2008年職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試教材理工類新增內(nèi)容完整版

1、2008年職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試教材理工類新增內(nèi)容完整版第七篇 Moderate earthquake strikes England Moderate earthquake strikes England A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent

2、 County2. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries. It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride3, said the woman. The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5, about 8.5 miles south of

3、Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7. Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds. I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me, said Hendrick van

4、Eck, 27, of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London. I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9. It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down. There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are r

5、are in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4. 8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10. The countrys strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Rog

6、er Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France12. Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this

7、part of England. However, people should not be scared too mush by this prediction, Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce

8、 damage to the minimum. 詞匯：moderate /mdrIt/ adj. 中等的magnitude /mQgnItju:d/ n. 值，強(qiáng)度量topple /tpl/ v. 傾倒，震倒rouse /rAUz/ v. 喚醒tremor /trem/ n. 震動(dòng)hop /hp/ v. 齊足跳起fun-fair /fnfe/ n. 公共露天游樂(lè)場(chǎng)scale /skeIl/ n. 震級(jí)forthcoming /f:TkmIN/ adj. 即將來(lái)臨的 evacuate /IvQkjueIt/ v. 疏散geological /dZIldZIkl/ adj. 地質(zhì)的注釋:1. po

9、wer：電力2. Kent County：肯特郡位于英格蘭東南部3. It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride：它(地震)給人的感覺是整幢房子就像游樂(lè)場(chǎng)的滑行機(jī)一樣在滑動(dòng)。ride 是“游樂(lè)場(chǎng)供人玩樂(lè)的乘坐式的活動(dòng)裝置”。as if 是 “好象一樣；仿佛”，例如： He treated me as if I were his son. (他待我如同他的兒子一樣。) 4. the 4.3-magnitude quake：里氏4.3級(jí)地震5. English Channel：英吉利海峽6. Do

10、ver：多佛爾英格蘭東南部港市7. Channel Tunnel：海峽隧道。Channel Tunnel (常簡(jiǎn)稱為Chunnel) 是連接英法兩國(guó)的海峽隧道。8. Canterbury：坎特伯雷英格蘭東南部城市，中世紀(jì)時(shí)曾是宗教朝圣圣地9. it was getting heavier and heavier：爆裂聲越來(lái)越響 10. Birmingham：伯明翰英格蘭中部城市11. the Richter scale：里氏震級(jí)表。美國(guó)地震學(xué)家 Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985) 于1935年制定了地震震級(jí)表。12. British Geological S

11、urvey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France：英國(guó)地質(zhì)勘測(cè)所的科學(xué)家 Roger Musson 說(shuō)，這次 4 月 28 日遭遇地震的地區(qū)就是經(jīng)受過(guò)襲擊英國(guó)最強(qiáng)烈的幾次大地震的同一地區(qū)，其中的一次大

12、地震發(fā)生在1580年，那次地震蹂躪了倫敦，巴黎也能感到它的震波。13. a matter of time：時(shí)間問(wèn)題。又如：Its not a matter of money (這不是個(gè)錢的問(wèn)題。)練習(xí)：1. During the April 28 earthquake, whole England was left without power. A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.A. RightB. WrongC.

13、 Not mentioned3. It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured, but not seriously.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5.The countrys str

14、ongest earthquake took place in London .in 1580.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later. A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquake

15、s.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案與題解：1.B題句說(shuō)2007年4月28日的地震致使全英格蘭都停電，與短文第一段第一句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不符。短文說(shuō)地震殃及英格蘭東南部的肯特郡部分地區(qū)，電力中斷，幾千名居民無(wú)電可用。所以，題句是錯(cuò)誤的，答案為B。2.C本題所說(shuō)的意思是：地震發(fā)生后，海峽隧道關(guān)閉了10小時(shí)。題句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容短文中找不到，故答案為C。3.A題句的意思是：地震中一個(gè)婦女的頭部和頸部受了點(diǎn)輕傷。題句表達(dá)的意思與第一段第一句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容相符。所以選項(xiàng) A 是答案。4.C題句表達(dá)的意思是：法國(guó)和其他幾個(gè)歐洲國(guó)家派遣他們的醫(yī)療隊(duì)去英國(guó)與當(dāng)?shù)氐尼t(yī)生并肩工作。這一內(nèi)容短

