考研作文輔導(dǎo)其他運(yùn)用文p

1、.,1,考研英語(yǔ)寫作之應(yīng)用文攻略,.,2,應(yīng)用文寫作,一、書信類八大模板復(fù)習(xí)及便箋、通知寫作 二、考綱要求的其他類型的應(yīng)用文： 1.備忘錄(Memorandum) 2.報(bào)告(Report) 3.摘要(Abstract),.,3,一、書信類八大模板復(fù)習(xí): 1. 投訴信 2. 詢問(wèn)信 3. 請(qǐng)求信 4. 道歉信 5. 感謝信 6. 建議信 7. 求職信 8. 邀請(qǐng)信9. 便箋、通知寫作,.,4,1. 投訴信,Dear _,I am _. (自我介紹) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint

2、about _. The reason for my dissatisfaction is _ (總體介紹). In the first place, _(抱怨一). In addition, _(抱怨二). Under these circumstances, I find it _(感覺(jué)) to _(抱怨的方面給你帶來(lái)的后果). I appreciate it very much if you could _(建議和請(qǐng)求), preferably _(進(jìn)一步要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by _(解決事情最后期限).Th

3、ank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely, Li Ming,.,5,2. 詢問(wèn)信,Dear _,I am _(自我介紹). I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding _.(要詢問(wèn)的內(nèi)容)First of all, what are _?(問(wèn)題一) Secondly, when will _?(問(wèn)題二) Thirdly, is

4、_?(問(wèn)題三)I would also like to inquire _(最重要問(wèn)題單獨(dú)成段). Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?Thank you for you kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely, Li Ming,.,6,3. 請(qǐng)求信,Dear _,I am writing to formal

5、ly request to _ (請(qǐng)求內(nèi)容).The reason for _ is that _(原因). I _, so I _ (給出細(xì)節(jié)).I would also like to request _ (進(jìn)一步要求). I am sorry for any inconvenience (I have) caused. Thank you for your attention to these requests. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact me at _ (電話號(hào)碼). I look forward to

6、a favorable reply.Yours sincerely, Li Ming,.,7,4. 道歉信,Dear _,I am truly sorry that _ (道歉的原因).The reason is that _ (介紹原因) Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.Yours sincerely, Li Ming,.,8,5. 感謝信,Dear _,I am writing to extend

7、 my sincere gratitude for _ (感謝原因). If it had not been for your assistance in _ (具體幫助), I fear that I would have been _ (沒(méi)有對(duì)方幫助的后果). Every one agrees that it was you who _ (給出細(xì)節(jié)). Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my gratitude.Yours sincerely,Li Ming,.,9,6. 建議信,Dear

8、 _,You have asked me for my advice with regard to _, and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions: _ (建議內(nèi)容). I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further d

9、etails.Good Luck with your _ (祝愿).Yours sincerely, Li Ming,.,10,7. 求職信,Dear Sir or Madam,I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in _ (報(bào)紙名稱)of _ (廣告發(fā)布時(shí)間).Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality for a _(工作名稱). On the one

10、 hand, _(原因一). On the other hand, _(原因二). Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at _ (電話號(hào)碼).Thank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely, L

11、i Ming,.,11,8. 邀請(qǐng)信,Dear _,There will be a _(內(nèi)容) at/in _(地點(diǎn)) on _ (時(shí)間). We would be honored to have you there with us. The occasion will start at _(具體時(shí)間). This will be followed by a _(進(jìn)一步安排). At around _(時(shí)間)，_(另一個(gè)安排).I really hope you can make it. RSVP before _(通知你的最后期限).Yours sincerely, Li Ming,.,12

