觀廟高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)案五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、Pain past is pleasure .(過(guò)去的痛苦就是快樂(lè)。)觀廟高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)案五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) Guolei 2013-9-11【考點(diǎn)透視】動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是歷年高考的重點(diǎn)，而且測(cè)試的難度也在逐年加大。在單項(xiàng)填空題中，每年考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的題不少于兩道，動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)常和時(shí)態(tài)放在一起考查。高考命題者常從三個(gè)角度進(jìn)行命題：一是直接給定時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?？忌苤苯痈鶕?jù)所給時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作出選擇；二是給定時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但所給時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有著較強(qiáng)的干擾性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作出選擇；三是題干中不提供任何時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而給出一個(gè)上下文情景或一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子，考生必須仔細(xì)分析語(yǔ)境，才能作出正確判斷。教學(xué)

2、目標(biāo)：了解幾種?？紩r(shí)態(tài)的基本用法，并能夠在真實(shí)的情景中靈活使用各種時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行日常交際。教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)的基本用法。教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：1. 搞清楚幾組動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。2. 各種時(shí)態(tài)以及含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式和應(yīng)用。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，高中英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的有12種時(shí)態(tài)。各種時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般形式見(jiàn)下表：一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)/一. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：1. 表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)：Every evening, after supper,

3、 he sits down with a cup of coffee before the television.Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food. 2. 表示真理，事實(shí)或自然規(guī)律：The earth moves round the sun in 365 days.The moon travels round the earth once every month. 3.表示知覺(jué)、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、li

4、ke、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house.4.表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排或時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的情況： come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等When does the train leave? The time form Liverpool arrives at 11: 15.在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的概念。引起時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：when, after, b

5、efore, until, as soon as；引起條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：if, unless; so (as) long as。I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free. 但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì)，我的家人會(huì)非常高興。二. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：1. 表示

6、說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：Tom, Im speaking to you. Are you listening? 2. 表示目前這個(gè)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作：The population of the world is increasing rapidly.3. 表示說(shuō)話人厭惡、批評(píng)，不喜歡等感情色彩，常與always，constantly, forever等連用：She is always leaving things about.They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating. 4. 表示近期即

7、將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：They are leaving for Tibet next Monday.注：狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(1) be和have或者含有be 和have意義的動(dòng)詞。(2) feel, sound, smell, taste等連系動(dòng)詞。(3) hear, see, find等表示結(jié)果的動(dòng)詞。(4) like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need等表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。注：進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的兩種概念現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)都具有兩種不同的時(shí)間概念：瞬間概念和階段概念?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的瞬間

8、概念就是“說(shuō)話的時(shí)候”。表示瞬間概念時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)是，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，正在過(guò)程中，但尚未結(jié)束。Our country is getting stronger and stronger.Im getting on well with my English.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的瞬間概念通常用表示“點(diǎn)時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)。I was doing my homework this time yesterday.Mother was cooking when I came home.階段概念的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是“段時(shí)間”，表示在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在做的動(dòng)作，至于動(dòng)作是否結(jié)束則不是說(shuō)話者所關(guān)心的。He is wr

9、iting a new novel these days.（沒(méi)有干其他的事情）The workers were building a bridge last year.三. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：1. 表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀況或完成的動(dòng)作，通常與yet, already, by this time, just, ever, never, now, before, several times, since, up to now, so far, recently, lately, for a long time, in the last / past few years等連用：It has raine

10、d every day so far this month.Mr. Ball has just called on Mrs. Zhu to give her a message. 2. 表示已有的經(jīng)歷，往往強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果：Who has taken my camera? I put it here a moment ago.3. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)：Dont go out until you have washed your clothes.Please give the book to Lily if you have finished reading

11、 it.4.下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)It is (has been) + 一段時(shí)間 + since從句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成時(shí)This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成時(shí)This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 從句 + 完成時(shí)四. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。一般可以翻譯成“一直。”，常與the whole day, all morning或for和since

12、連用：People have been talking of it a lot recently. Pippas parents have been waiting for them. The soldiers have been struggling against the flood day and night for a week.五. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：1. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, ago, in 1989, at that time等連用

13、：When and where did you shoot that bear? The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could. 2. 表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的事：In those days he took his wife and children to the cinema at least once a week.3. 句中沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可依據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推測(cè)：Havent you g

