托福TOEFL語法句法完整版

1、,syntax 句法學,句法：syntax,簡單句：simple sentence,并列句：compound sentence,主從復合句：complex sentence,只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，是英文的基本組成單位,兩個或兩個以上互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，由并列連詞連接,兩個或兩個以上互相依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，有從句有主句,garfield曾經(jīng)說過：,behind every successful man, there is a woman. and behind every unsuccessful man, there are two.,other famous words of him

2、：,money is not everything. theres credit card -future events.(a) even influencing(b) it may even influence(c) may even influence(d) that it may even influence,謂語動詞,having brushed his teeth, xm decided to go to the bathroom filled with boys. brushing his teeth, xm decided to go to the bathroom filled

3、 with boys.,男孩女孩起床大不同,謂語專一原則,并列句中的每個分句及主從句中的每個簡單句仍需遵循謂語專一原則。牢記這一原則才可準確地排除干擾選項，找出句中的致命錯誤,確實需要多個謂語時需用連詞, 或主從句形式加以連接（分號也可）如: she looked and smiled. he will give you some advice; he may even help you do it.,簡單句中只允許存在一個謂語動詞，其余動詞必須是非謂語形式。英文中切忌：兩個謂語形式的動詞直接連接（尤其是be動詞不能和實意動詞連用，is do是絕不可能出現(xiàn)的），或以逗號連接,例題：,the e

4、dible tube mushroom -a cushion like, moist cap that is light brown or darkish red.(a) which has(b) to have(c) having (d) has,表語,表語多由形容詞、名詞擔當，也可是介賓短語、不定式、分詞或動名詞等 1) quasars-emitting extremely intense radio waves and visible radiation.(a) starlike objects are(b) starlike, they are objects(c) are starl

5、ike objects(d) are they starlike objects (2) wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is - in various forms.(a) abundant(b) the abundance(c) an abundant(d) it abundant,狀語,句子中除了主謂結(jié)構(gòu)外，還可能包含表示時間、地點、方式等內(nèi)容的狀語，通常由副詞、介賓短語來承當。如：at night, xm go to night club very often. 此句中at night, v

6、ery often都是狀語,-irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. (a) its (b) where its (c) since its (d) because of its,(2) -a child, sculptor anne whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parents recognized and encouraged.(a)

7、 has been(b) it was while(c) she was(d) as (3) -, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(a) contrary to general belief(b) general belief contrary to(c) belief contrary to general (d) contrary belief general to,賓語,若謂語動詞是及物的，那么及物動詞后面一定要接賓語。賓語大部分由名詞和代詞的賓格充當，也可是動名詞、不定式等 如：he found

8、 a ladybird in his pencil-box. i dont want to disturb you. 牢記make possible的三種形式： 1. make+名詞+possible； his financial aid makes this trip possible. 2. make+possible+名詞（名詞短語較長時） his financial aid makes possible the poor chinese students entering of the world famous university. 3. make it possible (for

9、sb.)to do (見形式賓語部分) the fathers hard labor makes it possible for the son to receive better education.,(1) a microphone enables a soft tone to be amplified, thus making it possible the a b c gentle renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. d (2) the united states congress made washington, d.

10、c., - in 1800.(a) after the government center(b) of the government center(c) the center of government(d) then the center of government,同位語,填空題中若除去空格部分是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，且空格與句子其他部分之間用兩個逗號完全隔開或用一個逗號隔開一邊，則空格處需要填入同位語或定語 (1) from 1946 to 1949, -william henry hastie served as governor of the virgin islands.(a) the

11、lawyer(b) he was the lawyer(c) the lawyer who(d) was the lawyer,(2) the skyscraper, -, is an architectural form that originated in the united states.(a) is a tall commercial structure(b) a tall commercial structure(c) a tall commercial structure which(d) of which a tall commercial structure （3）plank

12、ton, -, is the basic foodstuff for everything that lives in the ocean. (a) comprise both minute marine animals and plants (b) is the name given to minute marine animals and plants (c) the collective name for minute marine animals and plants (d) minute marine animals and plants collectively that,comp

13、ound sentence: s+v+o, and s+v+o,多套主謂共存，互相獨立，針鋒相對；夾縫中生存，焦頭爛額 代表人物：譚詠麟,并列句：,有關(guān)并列連詞的知識,關(guān)于平行結(jié)構(gòu),由連詞連接的多套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)并存，彼此之間相互沒有依存關(guān)系,并列連詞,1. 最典型的并列連詞有：and, but, or, so, yet, for 2. 固定搭配使用的并列連詞：not onlybut (also), not onlybut(as well), bothand, eitheror, neithernor, tooto, such()as the same.as, betweenandas well a

14、s(注意和副詞as well相區(qū)別),(not) soasas as, not so much a as b(與其說a不如說b)so/such a that,例題：,according to cognitive theories of emotion, anger occurs when aindividuals believe have been harmed and that the harm was either b cd avoidable and undeserved. (2) providence, rhode island, is a busy manufacturing cit