12、,9. 便箋寫作(Notes),便箋，即便條，是一種簡(jiǎn)短信函，與書信大致相似，但區(qū)別有二： 1.便箋較隨便，因此語(yǔ)氣通常更輕松，所用語(yǔ)言更接近口語(yǔ)、更直接。 2.便箋通常較短，言簡(jiǎn)意賅，必須省略冗余信息。 各類便箋必須包括日期、稱呼、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)、簽名等基本要素。 寫作“三步走”：日期說(shuō)明事由和目的直接署名 Tips: 1. 日期通常寫在右上角。由于所述之事應(yīng)是當(dāng)日或近日要發(fā)生的，故日期寫明月日即可。 2. 稱呼通常直接寫名字，省略Dear。稱呼和最后的署名都比較簡(jiǎn)單隨意。,.,13,便箋萬(wàn)能模板,June 26(, 2012) (Dear) _, I am wondering if _. _

13、. Thank you for _ _. Yours ever, Li Ming,.,14,便條開頭常用句型： 1. Sorry to tell you that 2. I wish you could give me some help. 3. I beg to apply for 4. Please call me once you settle down there. 5. I really understand what you have done. 便條結(jié)尾常用句型： 1. I hope you could make it. 2. May you have a good day! 3

14、. I hope to see you soon. 4. Will you see me off tomorrow? 5. Thank you for your cooperation.,.,15,Drill and Sample 1,Directions: You want to borrow a book from your classmate Kate. Leave her a note which contains the name of the book in need, the time you hope to keep the book, as well as your grat

15、itude. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.,.,16,Mar. 8th Kate, I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing. I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis, and need to consult the b

16、ook now and then for standard formatting. Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half, and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain the book in good condition. If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick

17、up the book. With many thanks. Li Ming,.,17,2. Directions: You are going to attend a concert with your friend Peter. Write a note to tell him what the concert is about. Please also specify the time and place of the concert, the price of the ticket, and where you put the ticket. You should write abou

18、t 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.,.,18,Sep. 20th Peter, Do you remember I mentioned last week that the famous young Chinese pianist Lang Lang is going to hold a concert on our campus? Well, I succeeded in buying two cheapest tic

19、kets for both of us, that is, 20 yuan each. I hear that Lang Lang plans to present a diverse combination of works of classical musicians such as Beethoven, Bach and Mozart., which surely will satisfy enthusiastic followers of classical music like you and me. The concert starts at 7pm this Saturday n

20、ight, and I have left ticket on your desk beside your laptop. See you at the concert. Lin Ming,.,19,通知/告示(Notices),寫作“三步走”：寫明相關(guān)信息，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)明活動(dòng)內(nèi)容或背景署名 Tips: 一般告示類文體都需要寫標(biāo)題，如Notice或者Announcement。 告示類文體主要用于說(shuō)明或者傳達(dá)某件事情、某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)等，重在言簡(jiǎn)意賅。 如果是關(guān)于活動(dòng)的通知，需要說(shuō)明活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、參加人員范圍以及其它必要細(xì)節(jié)。 在告示結(jié)尾一般需要寫上貼出告示的單位或者個(gè)人。,.,20,

21、通知開頭常用句式： 1. We feel terribly sorry to inform you that 2. All the passengers are required to 3. A speech on will be held at (time a bus has been arranged. Please be punctual so that we have enough time to enjoy the beautiful nature.,.,31,Drill and Sample 2 Directions: Suppose you are an HR manager o

22、f a company, and your department is organizing a computer course for all the companys employees. Write a memorandum to the staff about the details of the training, including the purpose and content of the course, the time and place of class, and any other relevant information. You should write about

23、 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.,.,32,Date: May 9th, 2012 To: All full-time employees From: HR Manager, Li Ming Subject: Computer course An investigation conducted by the HR Department last month reveals the fact that a high rate of computer illiteracy contributes to a severe inefficiency of our compan

24、y. As a result, it has been decided that all full-time employees are to attend a computer coursewhich will take place every Monday night from 7 pm to 9 pm in the company meeting room A and Bfor the duration of two months. Employees are able to sign up for the basic or advanced levels of the course a