14、raduated from college?Yes, I studied French for two years.4.表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語(yǔ)連接，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that? I didnt no

15、tice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didnt recognize him.六過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生： She was flying to Paris this time last Monday.2. 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作（突然）發(fā)生，其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中：We were playing football when it began to rain.當(dāng)我們正在踢球的時(shí)候，突然下起了雨。七

16、. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：1. 表示在過(guò)去某一活動(dòng)以前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間就是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，常與for, since, already, after, never, before, by the time等連用：The performance had started before we found our seats.She had typed all the letters by the time her boss arrived at the office.2.表示動(dòng)作或某事繼續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)已有一段時(shí)間：He had been ill for a week when h

17、e was sent to the hospital.By the end of last year, she had taught in this school for 30 years.3. 表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或計(jì)劃，常與hope, expect, suppose, mean, think, want等連用：She had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plans.“時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用

18、一般過(guò)去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.表示“一就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.八過(guò)去完

19、成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)起持續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，可能剛剛終止，也可能繼續(xù)下去。與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法相似，只是以過(guò)去時(shí)間為著眼點(diǎn)。He had been working there for three years before he moved to London. 九過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)⒁l(fā)生的事或計(jì)劃、打算要做的事。He told me that his father was in hospital and that he would go to see him after work.They explained that they would build a dam to c

20、ontrol flood.十一般將來(lái)時(shí)：1.表示預(yù)見(jiàn)或說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻才考慮到的，還可以表示客觀規(guī)律必然發(fā)生的事情：There will be a new movie shown at the Globe Cinema tonight.Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side. Lets go together then. I will meet you at the theatre at six-thirty. 注：如果不是表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間，而是表示“意愿、堅(jiān)持、推論

21、”等，will也可用于條件句。If you will learn English , Ill help you .你若愿意學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，我將幫助你。If you will kindly wait a moment , Ill ask him to go there with you .你若耐心等一會(huì)的話，我將叫他和你一起去那兒。如果條件從句表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，主句中常用will，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。If you go to England, you will like the food there .2.be going to do表示按照計(jì)劃，打算或安排要做的事，主語(yǔ)是人；表示已經(jīng)有跡象

22、將要發(fā)生的事，主語(yǔ)是物：Im going to stay here until tomorrow night.Look at these black clouds . Its going to rain . Im afraid Im going to have a bad cold.注：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，“意圖”是事先經(jīng)過(guò)考慮的，用be going to表示；反之則用will。will還多用于對(duì)話中，即一方聽(tīng)了對(duì)方的話后所作出的反應(yīng)。A. Theyre going to meet at the school gate . B. Please bring me a cup of tea . Ill do

23、 it in a minute . 3. be動(dòng)詞和come, leave, reach, return, go, start out, meet, open, die, arrive等瞬間動(dòng)作表示“來(lái)去”“出發(fā)”“到達(dá)”等的詞語(yǔ)和表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間副詞連用，表示近期將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：When will they leave? They are leaving very soon. Aunt Lucy is returning home from New Zealand next week.Is anybody seeing you off? 4. be about to表示馬上發(fā)生，“就要”，“即將

24、”，不能和at once, immediately和具體時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)連用，常用于be about to do , when：The plane is about to take off when the police received a phone call, saying that a bomb might have been planted on it.5. be to do表示按照計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或表示職責(zé)、意圖、約定、可能性等，還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)述第三者的話，與第二人稱連用：You are to be back by 11 oclock . We are to meet at th

25、e zoo. Is he studying for an examination?Yes, hes to take it next week.十一將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：1. 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一時(shí)段內(nèi)持續(xù)的動(dòng)作：Daniels family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.2. 表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，但這個(gè)動(dòng)作會(huì)持續(xù)到將來(lái)：Paul is still in the lab. I think that he will be doing the experiment until tomorrow mor

26、ning.3. 表示將來(lái)自然而然會(huì)發(fā)生的事，而非安排：The weather report says that it will be snowing when we arrive in Wuxi City tomorrow afternoon.4. 表示委婉地或有禮貌地詢問(wèn)，請(qǐng)求對(duì)方或別人計(jì)劃要做的事：Will you be playing basketball this weekend? If you will, could I join you?十二將來(lái)完成時(shí)：1. 表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響，經(jīng)常與before+將來(lái)時(shí)間或by+將來(lái)時(shí)間連用

