(完整版)新版牛津英語8BU2知識點總結(jié)(最新整理)

1、step 1：welcome to the uniti show some pictures which were taken when i travelled once. then i ask thestudents :where was i? do you like travelling? then i say today we will talk about travelling, the tourist attractions in the world.一、 travellingn.意為“旅行”, 是不可數(shù)名詞。其動詞的完全形式為 travel. 泛指一般意義的旅行,即一般的旅行活動。

2、如：travelling is much cheaper than it used to be. 旅行比過去便宜多了。travel, trip, journey 的用法區(qū)別三者均可表示“旅行。journey 通常指遠(yuǎn)距離的陸地旅行，并且不一定要返回到出發(fā)地(即通常指單程)。如：i wish you a pleasant journey. 祝你一路順風(fēng)。trip 通常指近距離的為了辦事或消遣而進(jìn)行旅行，并且往往要回到出發(fā)點(即指雙程)， 不過有時 trip 也可指遠(yuǎn)距離的長途旅行，可與 journey 換用，比 journey 更通俗。如： 1、a：where is john? 約翰在哪里?b：

3、hes on a trip to shanghai. 他去上海旅行了。2、hell make a round-the-world trip. 他將周游世界。二、ive been there before.我以前去過那里。have been to 意為“去過”，后面沒有地點名詞時，省略 to. have you ever been to guangzhou?你曾經(jīng)去過廣州嗎？ jim has been there before.杰姆以前去過那里。have been to 表示“去過”（到過某地，從那里回來了或到了另一地方）, have gone to表示“去了”（在路上或到了某地，但不在講話的現(xiàn)

4、場）和 have been in 的區(qū)別 辨析：have been in, have been to, have gone to這三個短語都有“到某地去”的意思，但含義和用法各不相同。have been in 強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去曾去過”之意，表示經(jīng)驗；have been to 的意思是“過去到過而現(xiàn)在已返回”，它強(qiáng)調(diào)“最近的經(jīng)歷”； have gone to 表示“動作的完成”，強(qiáng)調(diào)人已離開說話的地方。通過下列句子的對比，可以分清它們各自不同的含義：（1） they have been in chicago.（2） they have been to chicago.（3） they have gon

5、e to chicago.（1） 句的意思是“他們曾去過芝加哥”，此語強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的經(jīng)歷，但沒有說明現(xiàn)在是否已回來。言外之意，他們到過芝加哥，他們知道芝加哥在何處，該城市有多大，人口有多少等等。（2） 句的意思是“他們曾到過芝加哥，現(xiàn)在已回來了”。此語強(qiáng)調(diào)的是往返的經(jīng)歷。（3） 句的意思是“他們已到芝加哥去了”，此語的言外之意是“也許他們已經(jīng)到達(dá)，也許現(xiàn)在還在途中”，它強(qiáng)調(diào)“去”的動作已經(jīng)完成，所以人已不在說話的地點?！镜湫屠}一】（a）用 have/has been to；have/has been in; have/has gone to 填空1) wheres jim?he hasguili

6、ng.2) i havethe west lake, look, i have taken many photos on it .3) they havebeijing for three months.4) we havethe bookshop and bought many books.5) she hash er homeland; she is coming to my home next week.6) i have7) he has neverhong kong twice.to hangzhou, but he haswuhan once.8) i havent seen hi

7、m recently. oh, he hasfujian have gone to去了某地（還沒有回來），常與 wher es now ? 等提示語連用 have been to去過某地（但現(xiàn)在已回來），常與 ever/never/once/twice 等連用 have been in已經(jīng)在某地(呆了一段時間)，常與for/ since/how long 等連用 went to強(qiáng)調(diào)在過去的某一時間去了某地, 常與 last/ ago 等過去時間連用【典型例題一】（b）用 have gone to / have been to / have been in / went to 填空1. you

8、everdisneyland?2. how many timesyoudisneyland ?3. i4. mr. linanjing since two years agohong kong. and hell come back in two days.5. how longyoudisneyland ?for three days. ithe theme park last sunday.6. my fatherhong kong two weeks ago.7. my fatherhong kong in 2005.8. my fatherhong kong since 2005.9.

