《長句的翻譯》PPT課件.ppt

1、長句的翻譯,翻譯長句主要是把原文句子的主次脈絡(luò)搞清.首先抓住句子的的主語和謂語,然后根據(jù)句中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞如關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞介詞等來看各種修飾語,弄清他們之間的關(guān)系,繼而理解全文.在這一基礎(chǔ)上,我們可以采取幾種翻譯方法.,1. 按原文結(jié)構(gòu)次序譯 2.先把主語譯出,再補(bǔ)充修飾主語的從句或分詞短語等細(xì)節(jié). 在翻譯長句時(shí),抓住原文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)(原文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)通常不是通過邏輯連接詞實(shí)現(xiàn)的), 以原文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)為框架,組織譯文的行文順序,結(jié)論性內(nèi)容放在最后.,1. 按原文結(jié)構(gòu)次序譯 There are swift-flowing rivers, slow, sluggish rivers, mighty riv

2、ers with several mouths, rivers that carry vast loads of alluvium to the sea, clear, limpid rivers, rivers that at some seasons of the year have very much more water than at others, rivers that are made to generate vast quantities of electricity by their power, and rivers that carry great volumes of

3、 traffic. 有的河水流湍急，有的河流速緩慢，有的大河出?？谟泻脦讉€(gè)，有的河帶著大量沖積土入海，有的河清澈見底，有的河的水量在一年中的某些季節(jié)里較少，在某些季節(jié)里卻多得多，有的河利用其動(dòng)力大量發(fā)電，有的河負(fù)擔(dān)的運(yùn)輸量很大。,Because of this English background of civil conflict, English-speaking America, where there were no religious war, as such, is often described as a land of refuge to which men and women

4、 came in order to enjoy the religious and political freedom denied them in their homeland.,因?yàn)橛嬖谥鴥?nèi)戰(zhàn)，在這種背景下，美洲這個(gè)沒有發(fā)生過宗教戰(zhàn)爭，又是講英語的大陸，常常被描繪成流亡的樂土人們?yōu)榱俗非笤诒緡粍儕Z的宗教自由和政治自由而紛紛來到這塊土地上,The mild capitalism emerging in Eastern Europe, though unthinkable in these Communist nations just a few years ago, is a far

5、cry from the free-market economies practiced in the West and will probably remain so for a long time.,東歐正出現(xiàn)溫和的資本主義，要是前幾年這在這些共產(chǎn)黨國家里是不可想象的盡管如此，這種溫和的資本主義和西方實(shí)行的自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)有很大差別，這種差別可能還會(huì)維持很長一段時(shí)間,The election which has led to your being chosen to preside over this Assembly a very wise choice indeedis a tribute

6、 to your great country, which has contributed to the development of the history of free nations a tradition of peace that serves as an example for the legal community that we constitute , a country which has always commanded respect and admiration from all corners of the world . 這次選舉你為本屆大會(huì)的主席，實(shí)是極為明智

7、的抉擇，是對(duì)你的偉大國家的敬意。貴國對(duì)自由國家的歷史發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn)了一種和平傳統(tǒng)，這一傳統(tǒng)是我們法治社會(huì)的榜樣。全世界都一貫對(duì)貴國表示尊重和敬佩。,2. 先把原因條件事實(shí)等細(xì)節(jié)譯出,再把結(jié)論性態(tài)度性的東西譯出 The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousand of blacks participating in peaceful marched and sit-ins, to force Southern states to implement the Fed

8、eral desegregation laws in school and public accommodations.,六十年代，千千萬萬的黑人參加了和平游行示威和靜坐，他們的勇敢行動(dòng)迫使南方各州執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦政府關(guān)于在學(xué)校和公共場所廢除種族隔離的法律，從而結(jié)束了公然歧視黑人的時(shí)代,The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving va

9、cationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open.,醫(yī)療用品生產(chǎn)廠家的廢棄物污染了紐約地區(qū)的海濱。時(shí)值盛夏，一些濱海浴場已經(jīng)關(guān)閉，趕走了大批的度假者，而那些尚未關(guān)閉的濱海浴場也是門可羅雀。污染使得整個(gè)海濱區(qū)的商業(yè)蒙受了巨大損失。,3.先把除主語外的成分譯出 當(dāng)主語相當(dāng)長，或主語的修飾成分很多時(shí)，一般先把所有修飾成分譯出，再譯主語,The problem of possible genetic damage to human populations from

10、radiation exposures, including those resulting from the fallout from testing of atomic weapons, has quite properly claimed much popular attention in recent years.,人類由于面臨輻射威脅，包括原子武器試驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生的放射性塵埃所造成的輻射威脅，很可能遭到基因損傷，這一問題進(jìn)年來已經(jīng)理所當(dāng)然地引起了人們的廣泛重視,This history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until