25、ccording to their present computer skills. Please register for the course at the company reception desk before May 15th. Further suggestions will be appreciated so that the program can be more fruitful.,.,33,二、考綱要求的其他類型的應(yīng)用文：2. 報(bào)告(Report),報(bào)告是下級(jí)單位或個(gè)人向上級(jí)單位匯報(bào)工作、反映情況、提出建議的一種上行公文。一般由秘書書寫報(bào)告。 考研英語(yǔ)寫作中較為常見的是科

26、研報(bào)告。 寫報(bào)告注意問(wèn)題： 1)寫法：明確讀者，分析其需要；語(yǔ)氣要客觀、真實(shí)；運(yùn)用敘述、說(shuō)明等正式表達(dá)方式，不使用祈使、請(qǐng)求等表達(dá)方式。 2)構(gòu)成：1.題目；2.報(bào)告目的；3.介紹研究方法；4.研究過(guò)程及發(fā)現(xiàn)；5.闡明研究的結(jié)論；6.報(bào)告遞交人；7.日期。,.,34,報(bào)告萬(wàn)能模板,Title The purpose of this report is to _. The survey was conducted by _. From the table of data, the most significant items are as follows: _ _. If any conclus

27、ion may be drawn from the data, they are as follows:_ _. From: _ Date: _,.,35,報(bào)告常用句型,說(shuō)明報(bào)告事由 The purpose/objective of this report is to This report provides the information about Here is the report about/ This report concerns This report summarizes the results of 說(shuō)明調(diào)查方法 The main findings are Some con

28、clusions can be drawn from the data, and they are The investigation has resulted in the following findings: 提出建議 On the basis of the research, it is recommended that Therefore, I make the following suggestions/ recommendations: Accordingly, I would recommend/ suggest/ advise that,.,36,Drill and Samp

29、le,Directions: Xiamen University conducted a survey among 16 postgraduates majoring English by means of questionnaire. Write a report which should cover the following points: the purpose of the survey; introduce the questionnaire; the findings of the questionnaire; simple analysis of the survey.,.,3

30、7,A report on Reading Habits of Postgraduates Majoring in English The purpose of this report is to discover the students reading habits. The survey was conducted among 16 postgraduates in English at Xiamen University by means of a questionnaire on February 16th, 2012. The questionnaire dealt with th

31、e type of reading and its frequency. From the table of data, the most significant items are as follows. In the first section 81% of the students regularly read academic books, while 44% regularly read academic journals. Nothing else is read often by 14% of the students. The following comments can be

32、 made about the reading of newspapers,.,38,magazines and books of fiction: 55% regularly read China Daily and Beijing Review; 34% sometimes read English fiction; 45% sometimes read foreign magazines and journals such as Newsweek and The New Yorker. On the other hand, 12% never read foreign magazines

33、 or journals. If any conclusions may be drawn from the data, they are, perhaps, as follows: English major postgraduates presumably allocate little time for general reading, and most of their reading time is spent on books and journals on their own subject. From: Li Ming March 17, 2012,.,39,二、考綱要求的其他

34、類型的應(yīng)用文：3. 摘要(Abstract),要求：考生閱讀一篇中文，然后用英文寫出該篇文章的中心內(nèi)容。摘要要求對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)(或文章)的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮概括并寫成語(yǔ)義上連貫的英語(yǔ)短文。 準(zhǔn)備：迅速掌握原文主要內(nèi)容，不需加入任何主觀評(píng)論和解釋。摘要寫作要求簡(jiǎn)明扼要，用詞準(zhǔn)確。 步驟：先用中文歸納出每段的中心內(nèi)容，再用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)翻譯出來(lái)，難點(diǎn)在第二步。該題測(cè)試點(diǎn)在于考查詞匯用法，句子表達(dá)等翻譯能力。歸納為兩點(diǎn)就是：漢語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)要?dú)w納和英語(yǔ)的清楚表達(dá)。 摘要范圍大，沒(méi)法押題，沒(méi)法套用模板，故難度比書信大。英語(yǔ)一考摘要的幾率大于英語(yǔ)二。,.,40,摘要寫作具體步驟: 第一步: 翻譯題目(所給出中文如有題目的話