9、 my fatherhong kong twice.10. my fatherhong kong and he hasnt come back yet.11. wheres lucy?she hasto a restaurant for lunch.12. have youto this park before.13. i havethere only once this year.14. she hasto the shop to buy a notebook.15. youre late, lao wang hasto guangzhou.三、places of interest 名勝in

10、terest n.興趣，愛好；vt.使產(chǎn)生興趣，使關(guān)注，常見短語為：places of interest 名勝。其形容詞形式為: interesting,修飾某人。如:have you ever been to the places of interest in china? 你曾去過中國的一些名勝嗎？we are very interested in the interesting story.我們對于這個有趣的故事很感興趣。step2：reading一、i miss you so much!我是很想念你！miss v.意為“想念，思念”。如： i miss my parents.我思念我的

11、父母miss 作動詞還可以意為“錯過，沒趕上”。如：hurry up!or you may miss the bus.快點！否則你可能錯過公交了。miss 可作名詞，意為“小姐”，后接姓氏時，常常大寫。如： may i help you,miss? 小姐，我可以幫助你嗎？this is my english teacher, miss li.這是我的英語老師，李老師。二、were having a really fantastic time here.我們在這里玩得很開心。fantastic: adj.意為“美妙的；極好的”have a fantastic time= have a good/

12、great/pleasant/nice/wonderful time; have fun; enjoy oneself三、we spent the whole day at disneyland.我們在迪尼斯樂園呆了一整天。1) spend on sth. spend (in) doing sth. 其它的幾種花費：cost: sth. +cost sb. (some money)pay: sb. +pay (money) for sth.take: it +takes sb. (some time) to do sth.【典型例題二】1. how many hours do you usua

13、llyon sports?2. itme ten minutes to go to school from my home on foot.3. how much does this cd?4. i1000 yuan for this room each month.5. if you have 10,000, how will youit?6. the suithim 100 dollars.7. he takes out some money andfor the dress.8. it willyou about half an hour to there.9. the coatme 4

14、00 yuan.10. he left the restaurant withoutthe bill.四、it moved at high speed and was really exciting! 它運行得飛快，確實讓人興奮！speed n.速度，常見短語為：at high/low speed: 以很快/慢的速度。at the speed of, “以的速度”。如：please drive at a safe speed.請安全駕駛。at a speed of fifty kilometers an hour 以每小時 50km 的速度行駛。拓展：speed 可作動詞，其詞組為 speed

15、 up,意為“加速”。如：you notice that your breathing has speeded up a bit.你注意到自己的呼吸加快了一些。with speed: 迅速with full speed：全速五、we were screaming and laughing through the ride.在整個旅程中我們尖叫著，大笑著。1、辨析 cross, across 與 through 的區(qū)別首先是詞性的區(qū)別：across 為介詞，而 cross 為動詞（動詞為“穿過，橫穿”，名詞為“十字，十字路口”）。cross 主要表示在物體表面上橫穿。如橫過馬路、過橋、過河等，與

16、 go across 同義。如：be careful when you cross the street.過馬路時要小心。cross (go across )the bridge, and you will see a big buiding. 過這座橋你就會看到一棟大樓。2、當(dāng)然 across 必須與 through 區(qū)別開來。across 為“橫穿”，與“道路”交叉形成“十字”。而 through 為在立體空間中的“過”。如：go through the forest“穿過森林”，go acrossthe street “穿過大街”through “在.之中，透/穿過”的意思，常與 go,

17、 walk 等動詞連用，表示“穿越，橫穿”等意思。主要表示從物體內(nèi)部穿過。如: go through the forest 穿過森林、through thetunnel.隧洞等。如：the two friends were walking through the forest.這兩個朋友正沿著森林走。the sunlight comes through the glass.陽光透過玻璃。across 表示“橫穿、橫過、橫渡、橫跨” 如： look left and right before you go across the street. 過馬路時要左右看?！镜湫屠} 三】1. we mus

18、tthe road very carefully.2. before goingthe road, you should look left first and then right.3. look! the man is swimmingthe lake.4. they drovethe street quickly, but the police caught them at last.5. the street and you can get to the hotel.6. hethe road and then comes to the post office.7. walkthe f