11、 the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story. 一棵樹從它在森林里生長時(shí)起，直到被制成供使用的木板為止，這段歷史會(huì)組成一個(gè)有趣的，在很多情況下是激動(dòng)人心的故事,下面看一些漢英翻譯的例子 雨后， 院里來了個(gè)麻雀， 剛長全了羽毛。它在院里跳， 有時(shí)飛一下， 不過是由地上飛到花盆沿上， 或由花盆上飛下來?？此@么飛了兩三次， 我看出來：它并不會(huì)飛得再高一些， 它的左翅的幾個(gè)長翎擰在一處， 有一根特別的長， 似乎要脫落下來。 As soo

12、n as the rain stopped, a sparrow, almost full-fledged, flew into the courtyard. It hopped around, fluttered at times, darting up to the edge of the flowerpot and back to the ground again. Watching it move up and down like this a couple of times, I realized that it could not fly any higher as the plu

13、mes on its left wing have got twisted, and one is sticking out as if about to come off any moment. 析：漢語句群里往往有些詞或詞組重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。有時(shí)作為一種修辭手段 , 加強(qiáng)語氣。原文中描述一個(gè)受傷的小麻雀飛翔的情況，出現(xiàn)了多達(dá)五次的“飛”字，使句群內(nèi)部語義連貫，主題突出。 但英文行文往往避免詞語重復(fù)現(xiàn)象，而且事實(shí)上小麻雀飛的具體動(dòng)作并不完全一樣，因此，譯文圍繞主題，采用近義詞替換的方式，分別用“ flew into ”、“ fluttered ”、“ darting up ”、“ move up a

14、nd down ”、“ fly ”等詞和詞組，確切地表達(dá)了詞語意義，也實(shí)現(xiàn)了句群的語義連貫。,秋天來溪水清個(gè)透亮，活活的流，許多小蝦子腳攀著一根草，在淺水里游蕩，有時(shí)又躬著身子一彈，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地彈去，好象很快樂。 With the coming of autumn, the water in the brook was crystal-clear, flowing very lively. Many small shrimps with their legs clinging to a weed, swam around in the shallows, or sometimes bounced t

15、o a distance with their backs arched, as if they were very happy.,廣東對(duì)于多數(shù)中國人來說曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)特殊并充滿神秘感的省份。這多半由于它毗鄰香港的緣故。自從中共在年建立政權(quán)后，香港成為地理上距中國大陸最近而政治制度及意識(shí)形態(tài)與大陸大相徑庭的一個(gè)區(qū)域。廣東因此而成為一個(gè)窗口，刺激并滿足著中國人和外國人相互間對(duì) 異端 的好奇心。 To many Chinese, Guangdong Province was in the past a peculiar, mysterious place due to its close proxim

16、ity to Hong Kong and Macao. In 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party assumed power in China, Hong Kong maintained a completely different political system and ideology, despite being geographically a part of the mainland. Guangdong, therefore, became the window through which Chinese and foreigners k

17、ept an eye on one another. （李霞“廣東：永遠(yuǎn)開啟的南大門”，今日中國 2000 年第 8 期） 析：原文句群由四個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)銜接、 意義連貫的句子組成，它們之間有解證和因果關(guān)系。 中心句是第一句“廣東 是個(gè)特殊并充滿神秘感的省份”， 其它三句具體解釋說明中心句的信息。其中，第二句中的指代詞“這”指代第一句中的信息，使兩句語義上銜接起來。 后兩句進(jìn)一步說明廣東地位特殊的原因，連接詞“因此”標(biāo)明它們之間的因果關(guān)系。 譯文用“ due to ”合并前兩句的內(nèi)容，并用“ when ”、“ despite” 和 “therefore” 清楚地表現(xiàn)原文中的邏輯關(guān)系，同樣實(shí)現(xiàn)了句群的銜

18、接性和連貫性， 再現(xiàn)了原文的信息功能。,（ 6 ） 當(dāng)前最重要的任務(wù)是發(fā)展國民經(jīng)濟(jì) , 提高人民生活水平。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo) , 我們必須改革舊的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制 , 進(jìn)一步解放生產(chǎn)力；我們應(yīng)當(dāng)向世界敞開大門，學(xué)習(xí)其它國家的先進(jìn)的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。只要我們堅(jiān)持改革開放政策，就一定能把我國建設(shè)成強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)主義國家。 Our primary task at present is to develop national economy and promote the living standards of the people. Therefore, we must reform the old economic

19、system so as to further liberate productive forces. Moreover, we should be open to the outside world so that we can learn advanced science and technology from other countries. And we are sure to build China into a powerful socialist country so long as we stick to the reform and opening policy. （王令坤“