16、文中找不到，故答案為 C。5.B題句所說(shuō)的英國(guó)最強(qiáng)烈的地震于1580 年發(fā)生在倫敦，這與短文表述的事實(shí)不符。短文第七段第一句明白無(wú)誤地說(shuō)，英國(guó)最強(qiáng)烈的地震于1931年發(fā)生在北海。題句表達(dá)的信息是錯(cuò)誤的，故答案為 B。6.A題句說(shuō) Musson 預(yù)言在英格蘭東南部遲早將發(fā)生另一次地震。這一說(shuō)法與短文最后一段第三句所表達(dá)的意思相符。短文中說(shuō)，另一次地震將襲擊英格蘭東南部，這只是個(gè)時(shí)間問(wèn)題。所以答案是A。7.A短文第六段第一句說(shuō)，全球每年發(fā)生強(qiáng)度為里氏 4 級(jí)左右的地震有幾千次，但是這種中等強(qiáng)度的地震英格蘭很少發(fā)生。據(jù)此，讀者可以容易地推斷出，高震級(jí)的地震在英格蘭就更少見了。 第十篇 Irish D

17、olphins may have a unique dialect Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF)1 has been studying a group of up to 120

18、 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon. As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer

19、 and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 - but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins. We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associa

20、te them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves, project leader Simon Berrow said. Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make. Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins clicks are used to

21、find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot, he said. The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey. When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm

22、whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales, Berrow said. References8 in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as th

23、e 6th century9. They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.詞匯：Irish /aIrIS/ adj. 愛爾蘭的socialise /sUSlaIz/ v. 社交，交往dolphin /dlfIn/ n.海豚bottle-nose dolphin 寬吻海豚sperm whale 巨頭鯨click /k

24、lIk/ n. 咔噠聲，喀嚓聲estuary /estjurI/ n. 河口，江口vocalisation /vUklaIzeISn/ n. 發(fā)聲shed/Sed/ n. 小屋，棚digitalise /dIdZItlaIz / v. 使數(shù)字化whistle /(h)wIsl/ n. 嘯聲forage /frIdZ/ v. 搜尋（食物）prey /preI/ n. 被捕食的動(dòng)物gunshot /gnSt/ n. 射擊聲groan /grUn/ n. 呻吟，嘆息pulse /pls/ n. 脈沖stun /stn/ v. 擊昏注釋:1. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildl

25、ife Foundation (SDWF): 香農(nóng)海豚與野生生物基金會(huì)。2. the Shannon River：香農(nóng)河 位于愛爾蘭共和國(guó)的中西部3. cow shed: 牛棚4. those 指代前半句的 whistles。5. Ronan Hickeyseparated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories： Ronan Hickey 將嘯聲劃分為6大類32種6. most = most categories7. both sets of dolphins 是指 the Irish dolph

26、ins 和 the Welsh dolphins。8. References in local legend:：當(dāng)?shù)貍髡f(shuō)中的有關(guān)說(shuō)法9. they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century：海豚可能早在公元 6 世紀(jì)就在香農(nóng)河河口繁衍生息，resident 是形容詞，意思是 “居住的”。練習(xí)：1. The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF

27、scientists. A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. Ronan Hickey analysed almost 2000 different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins. .A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3. Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4. Whistles could also be used to

28、communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5.Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.

29、A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 25,000 people come to see them every year. A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned.答案與題解：1.C本題所說(shuō)的意思是寬吻海豚與巨頭鯨進(jìn)食習(xí)慣上大相徑庭，這一點(diǎn)令科學(xué)家很感興趣。題句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容短文中找不到，故答案為C。2.B題句的意思是： Ronan Hickey 分析了愛爾蘭海豚發(fā)出的近2000種不同的方言。這句話與短文中敘述的意思不符。第三段第一句說(shuō)： Ronan Hick

30、ey 分析了愛爾蘭海豚和威爾士海豚(不僅僅是愛爾蘭海豚)發(fā)出的近2000種不同的嘯聲(不是方言)。所以，本題選項(xiàng) B 是答案。3.A題句表達(dá)的意思與第三段第二句所述的內(nèi)容相符。32 種嘯聲中有 8 種是愛爾蘭海豚獨(dú)有的。所以答案是 A。4.A短文第四段第一句說(shuō)科學(xué)家正在設(shè)法將嘯聲與海豚的行為特性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，其中也包括成年海豚與小海豚之間的聯(lián)絡(luò)這一行為。題句的意思與原句的意思相符，所以答案是 A。5.C本題所說(shuō)的意思是鯨魚能發(fā)出比海豚更強(qiáng)烈的超聲波去殺死獵物。題句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容短文中找不到，故答案為 C。6.B短文第五段說(shuō)的是，早在公元6世紀(jì)海豚就在香農(nóng) 河河口繁衍生息，而沒(méi)有說(shuō)早在公元6世紀(jì)漁民開始

