英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基本框架 ppt課件

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的基本體系一、詞法二、句法1、按句型結(jié)構(gòu)分 （1）簡(jiǎn)單句 （2）并列句 （3）復(fù)合句2、按使用目的可分為四類 （1）陳述句 （2）疑問(wèn)句 （3）感嘆句 （4）祈使句,1,ppt課件,簡(jiǎn)單句,.按句型結(jié)構(gòu)分有以下五種句型： （）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 （不及物） （）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（及物）賓語(yǔ) （）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（系動(dòng)詞）表語(yǔ) （）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（及物） 間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ) （）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ) 2.按使用目的可分為四類 （1）陳述句（2）疑問(wèn)句 （3）感嘆句（4）祈使句,2,ppt課件,復(fù)合句,（1）名詞性從句,主語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句,（2）狀語(yǔ)從句（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方 式、目的、伴隨、 結(jié)果等）,（3）

2、定語(yǔ)從句,3,ppt課件,ppt課件,4,一、詞法,名詞 n. noun 代詞 pron. pronoun 形容詞 adj. adjective 數(shù)詞num. numeral 動(dòng)詞v. verb 副詞adv. adverb 冠詞art. article 介詞prep. preposition 連詞conj. conjunction 感嘆詞inter. interjection,名詞 1、專有名詞 的分類： 2、普通名詞 （1）集合名詞 （2）物質(zhì)名詞 （3）抽象名詞 名詞在句中的作用： 1）主語(yǔ) Horse runs faster than elephant. 2）表語(yǔ) He is a tea

3、cher. 3）賓語(yǔ)或 構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) We made him monitor of our class. 4）定語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ) This is a shoe store. 5）呼語(yǔ) Professor Wang,this is what you need. 6）狀語(yǔ) The lecture lasted an hour. 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:要記規(guī)則和不規(guī)則詞的變化,5,ppt課件,形容詞 在句中主要是作: 1)定語(yǔ) We have had an interesting class. 2)表語(yǔ) The news is interesting. 3)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) I found the news inter

4、esting. 4)狀語(yǔ) He arrived home,cold and hungry. 記住以a 開頭的形容詞不能作定語(yǔ):如alone,afraid,asleep,alive 等, eg： 一條活魚 是, a fish alive/a living fish .而非an alive fish . 形容詞的比較及以及最高級(jí)的用法,6,ppt課件,副詞,在句中主要作狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞形容詞副詞整個(gè)句子,7,ppt課件,數(shù)詞,基數(shù)詞 ：充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或介賓、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ) 序數(shù)詞： 充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，前面要加定冠詞 分?jǐn)?shù)詞： 充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或介賓、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ),8,ppt課件,人稱代詞：主格

5、： I/you/he/she/we/she/it/we/you/they 只作主語(yǔ) 賓格：me/you/him/her/it/us/them 只作賓語(yǔ) 物主代詞：形容詞型 ：my/ your/ his/her/ its/ our/ your/their 定語(yǔ) 名詞型： mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/yours/theirs 名詞型的作用 相當(dāng)于名詞的作用 自身代詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)：myself/ yourself/ himself/herself/itself 復(fù)數(shù)：ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves 自身代詞可作：賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)及主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位

6、語(yǔ) 代詞 相互代詞：one another/ each other 指示代詞：this/that/these/those 作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ) such 作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ) 疑問(wèn)代詞：who 作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ) whom 作賓語(yǔ) whose/what/which 作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞：who/whom/whose/that/which作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ) 連接代詞：包括疑問(wèn)代詞 不定代詞：all/each/every/both/either/neither/one/none/little/few/many/ much/other/another/some/any/no/some

7、thing/nothing等,9,ppt課件,動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞 跟賓語(yǔ) 不及物動(dòng)詞 不跟賓語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞 跟表語(yǔ) 助動(dòng)詞 跟動(dòng)詞原形或分詞（無(wú)特殊意義） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 跟動(dòng)詞原形（有自己的意思） 動(dòng)詞具有人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣的變化，還要注意動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞中規(guī)則與不規(guī)則的變化,10,ppt課件,基本時(shí)態(tài),11,ppt課件,一般時(shí) do 將來(lái)時(shí) will /be going to do 進(jìn)行時(shí) be doing 完成時(shí) have done 不管變?yōu)槟欠N時(shí)態(tài)，只要把動(dòng)詞原形拿來(lái)變。,12,ppt課件,動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式 to do/doing/done 1.以 doing 為賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 2.以to