27、，也可與before或by the time引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句連用：By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.2. 表示推測(cè)，相當(dāng)于must have done：You will have heard of

28、this, I guess.I am sure he will have got the information.【相關(guān)知識(shí)及運(yùn)用】1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：上述三個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)在使用中容易混淆是因?yàn)樗麄冇邢嘟牡胤剑@個(gè)相近之處就是“過(guò)去”?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念都同“過(guò)去”有關(guān)，彼此之間的混淆便由此產(chǎn)生。只有抓住他們的不同，才能熟練地將這三種時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別開(kāi)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)只用以陳述過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which wa

29、s Monsieur Defarge. 向讀者陳述1775年所發(fā)生的故事的地點(diǎn)、人物等有關(guān)信息?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但說(shuō)話時(shí)要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，語(yǔ)意的重心著眼于現(xiàn)在。這種過(guò)去的動(dòng)作同現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系有兩種情況：a)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍具有影響。-Would you go to see the film with me this evening?-Sorry, I have seen it before.have seen the film的動(dòng)作肯定發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響是“我不想和你去看了”。b)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。表示這種延續(xù)時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)用到for、since一類時(shí)

30、間狀語(yǔ)。I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (從畢業(yè)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years. (20年前發(fā)生的 “l(fā)ive”，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)過(guò)去完成時(shí)必須有一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作作為參照點(diǎn)，由此發(fā)生了同一般過(guò)去時(shí)混淆的問(wèn)題。過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一種相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它必須有一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作為參照，比這個(gè)過(guò)去的參照動(dòng)作更早的動(dòng)作才能用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如果沒(méi)有這個(gè)過(guò)去的參照的動(dòng)作，就沒(méi)有過(guò)去完成時(shí)，即使是一億年前的動(dòng)作也是一般過(guò)去時(shí)。When I got to the

31、cinema, the film had begun.got to the cinema是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，had begun則發(fā)生在got to the cinema 之前。注：某些固定句型中的固定時(shí)態(tài)This / That / It is the first time +從句（ ）Its / has been +一段時(shí)間+since從句（ ）Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +從句（ ）It will be +一段時(shí)間+before從句（ ）It was +一段時(shí)間+before從句（ ）Its time+從句（ 或 ）would rathe

32、r+從句（ / ）2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的未完成性、持續(xù)性，著眼于動(dòng)作的過(guò)程；一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)，且已結(jié)束，著眼于結(jié)果。She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在寫(xiě))She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚寫(xiě)了，并且寫(xiě)好了）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, forever等詞連用表示一定的感情色彩。 He was always throwing things about. (表示不滿或討厭)注：時(shí)

33、態(tài)的呼應(yīng)在復(fù)合句，從句（主要是賓語(yǔ)從句）中的時(shí)態(tài)，常受主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的影響，這就叫做時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)一般有如下的情況。1. 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，其從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)，She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.2. 如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，但要注意到下列情況：如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句中須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。She said she was busy then. 如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂

34、語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，從句中須用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。I didnt know that she had been to London twice. 如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，從句須用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。They didnt know when they would have a rest. 如果從句中說(shuō)明的是一種普遍真理現(xiàn)象，雖然主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)從句中仍要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. 如果從句中有表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，雖然其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所

35、表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，從句仍用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；但如果該狀語(yǔ)表示的時(shí)間不具體，則從句仍要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。Tome said he was born in 1975.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是表示主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間相互關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式。在英語(yǔ)中有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之分。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)所表達(dá)的主、謂、賓之間的關(guān)系是：主語(yǔ)發(fā)出或執(zhí)行謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者為賓語(yǔ)。即主語(yǔ)同謂語(yǔ)具有語(yǔ)意上的邏輯關(guān)系，謂語(yǔ)同賓語(yǔ)具有語(yǔ)意上的邏輯關(guān)系。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)所表達(dá)的關(guān)系是：動(dòng)作的承受者做句子的主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間具有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本形式：助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 / be + 過(guò)去分詞口語(yǔ)只

36、也有用get / become + 過(guò)去分詞表示。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒(méi)必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略）在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，各種時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般形式見(jiàn)下表：一般進(jìn)行完成現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)（1）使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化?？聪铝欣?。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an inte

