was a great achievement to complete a 24-story building in 10 months. 固定用法和譯法: (1) It is +名詞+從句 It is a fact that 事實是 It is good news that 是好消息 It is a question that 是個問題 It is common knowledge that 是常識 類似的名詞還有：a pity,a wonder,surprise,no wonder等.,(2) It i

4、s +形容詞+從句 It is +形容詞+從句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is clear that 很清楚 It is likely that 很可能 It is important that 重要的是 類似的形容詞還有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.,注意:在主語從句中用來表示

5、驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣 “(should) +do”，如strange，natural,(3) It is +過去分詞+從句 It is said that 據(jù)說 It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It has been proved that 已證明 It must be proved that 必須指出 類似的過去分詞還有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded

6、; made clear; found out,etc. (4) It +不及物動詞+從句 It seems that 好像是 It happened that 碰巧,It follows that 由此可見 It has turned out that 結果是 類似的不及物動詞還有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen,turn out, etc. (由it作形式主語和it引導強調(diào)句的比較： it作形式主語的結構It is+名詞/形容詞/過去分詞+主語從句；而強調(diào)句則不同，它的結構是：It+be+被強調(diào)部分+that+從句 判斷是否是強調(diào)句有一個方法，就是將

7、that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出來單獨看，看有沒有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把謂語動詞后面that前面的那部分，帶到你認為缺成分的地方，如果放進去是一句完整的句子了，那就說明是強調(diào)句。）,It was how the young man had learned five foreign languages _attracted the audiences interest. A.so that B.that C.what D.in which 解析：what做連接詞的時候永遠等于“the thing(s) that”，it作形式主語是只能代名詞性結構，代不了“名詞+定語從句”的結構。 單個

8、的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果是兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復數(shù)形式。 Where and when he was born has not been found. When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown.,B,定義：指在復合句中做主句表語的從句。表語從句和主語指同一內(nèi)容，它對主語進行解釋、說明，使主句的內(nèi)容具體化。 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 結構：主語 + 連系動詞(be,seem,look) + 句子

9、作表語 (1) 從屬連詞that，whether, as, as if 等； The trouble is that I have lost his address. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導表語從句，但as if卻可引導表語從句 All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.,Predicative Clause(表語從句),(2)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what

10、, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞 where, when, how, why . The question is how he did it. That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. (3)A is to B what C is to D. 目的在于突出A對于B的重要 Water is to fish what air is to man. What she wants to know is which dress she should buy. (此處which和w

11、hat的句子成分是一樣的),重點疑難 1“That is because/why.”意為“這就是為什么/因為,因此。兩者之間的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果 He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.（前面結果，后面原因） He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last

12、 night.（前面原因，后面結果） 2.在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞后面的表語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。should+動詞原形表示，should可省略; My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.,定義：指在復合句中做及物動詞的賓語的從句，也可以做介詞和某些形容詞的賓語。賓語從句一般用于及物動詞之后，或用于介詞之后。 1.由連接詞that引導的賓語從句； 由連接詞that引導賓語從句時，that在句中不擔任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。 He has t

13、old me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 注意:在demand, order, suggest, advise, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用 “should+ 動詞原形”。 I insist that she (should) do her work alone.,Object Clause(賓語從句),The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 但是, 如果su

14、ggest作“表明、暗示”講, insist作“堅持說、堅持認為”講，則其后的賓語從句中應該用陳述語氣。 The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. I want to know what he has told you (2)由whether或if引導的賓語句; whether和if均可引導動詞后的賓語從句，常可互換。但從句中有or not時或介詞賓語從句中只能用whether連接。介詞后的賓語從句一般不用which和if引導，要用whether和what；that也很少引導介詞賓語從句，只在exce

15、pt, but, besides等之后才用。,(3)許多帶復合賓語的句子，賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子后部，而用it做形式賓語。結構常是：主語+動詞+it+形容詞/名詞等賓語補足語+賓語從句 Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. it作形式主語和形式賓語的區(qū)別： I find it necessary to take exercise

16、every day.(形式賓語) I find it is necessary to take exercise every day.(形式主語),They found very hard to work out the problem. A.it B.its C.this D.that 解析：如果選B 就成了賓語從句 而賓語從句中，如果主句是一般過去時，從句要用相應的過去的某個時態(tài)。這樣時態(tài)不對，因此不能選B，只能選A。 賓語從句中需要注意的重點： 當主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 時，其后的賓語從句如果是否