19、ootbridge.8. gothe bridge and you will see the station.9. you cantthe road when the light is red.10. its dangerous to swimthe river.11. she walksthe road.12. can you swimthe river?13 the police led the old manthe street.14. we walkedthe forest.15. can the table gothe door?16. the stream windsthe vil

20、lage.17. i try to get into the roomthe window because i cant open the door.18. the tiger is jumpingthe burning ring.19. shall we walkthe field?六 、 on the way,i met some disney cartoons characters, such as snow white and mickey mouse.在路上我們遇到了一些迪斯尼卡通人物，例如白雪公主和米老鼠。such as: 例如；諸如此類的；像這種的we have many sub

21、jects, such as chinese, maths, english and so on.我們有許多課程，例如語文，數(shù)學(xué)，英語等等。such as 與 like,for example 的區(qū)別such as 常列舉同類人或物中的幾個例子，不能窮盡，可和 and so on 連用，可分開使用suchaslike 表示列舉，可和 such as 互換。for example 一般只舉同類人或物中的“一個”為例，作為插入語，用逗號隔開，可置于句首、句中、句末。1、china has many big cities, such as beijing, shanghai, shenzhen an

22、d so on.china has many such big cities as beijing, shanghai, shenzhen and so on.中國有許多大城市，比如北京、上海、深圳等等。2、we are not such fools as them. 我們不是像他們那樣的蠢人。3、some warm-blooded animals，like the cat，the dog or the wolf do not need to hibernate.有些溫血的動物，像貓、狗、狼，不需要冬眠。4、noise, for example, is a kind of pollution.

23、舉例說明，噪音就是一種污染。5、lily works hard, for example, she always studies late into night.lily 學(xué)習(xí)很認(rèn)真，比如說，她經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)到深夜。七、i ran after them and couldnt stop taking photos.我追著他們跑，忍不住拍照cant stop doing sth.: 不(能)停(止)地做某事 如：he was so excited, and he couldnt stop talking. 他太興奮了，不停地說話。stop 的其它用法：stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop

24、 to do sth. 停下來去做（另外）某事stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事can /could not stop doing sth. 還有“情不自禁/忍不住做某事”的意思。如：she could not stop crying when she heard the news. 當(dāng)她聽到這個消息時忍不住落下淚來。同義詞組: can /could not help doing sth. 如：we couldnt help cheering when we won the final. 當(dāng)我們贏得決賽時我們不禁歡呼起來。八、i bought a couple o

25、f key rings for classmates. 我為同學(xué)們買了幾個鑰匙鏈。couplen.兩人，兩件事物；幾個人，幾件事物。常見短語為 a couple of = a pair of“一雙， 一對；幾個”如：1、they are a model couple. 他們是一對“模范”夫妻。2、we met moscow a couple of weeks ago.幾周前我們在莫斯科見了一面。step3：grammar一、i see andy playing on the sand too.我看見安迪也在沙灘上玩。1、see sb do/doing sth 意為“看到某人做某事”。 see

26、sb do sth 表示經(jīng)?？匆娔橙俗瞿呈?，或者看到某人做某事的全過程 see sb doing sth 表示看見某人正在做某事。如： i saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見他正在干活”這個動作）昨天我見他正在花園里干活。jim ofen saw meimei help others.吉姆常?？吹矫访穾椭恕?二、the parade has been over for hours.游行已經(jīng)結(jié)束好幾個小時了。over adv.結(jié)束 be over 的同義詞組為 end, finish.如：our holiday wil soon be

27、 over. 我們的假日不久就要結(jié)束了。well go out when the rain is over.雨停了我們就出去。拓展：over 還可以作為介詞。意為“在.上邊；覆蓋”時，同義詞為 on top of，covering； 意為“多于；超過”時，同義詞為 more than。三、the fish have been dead for some time.魚死了一段時間了。dead 為形容詞，意為“死的”。辨析：die; dead; dying; death 這四個詞均表示死。die 是瞬間動作的動詞，意為死亡、斷氣，指生命的結(jié)束，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作。如：the girls grandpa di