8、do 為賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 3.以to do/doing 為賓語(yǔ),但意義有別的動(dòng)詞 4.以to do/doing為賓語(yǔ),意義無(wú)差別的動(dòng)詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài): 如:to be done/to have done /to have been done/ to be doing being done/having done/having been done,13,ppt課件,冠詞 定冠詞 a an 不定冠詞 the,14,ppt課件,連詞,并列連詞: but/and/or/nor/so/therefore/yet/however/nevertheless/for/as well as/bothand/

9、not onlybut also/ eitheror/neithernor/(and)then 從屬連詞:用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句:after/when/before/as/while/as long as/in order that /as if 等.,15,ppt課件,動(dòng)詞的考法 通過(guò)語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷時(shí)態(tài)，如： 1、-How are you today？(NMET 2000) -Oh，I as ill as I do now for a very long time. A.didnt feel B.wasnt feeling C.dont feel D.havent felt 2.The price ,bu

10、t I doubt whether it will remain so.(NMET 99) A.went down B.will go down C.has gone down D.was going down 3.-Hey,look where you are going!(NMET99) -Oh, Im terribly sorry. . A.Im not noticing B.I wasnt noticing C.I havent noticed D.I dont notice 4 -You havent been to Beijing, have you?(NMET 98) -.How

11、 I wish to go there! A.Yes,I have B.Yes,I havent C.No, I have D.No, I havent 5.Shirley book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.(NMET 98) A.has written B.wrote C.had written D.was writing 6.-Hi,Tracy,you look tired.(NMET 98) -I am tired.I the living room all day. A.pain

12、ted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted,16,ppt課件,句子的成分及在句中的作用,英語(yǔ)句子的成分可以是單詞，也可以是詞組或從句 在句子中起主要作用的有：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)。 在句子中起次要作用的有： 賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ))， 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作 、狀態(tài)，特征) 狀語(yǔ)(修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞或全句的成分) 表語(yǔ)(在系動(dòng)詞后，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、狀態(tài)、特征) 定語(yǔ)( 修飾名詞或代詞),17,ppt課件,句子的主要成分及其構(gòu)成：,主語(yǔ)： 名詞或起名詞作用的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)或從句。 謂語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，或系動(dòng)詞加以形容詞或名詞或起同

13、類作用的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)、從句。 賓語(yǔ)：名詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類，短語(yǔ)或從句。 （放在及物動(dòng)詞后面） 定語(yǔ)： 形容詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類、 短語(yǔ)或從句。（用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞；單個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放所修飾名詞之前，短語(yǔ)或從句放其后。） 狀語(yǔ)：副詞、介詞、短語(yǔ)、分詞及從句等。 語(yǔ)序,倒裝和強(qiáng)調(diào).ppt,18,ppt課件,二、句法,句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為三類 簡(jiǎn)單句 并列句 復(fù)合句 句子按使用目的可分為四類 陳述句 肯定句 否定句 疑問(wèn)句 一般疑問(wèn)句 特殊疑問(wèn)句 選擇疑問(wèn)句 反意疑問(wèn)句 祈使句 感嘆句,19,ppt課件,簡(jiǎn)單句：,一、簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一套主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。 Both Xiao Zhang and X

14、iao Wang are from Beijing. Both Emmer and her little sister play the piano and often go to concerts. .按句型結(jié)構(gòu)分有:,20,ppt課件,（）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 ： She（主語(yǔ)） sings（動(dòng)詞）,Time flies. Class begins. Spring has come. The birds are singing. Everybody laughed. Fish swim. The medicine works.,21,ppt課件,（2）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)： She（主語(yǔ)）sings（動(dòng)詞）

15、folk songs（賓語(yǔ)）.,We are learning English. My sister prepares her lessons after supper. She plays the piano beautifully. The children watch TV in the evening. I planted some flowers in the garden. The girls are picking cotton in the field. We invited some foreign friends to the show.,22,ppt課件,（3）主語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞

16、表語(yǔ)： She is a great singer. （主語(yǔ)） （系動(dòng)詞） （表語(yǔ)）,1. This is our classroom. 2. It is bright and clean. 3. My parents are both teachers. 4. The story is very instructive. 5. School is over. 6. We were all out. 7. Tom looks young. 8. You seem tired. 9. I feel quite comfortable. 10. The weather is keeping fin

17、e. 11. He remained silent. 12. The day are getting longer and longer.,23,ppt課件,（4）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)： She asked him to sing a song. （主語(yǔ)）（動(dòng)詞） （賓語(yǔ)） （賓補(bǔ)）,We call him Tom. The news made us happy. We elected him president. We always keep our office clean. His father named him Peter. I found him honest. We all thou