17、定形式，常把否定詞not從從句中轉移到主句中成為否定的轉移。 I dont think he will do so.,A,賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應 主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可用任意時態(tài)(主現(xiàn)從不限); 主句用過去時，從句用過去某個時態(tài)(主過從句過) ,但是從句是科學真理、客觀常識、名人格言時用一般現(xiàn)在時; 情態(tài)動詞could/would用于，“請求”，表示委婉、客氣的語氣時，從句不受主句的約束。 I hear he is here tody/he was here yesterday/he will be here tomorrow. He said he was watching TV/he ha

18、d swept the floor/he would play football after school. Everyone answered there are sixty minutes in an hour.,定義：在句中做定語，修飾名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。 限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句修飾先行詞，對先行詞起修飾作用，緊接先行詞之后，無逗號，若省去，原句意思不完整。引導定語從句的關系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有時也可

19、指物，相當于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定語從句中。關系代詞除了引導定語從句，替代先行詞外，還在從句中擔任主語、賓語、定語等。 The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.,Attributive Clause(定語從句),1)當先行詞是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞或先行詞前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容詞最高級修飾時，只能用關

20、系代詞that引導從句。 Hes the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon. 2)關系代詞的省略 在從句中作賓語的關系代詞常可省略。關系代詞緊跟介詞，作介詞賓語時不可用that，只可用which或whom引導從句，并且不可省略，但當介詞位于賓語從句句末時，作為介詞賓語的關系代詞仍可用that，也可省略。 This is one of those things with which we have to put up. This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to

21、put up with.,3)引導定語從句的關系副詞有when,where,why等。關系副詞在從句中作狀語，意義上相當于一個“介詞+which”的結構。 Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings. 非限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞，也可修飾整個主句，起補充說明作用，與主句之間有逗號隔開，若省去，原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導非限制性定語從句。關系詞不可省略。 Every object has a

22、gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.,1.“介詞+whichwhomwhose”可引導限制性定語從句，也可引導非限制性定語從句，該結構中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動詞的固定搭配，或先行詞的習慣搭配。 This is the computer on which he spent all his savings It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar. 2.as引導的定語從句,主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的結構中，代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。

23、as引導非限制性定語從句時，代替整個主句，從句可位于主句之前、之后或中間。 These are not such problems as can be easily solved As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.,定義：在復合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。 1.可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，m

24、essage，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等抽象名詞；（suggestion, order,adivce等詞后的同位語從句謂語要用（should）do的形式） Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開; The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city,Appositive Clause(同位語從句)

25、,2.英語中引導同位語從句的詞通有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引導同位語從句。) l have no idea When he will be back He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別 1同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關系，即說明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補充一些情況； The news that l have passed the exam is true（同

26、位語從句表達 The news that he told me just now is true 的是前面名詞的內(nèi) 容，定語從句則是對前面的名詞起修飾作用）,2引導同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當任何成份，而引導定語從句的that是關系代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語等。 The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. （that在從句中不充當任何成份。） The idea that he gave surprises many people（that在從句中作ga

27、ve的賓語。）,定義：用作狀語的從句叫作狀語從句，其關聯(lián)詞是一些從屬連詞。 修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞和副詞，通常由從屬連詞引導，按其意義和作用可分為時間、地點、 條件、 原因、讓步、目的、結果、 方式、比較狀語從句等。 1、時間狀語從句： 常用引導詞：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until等； 特殊引導詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner

28、 than, hardly when, scarcely when等；,Adverbial Clause(狀語從句),I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain. 2.地點狀語從句 常用引導詞：where; 特殊引導詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere; Generally,

29、air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型：,句型1：Where地點從句，（there）主句。 【注意】 此句型通常譯成“哪里哪里就”；主句在從句后面時，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時，一般都不用there。 Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible. They were go

30、od persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever地點從句，主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是個副詞，但是?？梢砸龑木?，相當于連詞意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導的從句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后.而wherever本身就是個連詞，表示“在何處，無論何處。 Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.,3.原因狀語從句 常用引導詞：because, since, as, for； 特殊引導詞：seeing

31、that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference. 4.目的狀語從句 常用引導詞：so that, in order that 特殊引導詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that,Th

32、e boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly 5.結果狀語從句 常用引導詞：so that, such that, 特殊引導詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got

33、up so early that he caught the first bus. Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.,6.條件狀語從句 常用引導詞：if, unless, 特殊引導詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 7.讓步狀語從句 常用引導詞