15、y and seaport, ab as well the state capital. c d,(1) during most of this century, a. philip randolph struggled for black rights in the a bunited states and becomes an important figure in the labor movement. c d (5) lillian d. wald, public health nurse and -, was born in cincinnati ohio, in 1867.(a)

16、reforming society(b) social reformer(c) who reformed society (6)western nebraska generally receives less snow than eastern nebraska isabc d,complex sentence: s+v+o, because s+v+o,主句和從句并存，相互依存，和諧共處，其樂融融；左右逢源 代表人物：阿拉伯男人,從句的類型,定語從句,在句中充當定語的句子就叫做定語從句，定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導的，修飾從句的先行詞。 先行詞,如果先行詞是the girl,表示人，則

17、引導詞應(yīng)是who或whom或that, 從句謂語必須是第三人稱單數(shù)形式； she is the girl whom i saw in the zoo yesterday.she is the girl who sells computer. 如果先行詞是the goods, 則引導詞是that或which, 從句謂語是第三人稱復數(shù)形式 do you get the photos that i sent last week.,例題：,(1) a rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets carry a supply that a b c l

18、ast just a few seconds. d (2) resin is a substance that - in water.(a) does not dissolve(b) do not dissolve(c) not dissolving(d) not dissolved,關(guān)系代詞：,大部分定語從句都由關(guān)系代詞引導，主要的關(guān)系代詞包括：that, who, which, whom, whose, 其中可以代替人（指先行詞）的是：that, who, whom；代替物的是that, which；whose之前既可接人又可接物，但必須和名詞搭配使用。 (1) jackie mclean

19、s recordings have shown that he is one of the few a jazz musicians who style of playing has kept pace with the evolution b c d of modern jazz.,介詞前置于關(guān)系代詞：,當關(guān)系代詞作句中介詞的賓語時，介詞可以前置于關(guān)系代詞，此時關(guān)系代詞不能省略，而且只能用which或whom. 如： this is the road by which we came. that is the man about whom we have heard so much.注意：先

20、行詞為the way的定語從句中in which習慣上可以省略 this is the way (in which) i make the problem out. (1) and ideal is a standard - people judge phenomena. (a) how (b) of (c) by which (d) for it,(2) in reorganizing the curriculum of mt. holyoke college in the late1800s elizabeth mead laid the foundation - the modern c

21、ollege rests.(a) is which(b) on which(c) which is on(d) on it,關(guān)系副詞：,定語從句還可以由關(guān)系副詞when, where或why引導，關(guān)系副詞在從句中作時間、地點或原因狀語 如：have you ever been to the house where he used to live? (where=in which) i could hardly forget the day when my uncle passed away. (when=on which) tell me the reason why i am fired.

22、(why=for which) the knee is the joint-the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.(a) when(b) where(c) why(d) which,狀語從句,狀語從句是從句中的一大類，在考題中更是頻繁出現(xiàn)，它的主要功能是作主句的狀語，由完整的主謂句構(gòu)成。狀語從句和主句在語法上關(guān)系并不緊密，但在邏輯上是不可分割的。,狀語從句的分類：,1. 時間狀語從句主要引導詞：when, whenever, before, after, until, while, since, once, so long a

23、s, as soon as, the moment, every time, as, next timeeg：i dont call her until i get to the company. every time i feel lonely, she comes to talk to me.2. 地點狀語從句主要引導詞：where, wherevereg：wherever you go, i will be right here waiting for you.,3. 原因狀語從句主要引導詞：because, as, since, considering that, now that,

24、not that, seeing that注意： in that是書面語中原因狀語從句的引導詞，相當于because, 在填空題中曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)eg：now that it is raining, wed better cancal the meeting. 4. 目的狀語從句主要引導詞：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest,5. 結(jié)果狀語從句主要引導詞：sothat, so that, suchthat注意：sothat句式和tooto句式的區(qū)別是重要考點之一，sothat接從句；tooto接不定式eg：the old lady

25、is so generous that a lot of people admire her. she is too young to resist it. 6. 條件狀語從句主要引導詞：if, unless, in case, so long as, on condition (that), provided (that),7. 讓步狀語從句 主要引導詞：though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever 注意though, although等都不能夠與but連用,(1) anthropology is a

26、 science -anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others. (a) in that (b) that in (c) that (d) in (2) gorillas are quiet animals, -they are able to make about twenty different sounds.(a) how (b) in spite of(c) because of (d) even t

27、hough,狀語從句的省略用法,原則：1. 從句跟主句使用一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu) 2. 從句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu) 時，主語和系動詞可省 如：when she was young, she killed many men. when young, she killed many men.,例題：,(1) -relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently(a) even(b) it is(c) even though(d) there is (2) although - rigid,

28、bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.(a) apparently(b) are apparently(c) apparently their(d) are they apparently,同位語從句,句子的同位語多由名詞短語充當，但少數(shù)詞之后可接由that引導的從句作同位語，此時需和定語從句相區(qū)別，同位語從句中that不在從句中承擔成分，而且不可省略 如： the idea that man is inferior to animals is quite unacceptable. 可接同位語從句的名詞有：fact, reason, idea, news, hope, doubt, belief, proof等,(1) astronomy developed from the observation - through regular cycles of motion.