20、略談漢語篇章的英譯”，華東船舶工業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) 1998年第4期） 析：原句群由三個(gè)句子組成，它們之間隱含著非常緊密的邏輯聯(lián)系。第一句是中心句，提出當(dāng)前奮斗的目標(biāo)，第二句、第三句則圍繞第一句的內(nèi)容，具體說明達(dá)到該目標(biāo)的必要手段以及這些措施所帶來的必然結(jié)果。譯文除了用“ as long as ”譯出原文中“只要”一詞的原意，還添加了“ and, Therefore, so as to , moreover, so that , And ”等連接詞語，以充分表現(xiàn)原文句群各句子之間的邏輯意義，符合英文的形合特征。 例如，“ and ”表示并列關(guān)系 , 說明“當(dāng)前的重要任務(wù)有兩個(gè)”；“ Therefore

21、 ”表現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)必須采取的措施；“ so as to ”說明“改革舊的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制 ” 是為了 “解放生產(chǎn)力”；“ Moreover ” 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系 , 說明要實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo) , 除了改革體制 , 還要“向世界敞開大門”；最后， “And” 進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了改革開放的必然結(jié)果，并把前文聯(lián)系起來。整個(gè)譯文句群流暢通順 , 緊湊完整。,但是，朔方的雪花在紛飛之后，卻永遠(yuǎn)如粉，如沙，它們決不粘連，撒在屋上，地上，枯草上，就是這樣。屋上的雪是早已有消化了的，因?yàn)槲堇锞尤说幕鸬臏責(zé)?。別的，在晴天之下，旋風(fēng)忽來，便蓬勃地奮飛，在日光中 燦燦地生光，如包藏火焰的大霧， 旋轉(zhuǎn)而且升騰，彌漫太空，使太空旋轉(zhuǎn)而

22、且升騰地閃爍。 But the snowflakes that fall in the north remain to the last like powder or sand and never hold together, whether scattered on roofs, the ground or the withered grass. The warmth from the stoves inside has melted some of the snow on the roofs. As for the rest, when a whirlwind springs up und

23、er a clear sky, it flies up wildly, glittering in the sunlight like thick mist around a flame, revolving and rising till it fills the sky, and the whole sky glitters as it whirls and rises. （魯迅雪，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯） 析：原文描述了北方的雪的美麗。其中“如粉 ” 和“如沙”之間，“屋上”、“地上”、和“枯草上”之間都隱含著并列的邏輯關(guān)系?！安徽尺B，撒在 ” 雖然在形式上與前兩部分并列，但實(shí)際上進(jìn)一步解釋朔

24、方雪花“如粉，如沙”的特征。譯文添加“ or ” 以及表示增補(bǔ)連接關(guān)系的“ and ” 準(zhǔn)確地再現(xiàn)了 這些 關(guān)系。在其余部分，譯者還借用指代，連接詞等巧妙地將內(nèi)容有機(jī)地聯(lián)成一體。如譯文 “ As for the rest, when it flies up and till it fills and the whole sky glitters ”清楚表現(xiàn)了原文 的主干部分， 表情功能突出。,我看見他戴著黑布小帽，穿著黑布大馬褂，深青布棉袍，蹣跚地走到鐵道邊，慢慢探身下去，尚不大難?？墒撬┻^鐵道，要爬上那邊月臺(tái)，就不容易了。他用兩手攀著上面，兩腳再向上縮；他肥胖的身子向左微傾，顯出努力的樣子

25、。這時(shí)我看見他的背影，我的淚很快地流下來了。 I watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap, black cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown. He had little trouble climbing down beside the railway track, but it was a lot more difficult for him to climb up that platform after

26、crossing the railway track. His hands held onto the upper part of the platform, his legs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left, obviously making an enormous exertion. While I was watching him from behind, tears gushed from my eyes. （同上） 析：原文選用特定的角度，用飽含深情的筆觸，描述父親給兒子去買桔子的情

27、景，抒發(fā)了父子離別時(shí)深沉的愛。整個(gè)句群圍繞這個(gè)中心思想展開。其中，連接詞“可是”標(biāo)明兩句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，但第三句和第四句之間沒有明顯的語義標(biāo)識(shí)。不過，讀者可以理解前后兩句之間的解證關(guān)系：第三句動(dòng)作描述具體說明前一句信息 “不容易”。譯文除了用連接詞“ but ”和“ after ”表現(xiàn)原文句子間的邏輯聯(lián)系，保持了句群的連貫，還采用相似的句子結(jié)構(gòu)， 用“ His hands ”，“ his legs ”，“ his corpulent body ”分別描述父親手、腳及身體的具體動(dòng)作，充分表現(xiàn)父親的慈愛和迂執(zhí)，艱難和努力。兒子對(duì)父親的深情，則體現(xiàn)在他對(duì)父親細(xì)致入微的觀察。他“看見”父親如何“蹣跚地走”、“探身下去”、“穿過鐵道”、“爬上那邊月臺(tái)”，等一系列的動(dòng)作。因此， “我看見 ”在此句群中是“ I kept looki