18、ght her nice and sincere. She has got supper ready.,24,ppt課件,(5）主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)： She sang him a song. （主語(yǔ)） （動(dòng)詞） （間賓） （直賓）,Mother made me a coat. I gave him a pen. I wrote my brother a letter yesterday. I will bring you the paper tomorrow. Father will buy me a bike. Tom showed me the photo of his family

19、. My sister sent me these pictures from Beijing.,25,ppt課件,此句型也可改為 : S + P+ sth. for/ to sb. eg: He showed his passport to the guard. His father will buy a mobile phone for him.,26,ppt課件,接雙賓的動(dòng)詞有：,買:buy sth. for sb. 制造/做: make sth. for sb. 節(jié)約: save sth. for sb. 遞: pass/pass on sth. to sb. 送: send/post

20、/mail sth. to sb. 教：teach sb. sth.,給:give sth. to sb. 拿: take/bring sth. to sb. 借: borrow/lend sth. to sb. 取:fetch sth. to sb. 寫:writh sth. to sb. 提供:offer sth to sb.,27,ppt課件,常用于句型（5）的動(dòng)詞：,call, think, name, make, consider, elect, select, want, dye, paint, cut, tear,28,ppt課件,并列句,并列句：由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句組成，

21、各簡(jiǎn)單句之間由并列連詞連接 最常用的連詞是：and, but,or, otherwise, or else,so,yet,and yet however，for，either or,neithernor,not onlybut also 例句:Either you are mad,or I am. Not only did she work in the village,but also she worked in mountains.,29,ppt課件,復(fù)合句,復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句也是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子組成，但其作用有主有次。起主要作用的句子叫主句，它本身可以獨(dú)立，另外的句子是從屬它的，因而叫

22、從句。各個(gè)從句里都有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。 復(fù)合句分: 1、名詞性從句 2、定語(yǔ)從句 3、狀語(yǔ)從句,30,ppt課件,1、名詞性從句,主語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句,31,ppt課件,（1）主語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)從句：從句充當(dāng)主語(yǔ) 引導(dǎo)詞有：連接詞:that,whether 疑問(wèn)代詞：who，what，what， which，whose; 疑問(wèn)副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句：That Professor Zhou will come is certain. 主語(yǔ)從句 Why he did it wasnt known. 主語(yǔ)從句,32,ppt課件,（2）賓語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句：從句充

23、當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。 引導(dǎo)詞有：連接詞:that,whether,if 疑問(wèn)代詞:who,what,which,whose; 疑問(wèn)副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句：Tom didnt know what his stepfather would say to him.,33,ppt課件,（3）表語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句：從句充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)。 引導(dǎo)詞有：連接詞:that,whether, 疑問(wèn)代詞:who,what,which,whose; 疑問(wèn)副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句：The question is whether he will come or not.,34,ppt課

24、件,（4）同位語(yǔ)從句,同謂語(yǔ)從句：從句充當(dāng)同謂語(yǔ)。 引導(dǎo)詞有： 連接詞:that,whether, 疑問(wèn)代詞:who,what,which,whose; 疑問(wèn)副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句： The question whether he will come or not is serious. The news that we had won the game is exciting.,35,ppt課件,2、狀語(yǔ)從句,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 原因狀語(yǔ)從句 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 條件狀語(yǔ)從句 比較或方式狀語(yǔ)從句 目的狀語(yǔ)從句 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,36,ppt課件,（1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

25、,引導(dǎo)詞：when (當(dāng).時(shí)候), as (一邊.一邊;當(dāng).時(shí)候),while (在.過(guò)程中) , before(在.以前),after (在. 以后),since (自從.以來(lái)), till(until)(直到.,直到.才),ao soon as (一. . 就. . . ) , the moment(一.就.),no sooner . than (剛.就.), hardly . when .(剛.就.) 例句: I was going out when a visitor came.,37,ppt課件,（）原因狀語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞：because (因?yàn)?，since (既然)， as (由于

26、)。 例句: As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip. Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.,38,ppt課件,（）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞：where (在.地方), wherever(無(wú)論.在哪里), 例句:Wherever you are,you should work for the people heart and soul.,39,ppt課件,（）條件狀語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞：if (假如,如果), unless (除非),so (as) long as(只要) 例句:You may use the book so long as you will return it on time.,40,ppt課件,（）比較或方式狀語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞：as.as (象.一樣 ), than (比), the.the. (越.就越), as (正如), as if (似乎,好象)