35、)。 第二步: 掃描文章結(jié)構(gòu)(讀每個(gè)段首句)，確定文章框架。 第三步: 考慮摘要結(jié)構(gòu)。 第四步: 語(yǔ)言構(gòu)思與表達(dá)(語(yǔ)法和詞匯的操作能力)。 啟示：摘要其實(shí)不會(huì)在結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯層面難倒任何一位考生，它難的地方其實(shí)就是詞匯，和句式的組織，也就是純語(yǔ)言的考察，不涉及任何的思維深度！,.,41,寫作要點(diǎn)： （1）抓大意，提要點(diǎn)。 （2）長(zhǎng)度控制。 （3）借鑒與創(chuàng)造，忌照搬。 （4）觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)與順序與原文一致。 （5）在無(wú)大的疏漏前提下，刪掉小的細(xì)節(jié)。 （6）削除例子，簡(jiǎn)化描述，用簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)句代替冗長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)句。 （7）檢查與修改：重點(diǎn)檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點(diǎn)或包含了細(xì)節(jié)。另外，寫摘要時(shí)應(yīng)該使用簡(jiǎn)單的銜接詞，如b

36、ut, then, thus, yet, for等，而不能使用at the same time, on the other hand 等。,.,42,摘要模板句型：（摘要一般寫一段） This paper/thesis mainly discusses/aims at/ focuses on/ centers on (主題/主旨). The author first lists/states/argues Then he/ the paper analyses/ illustrates/ supports from (幾個(gè)) aspects./ To conclude them, Above

37、all, Besides, Finally, The paper finally ends with/ comes to a conclusion that 考查話題預(yù)測(cè)： 環(huán)保類可用關(guān)鍵詞：carbon emission reduction; renewable energy; World Environment Day; small-displacement/ small-engine vehicles 經(jīng)濟(jì)類可用關(guān)鍵詞：economic / financial crisis; face the crisis/ fight crisis; propel/ drive/ expand dom

38、estic demand，moderately loose monetary policy 交通類可用關(guān)鍵詞：public transport network; traffic control; rush hour; traffic jam/congestion; heavy traffic,.,43,注意： 盡量使用短句，少用長(zhǎng)句。摘要句型力求簡(jiǎn)單、表意明白，無(wú)空泛、籠統(tǒng)、含混之詞。摘要不分段。 用第三人稱，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和其他時(shí)態(tài)基本不用。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于說(shuō)明研究目的、敘述研究?jī)?nèi)容、描述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果、得出研究結(jié)論、提出可行建議或討論等。一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于敘述在

39、過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻（時(shí)間）的發(fā)現(xiàn)、某一研究過(guò)程（實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、調(diào)查、醫(yī)療等過(guò)程）?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過(guò)去發(fā)生的或過(guò)去已完成的事情與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)。 可采用主動(dòng)，也可采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者，則采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果被動(dòng)者無(wú)關(guān)緊要，則可以采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 總之，摘要就是先讀懂漢語(yǔ)文章，歸納出文章大意，最后用英語(yǔ)正確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。,.,44,考研摘要模擬題 Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words。 You should write your abstract o

40、n ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) 對(duì)我國(guó)英語(yǔ)教育低齡化現(xiàn)象的思考 隨著中國(guó)國(guó)際化腳步的加快，英語(yǔ)作為一種重要的交流工具，其地位日漸凸顯出來(lái)。英語(yǔ)教育的低齡化成為我國(guó)英語(yǔ)教育活動(dòng)的一種趨勢(shì)，不僅從小學(xué)就開始開設(shè)英語(yǔ)課，連學(xué)前兒童也接觸并學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 (一)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)低齡化現(xiàn)象 中國(guó)社會(huì)調(diào)查通過(guò)對(duì)北京、上海、武漢、西安、濟(jì)南、哈爾濱、廣州和蕭山等八個(gè)城市的1500個(gè)樣本調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，九成以上的被訪者認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)對(duì)孩子未來(lái)的發(fā)展很重要，98的家長(zhǎng)有計(jì)劃讓孩子接受興趣英語(yǔ)的培訓(xùn)。中國(guó)接受英語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)的群體正在偏向低齡化。,.,45,(二)導(dǎo)致英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)低齡化趨勢(shì)的原因 近年來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)掀起了全