28、ed five years ago. 這女孩的祖父五年前死了。注意：die 是不及物動詞，也是非延續(xù)性動詞，不可和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：since，fordead 是形容詞，意為死的，通常和 be 動詞連用，表示死的狀態(tài)，可以和。例如：her father has been dead for a year. 她父親已死了一年了。dying 是 die 的現(xiàn)在分詞，常用作形容詞，意思是要死的、瀕臨死亡的。例如： the old man is dying. 這老人已經(jīng)奄奄一息了。death 是 die 的名詞形式，意為死、死亡。例如：it makes me very sad when thi

29、nk of my grandpas death. 當(dāng)我想起我（外）祖父的死， 我就很難過四、since 和 for 的用法及區(qū)別：since 的四種用法1、since + 過去一個時間點（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、 eg. 1990 , last month , half past sixi have been here since 1990.1990 起，我一直在這兒。2、since+ 一段時間+agoi have been here since five months ago。自從五個月前，我已經(jīng)在這兒了。3、since+從句great changes have taken place

30、since you left. 自從你走后，已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。4、it is +一段時間+since 從句it is two years since i became an english teacher. 我成為英語老師有兩年了。since 和for區(qū)別since +時間點，具體時間，“ 自從、以來，從、以后”用來說明動作起始時間i have been in beijing since 2010.for + 時間段 ，用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度 ，因此句中的謂語動詞，也應(yīng)該是延續(xù)性動詞。i have been in beijing for one year。we have learnt e

31、nglish for about three years. i have been here for 3 days. (對)i have arrived here for 3 days.（誤） 五、延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞的概念英語中，動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、動作發(fā)生過程的長短，可分為延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作，這種動作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：learn,work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。終止性動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、瞬間動

32、詞或短暫性動詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動作，這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。延續(xù)性動詞的用法特征1、延續(xù)性動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時，其完成時態(tài)可與表示段時間的狀語連用。表示 段時間的短語有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。如：i have learned english since i came here.自從我來到這兒就學(xué)英

33、語了。2、延續(xù)性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的點時間狀語連用。如： it raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain 為延續(xù)性動詞，而 at eight 表示點時間，前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動詞表示一瞬間的動作，可以借助 come, begin, get 等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為：it began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：-when did you get to know jack?-two years ago.-then youve known each other for more than

34、 two years.-thats right.非延續(xù)性動詞的用法特征1、非延續(xù)性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如：the train has arrived.火車到了。have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎？2、非延續(xù)性動詞表示的動作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不能和 since 或 for 引導(dǎo)的時間的狀語連用。如：(1) 他死了三年了。誤：he has died for three years.正：he has been dead for three years.正：he died three years ago.正：i

35、t is three years since he died.正：three years has passed since he died.記住下面兩個句型：1、it has been/its + 時間段+ since 從句（動詞用過去式）如： it has been/its two years since his grandma died.他的祖母已經(jīng)去世兩年了/是兩年前去世的。2、時間段+has passed+since 從句（動詞用過去式）如： many years has passed since we knew each other.我們已經(jīng)相識多年了。(2) 他來這兒五天了。誤：h

36、e has come here for five days. 正：he has been here for five days. 正：he came here five days ago.正：it is five days since he came here.正：five days has passed since he came here.句中終止性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, movetolive in, fini

37、shbe over,joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch acoldhave a cold。【典型例題 四】掌握非延續(xù)性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時中與一段時間連用時的轉(zhuǎn)化. buy- haveborrowkeeparrive/ come/ go- be in/ atleavebe awayjoin- be in/ a member ofbegin/ startbe onstop/ finishbe over die- be deadopen- be openclosebe

38、 closedhe(離開) his home for a month.her granny(死亡) since she was born.the film(結(jié)束) for half an hour before they got to the cinema. i(買) the book for two years.she(借) the dictionary since two weeks ago. whothe light? itfor a day. (開) its ten years since he(結(jié)婚) mary.那位老人去世三年了。the old manfor three years

39、.itthree years since the old man. three yearssince the old man.step4：integrated skillsshe can go there in any season except.除了她在任何季節(jié)都可以去那里。辨析：except,besides 與 except for1、作介詞用法時,這三個詞都有除之外的含義,但 except 常與 dodoesdidhavehashadnothing 等詞形成搭配用法,或者與全部肯定詞 all、everything、everyone 等連用,或者與全部否定詞 nothing、nobody