37、resting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)（位置不變）；（作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、b

38、e to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過(guò)去分詞。當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式：（A）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。（B）用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.Peop

39、le know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.類似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況。所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之中如come up, run out（用完）, give out（耗盡）, go out（熄滅）, come out（出版）

40、, come to light, belong to, break out, lose heart, die out, own, have, possess, happen, occur等。表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have、own、belong to等。表示“希望、意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式、動(dòng)名

41、詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。有些動(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞與well, smoothly, easily等連用時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在的“性能”“特點(diǎn)”，用主動(dòng)代替被動(dòng)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗These novels wont sell well.這些小說(shuō)不暢

42、銷。My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)很流暢。The door wont lock.門鎖不上。The fish smells good.魚(yú)聞起來(lái)香。當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。be worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。在“be + 形容詞（for sb）

43、+ to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。This kind of water isnt fit to drink. The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent（出租）也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。（4）被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。be seated坐著He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself be

44、hind the door.)他藏在門后。be lost迷路 be drunk喝醉 be dressed穿著The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.（5）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))動(dòng)詞do 的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)形式變化對(duì)照表主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)

45、考點(diǎn)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) Planning so far ahead _ no sense so many things will have changed by next year. (2011全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷23)A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made考點(diǎn)2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)It is the most instructive lecture that I _ since I came to this school. (2011湖南卷30) A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. h

46、ave attended 考點(diǎn)3.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí) That must have been a long trip. Yeah, it _ us a whole week to get there. (2011北京卷27) A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking考點(diǎn)4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son _ from college.(2011遼寧卷34) A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been grad

47、uating D. had graduated 考點(diǎn)5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) You look so tired, what have you been doing? We have been discussing the problem but we _ a conclusion yet. A. havent drawn B. have been drawing C. didnt draw D. werent drawing考點(diǎn)6.一般將來(lái)時(shí)與將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) I hear you _ in a pub. Whats it like? Well, its very hard work and

48、 Im always tired, but I dont mind. (2011江蘇卷21) A. are working B. will work C. were working D. will be working動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn) 考點(diǎn)1.兩種特殊的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)She was _ the bike for 25 dollars，but she wouldnt take it. A. provided B. supplied C. offered D. gave英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，如： give, buy, bring, show, pass, offer, l

49、end, leave, tell, write, sing, teach等，這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以將其中任何一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，而另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。如： He bought me many books. I was bought many books. 或 Many books were bought for me.2. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Why does Lingling look so unhappy? She _ by her classmates. A. has laughed B. has laughed at C. has been laughed D. has b

50、een laughed at短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是由“動(dòng)詞+介詞”， “動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”等結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中，不能漏掉其后的介詞。在“動(dòng)詞名詞介詞”這類動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，“名詞be動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞介詞”也是高考熱點(diǎn)。如：take care ofcare be taken of; make good use ofgood use be made of; take advantage ofadvantage be taken of。 考點(diǎn)2.主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的若干情形 Shall we go fishing tomorrow? Sounds great, but with so much home

51、work _， I really cant afford the time. A. done B. to do C. being done D. doing考點(diǎn)3.不及物動(dòng)詞和有些及物動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Great changes _ in the city and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set upC. are taken place; are set up D. were taken place; were set up

52、考點(diǎn)4. 作狀語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江卷19) A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered考點(diǎn)5. 作后置定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. A.

53、 completing B. completed C. having been completed D. to have been completed考點(diǎn)6. “get/become及其他系動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞”表示被動(dòng)，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu) They got _ after returning from the big party last week. A. separate B. separating C. separated D. to separate考點(diǎn)7.形式被動(dòng)意義表主動(dòng)的短語(yǔ)一般都由“be v.ed介詞或少量的不定式”組成，如be faced with(面臨)，be determined to

54、 do(下決心干)，be caught in(遇上), be devoted to (致力于), be known for(因出名)，be lost in(陷于，埋頭于) 等等。在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)只需去掉be。 _ to achieve high grades in the final examination, he tried to study harder and harder. A. Being determining B. Determined C. To determine D. Determine 考點(diǎn)8. 帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu) The missing girl was last seen _ under the big tree. A. read B. to read C. reading D. to be read