41、民學(xué)英語(yǔ)的高潮，學(xué)英語(yǔ)已成了流行的趨勢(shì)。就全世界范圍來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的地位的確是十分重要的。英語(yǔ)的地位取決于幾種力量：第一，經(jīng)濟(jì)力量?，F(xiàn)在是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化時(shí)期，而全世界重要的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家，如美、英、澳大利亞、加拿大等。這就使得大家為了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的溝通來(lái)往加勁地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)；第二，政治力量?，F(xiàn)在全世界頭號(hào)強(qiáng)國(guó)美國(guó)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，是英語(yǔ)地位重要的原因；第三，文化的力量。我們現(xiàn)在看電影都會(huì)關(guān)注好萊塢大片，外語(yǔ)書籍也紛至沓來(lái)。這幾股力量都為推動(dòng)英語(yǔ)的全球化起到了重要作用。很多家長(zhǎng)正是看到了這種全國(guó)性英語(yǔ)熱潮，害怕孩子一開始就輸在起跑點(diǎn)上，因此在幼兒時(shí)期就拼命強(qiáng)調(diào)英語(yǔ)的重要。 (三)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)低齡化現(xiàn)象帶來(lái)的后果,.,

42、46,1、有利方面?？茖W(xué)研究表明，幼兒早期有能力學(xué)習(xí)并接受第二語(yǔ)言，幼兒英語(yǔ)教育是可行的。心理學(xué)研究表明，06歲是語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的最佳時(shí)期，處于這一時(shí)期的幼兒有形成兩個(gè)以上言語(yǔ)中樞的可能性。若在最佳時(shí)期只接受母語(yǔ)的刺激，那么，母語(yǔ)中樞以外的言語(yǔ)中樞就逐漸退化。兒童進(jìn)入學(xué)齡后，母語(yǔ)中樞已形成一整套固定的控制模式，這時(shí)再學(xué)習(xí)第二種語(yǔ)言，母語(yǔ)中樞就很難接受。因此，抓住幼兒期對(duì)幼兒進(jìn)行第二語(yǔ)言的教育，其潛力和發(fā)展是無(wú)限的。同時(shí)，幼兒英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)是一種積極的智力活動(dòng)，對(duì)幼兒的語(yǔ)言、認(rèn)知發(fā)展，無(wú)疑起到促進(jìn)作用，另外，幼兒英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)作為啟蒙教育，它還有利于幼兒各種基本能力和良好個(gè)性、習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng)。,.,47,2、有害方面。 有學(xué)者認(rèn)為，低齡英語(yǔ)教育雖然能達(dá)到一定效果，但是這必須以學(xué)好母語(yǔ)文化為前提，因?yàn)檫B母語(yǔ)文化都掌握不好，也就不可能學(xué)好任何一門外語(yǔ)。雖然多數(shù)專家認(rèn)為幼兒的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)是可行的，但是不少家長(zhǎng)本末倒置，懷著“英文第一，中文第二”的心態(tài)教育孩子，結(jié)果完全打亂了孩子的語(yǔ)言啟蒙階段。這對(duì)兒童學(xué)習(xí)心理造成不容忽視的負(fù)面影響。幼兒英語(yǔ)也從開始的啟蒙教育變成了強(qiáng)制性教育，孩子們因背負(fù)著巨大的壓力而從喜歡英語(yǔ)變成對(duì)其毫無(wú)興趣，甚至開始厭惡。 (四)該如何引導(dǎo)這種現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展 既然兒童早早開始學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)有利有弊，我們就要因勢(shì)利導(dǎo)，發(fā)揚(yáng)其長(zhǎng)處，避免其弊端。,.,48,1、注重幼兒英語(yǔ)教育興趣的培養(yǎng)。要讓興趣成為開