40、等連用,因此 except 加賓語作介詞除之外時常表示從整體中剔除一部分；而 besides 作除之外時則表示另外附加的含義, 相當(dāng)于in addition to。試比較下列例句:1) he did not hing except watch tv yesterday. 昨天他撤了看電視什么也沒有做。2) we need 3 more persons to finish the job besidesinaddition to us two. 除了我們倆我們還需要三人來完成這項工作 。except 與 except for 的用法區(qū)別:1)except 后排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往是同一類的,而 e

41、xceptfor 后所排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往不是同一類的。如,試比較:all the buildings are excellent except this one.all the buildings are excellent except for their location 或者 all the buildings are excellent except that the place on which the buidings are built is notgood.3.相當(dāng)于連詞用法的 except 與相當(dāng)于連詞用法的 besides 的區(qū)別仍然保持它們作介詞用法的含義。試比較下列例

42、句:1) tom is a good student except that he is careless.此句相當(dāng)于:tom is a goods tudent except for hiscarelessness.2) tom seldom comes late to school except when it rains hard.此句相當(dāng)于:tom seldom comes late to school except on a heavily rainy day【經(jīng)典講解】1: sothat /suchthat/enough to/tooto解釋：如此以至于so+ adj. /adv.

43、 +that 從句或 such+單/復(fù)數(shù)名詞+that 從句例：its so hot in summer that we cant do without the air conditioner.夏天的天氣熱的我們少不了空調(diào)。the teacher spoke so fast that i couldnt understand what he was saying.老師講得太快以致于我聽不懂他在說什么。he is such a genius that he doesnt have to study much for exams.他是個天才，所以他考試都不用怎么念書。they are such g

44、ood basketball players that everybody wants to watch their games.他們個個都是很棒的籃球員， 所以每個人都想去看他們打球。表示：足以做某事enough to如: he is old enough to do it.意思是太而不能too.to例: he is too young to go to school.中考鏈接sothat, tooto 和 enough to 都是初中英語教材中的重要結(jié)構(gòu)，在一定條件下它們可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換，并經(jīng)常成為中考考查的熱點之一。先請看下面兩道中考試題：1. he is old enough to go

45、to school.he isthatgo to school.2. she was so weak that she couldnt take care of her baby. she wasweaktake care of her baby.（答案：1. so old; he can 2. too; to）那么在什么情況下三者可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換呢？（一）sothat 與 tooto 的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng) that 引導(dǎo)的從句為否定式且從句主語與主句的主語相同時，sothat 可轉(zhuǎn)換為tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)；若從句主語與主句的主語不相同時，sothat 可轉(zhuǎn)換為 toofor sb. to 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：the b

46、ox is so heavy that he cant carry it. the box is too heavy for him to carry.（二）sothat 與 enough to 的轉(zhuǎn)換1. 當(dāng) that 引導(dǎo)的從句為肯定式時，若從句主語與主句主語相同時，sothat 可轉(zhuǎn)換為enough to 結(jié)構(gòu)；若從句主語與主句主語不相同時，sothat 可轉(zhuǎn)換為 enough for sb. to 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：xiao lin is so old that h e can go to school. xiao lin is old enough to go to school. the

47、 box is so light that he can carry it. the box is light enough for him to carry.2. 當(dāng) that 引導(dǎo)的從句為否定式時，若從句主語與主句主語相同時，sothat 可轉(zhuǎn)換為enough to 的否定結(jié)構(gòu)；若從句主語與主句主語不相同時，sothat 可轉(zhuǎn)換為 enough for sb. to 的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。同時要注意，轉(zhuǎn)換后的形容詞（副詞）要用其相應(yīng)的反義詞。例如：the man is so old that he cant go to work. the man isnt young enough to go to

48、 work. the desk is so heavy that i cant move it. the desk isnt light enough for me to move.（三）enough to 的句式為否定式時，enough to 可以轉(zhuǎn)換為 tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)換后的 tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞（副詞）要用其相應(yīng)的反義詞。例如： he is not old enough to do the work. he is too young to do the work.the problem is too difficult for me to work out. the problem isnt easy