31、在香農(nóng) 河河口養(yǎng)殖海豚。題句的意思與文章的意思不符，所以答案是 B。7.A題句表達(dá)的意思與最后一段的意思相符。原文說(shuō)大約每年有 25000 名游客專程到此乘坐當(dāng)?shù)氐男〈^看海豚.。所以答案是A。 1. Electric Backpack (C級(jí))（替換2007年用書理工類閱讀理解第二篇：Will Quality Eat up the US Lead in Software? ）Backpacks are convenient. They can hold your books, your lunch, and a change of clothes, leaving your hands fr

32、ee to do other things. Someday, if you dont mind carrying a heavy load, your backpacks might also power your MP31 player, keep your cell phone running, and maybe even light your way home.Lawrence C. Rome and his colleagues from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia2 and the Marine Biologica

33、l Laboratory in Woods Hole3, Mass. 4, have invented a backpack that makes electricity from energy produced while its wearer walks. In military actions, search-and-rescue operations, and scientific field studies, people rely increasingly on cell phones, global positioning system (GPS)5 receivers, nig

34、ht-vision goggles, and other battery-powered devices to get around and do their work. The backpacks electricity-generating feature could dramatically reduce the amount of a wearers load now devoted to spare batteries, report Rome and his colleagues in the Sept. 9 Science6.The backpacks electricity-c

35、reating powers depend on springs used to hang a cloth pack from its metal frame. The frame sits against the wearers back, and the whole pack moves up and down as the person walks. A gear mechanism converts vertical movements of the pack to rotary motions of an electrical generator, producing up to 7

36、.4 watts.Unexpectedly, tests showed that wearers of the new backpack alter their gaits in response to the packs oscillations, so that they carry loads more comfortably and with less effort than they do ordinary backpacks. Because of that surprising advantage, Rome plans to commercialize both electri

37、c and non-electric versions of the backpack.The backpack could be especially useful for soldiers, scientists, mountaineers, and emergency workers who typically carry heavy backpacks. For the rest of us, power-generating backpacks could make it possible to walk, play video games, watch TV, and listen

38、 to music, all at the same time. Electricity-generating packs arent on the market yet, but if you do get one eventually, just make sure to look both ways before crossing the street! 詞匯：backpack /bQkpQk/ n.背包watt /wt/ n. 瓦（特）receiver /rIsiv/ n. 接收機(jī)gait /geIt/ n. 步態(tài)，步法night-vision goggle 夜視鏡oscillatio

39、n /sIleISn/ n. 擺動(dòng)spring /sprIN/ n. 彈簧commercialize /kmSlaIz/ v. 商業(yè)化vertical /vtIkl/ adj. 垂直的mountaineer /maUntInI/ n. 登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員rotary /rUtrI/ adj. 旋轉(zhuǎn)的注釋：1. MP3 ：Internet上最流行的音樂(lè)格式，最早起源于1987年德國(guó)一家公司的EU147數(shù)字傳輸計(jì)劃，它利用MPEGAudioLayer3的技術(shù)，將聲音文件用112左右的壓縮率壓縮，變成容量較小的音樂(lè)文件，使傳輸和儲(chǔ)存更為便捷，更利于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶在網(wǎng)上試聽或下載到個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)。2. Philade

40、lphia：費(fèi)城美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州東南部港市3. Woods Hole：美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州的一個(gè)漁村，也是許多重要研究機(jī)構(gòu)所在地，如： the Marine Biological Laboratory, the Sea Education Association 以及 the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,4. Mass.：Massachusetts 的縮寫：馬薩諸塞州，美國(guó)東北部的一個(gè)州。5. global positioning system (GPS)： 全球定位系統(tǒng)6. Science：美國(guó)的 Science 雜志為國(guó)際上著名的自然科學(xué)綜合類學(xué)術(shù)期

41、刊，在世界學(xué)術(shù)界享有盛譽(yù)。 Science 雜志創(chuàng)刊于1880年，該雜志具有新聞雜志和學(xué)術(shù)期刊的雙重特點(diǎn)，每周除向世界各地發(fā)布有關(guān)科學(xué)技術(shù)和科技政策的重要新聞外，還發(fā)表全球科技研究最顯著突破的研究論文和報(bào)告。練習(xí)：1. Backpacks are convenient becauseA) they can be very largeB) they can hold as many things as you want to carry.C) your hands are freed to do other things.D) you do not have to carry things wi

42、th you. 2. What is the most important feature of the backpack invented by Lawrence C. Rome and his colleagues?A) It produces electricity for electronic devices while the wearer walks. B) It can be used as cell phones, GPS in the military actions or field studies. C) It is small and convenient. D) It

43、 is light and easy to carry. 3. The word “springs” in Paragraph 3 meansA) a small stream of water flowing naturally from the earth.B) the season of the year, occurring between winter and summer.C) the act or an instance of jumping or leaping. D) a length of metal wound around, which returns to its o

44、riginal shape after being pushed.4. According to Paragraph 4, what does Rome plan to do?A) To make the backpack more comfortable for the wearer.B) To put the backpack on the market. C) To test the advantage of the backpack. D) To promote the backpack in a newspaper or on television.5. What is implie

45、d in “if you do get one eventually, just make sure to look both ways before crossing the street!”A) You will be too excited to watch the traffic. B) Enjoying electronic devices while walking may invite traffic accidents. C) It is not possible for you to get such a backpack.D) It is wise of you to ha

46、ve such a backpack. 答案與題解：1. C 第一段告訴我們，因?yàn)楸嘲梢匝b許多東西，所以可以將雙手解放出來(lái)做其它事情：to free your hands to do other things.2. A 第二段的第一句說(shuō)，Lawrence C. Rome 及其同事們發(fā)明的這種背包，當(dāng)背著背包走路時(shí)，會(huì)有電能產(chǎn)生；該段最后一句告訴我們，背包的這種性能可減少背包的重量，因?yàn)椴槐財(cái)y帶備用電池。3 D “springs”在此是彈簧的意思。spring是一個(gè)多義詞：泉水（A）、春天（B）、彈跳（C）。4 B 第四段最后一句的意思是：Rome計(jì)劃將這種背包商業(yè)化，即，推向市場(chǎng)。A、C、D

47、在文中均未提到。D的意思是為背包做廣告。5 B 這個(gè)句子的字面意思是：如果你終于得到這樣的背包，過(guò)馬路時(shí)一定要兩面都看看。也就是說(shuō)，不要因?yàn)橥瑫r(shí)玩著游戲、聽著音樂(lè)、看著電視，太專注以致不注意來(lái)往車輛了。2. Flying the Hyper1 Skies (C級(jí))（替換2007年用書理工類閱讀理解第六篇：Live with Computer）A little airplane has given new meaning to the term “going hyper.”The Hyper-X2 recently broke the record for air-breathing jet p

48、lanes when it traveled at a hypersonic speed of seven times the speed of sound. Thats about 5,000 miles per hour. At this speed, youd get around the world flying along the equator in less than 5 hours.The hyper-X is an unmanned, experimental aircraft just 12 feet long. It achieves hypersonic speed u

49、sing a special sort of engine known as a scramjet3. It may sound like something from a comic book, but engineers have been experimenting with scramjets since the 1960s.For an engine to burn fuel and produce energy, it needs oxygen. A jet engine, like those on passenger airplanes, gets oxygen from th

50、e air. A rocket engine typically goes faster but has to carry its own supply of oxygen. A scramjet engine goes as fast as a rocket, but it doesnt have to carry its own oxygen supply.A scramjets special design allows it to obtain oxygen from the air that flows through the engine. And it does so witho

51、ut letting the fast-moving air put out the combustion flames. However, a scramjet engine works properly only at speeds greater than five times the speed of sound.A booster rocket carried the Hyper-X to an altitude of about 100,000 feet for its test flight. The aircrafts record-beating flight lasted

52、just 11 seconds. Although the little planes self-powered flight lasted only 11 seconds, that brief journey on March 27 makes a major milestone on the way to a new breed of very fast airplanes, comments Werner J. A. Dahm of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor4. In the future, engineers predict, a

53、irplanes equipped with scramjet engines could transport cargo quickly and cheaply to the brink of space. Such hypersonic jets could potentially carry passengers anywhere in the world in just a few hours.Out of the three experimental Hyper-X aircrafts built for NASA5, only one is now left. The agency

54、 has plans for another 11-second hypersonic flight, this time at 10 times the speed of the sound. 詞匯：hypersonic /haIpsnIk/ adj. 超音速的booster /bu:st/ n. 助推器equator /IkweIt(r)/ n. 赤道m(xù)ilestone /maIlstUn/ n. 里程碑unmanned /nmQnd/ adj. 無(wú)人的booster rocket助推火箭scramjet /skrQmdZet/ n. 超音速燃燒沖壓式,cargo /kA:gU/ n. 貨

55、物噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)brink /brINk/ n. 邊緣combustion /kmbstSn/ n. 燃燒注釋：1. Hyper: 構(gòu)詞詞素，意思是：超，極度的；例如：hypersonic (超音速)，hyper text （超文本），hyperactive（極度活躍）。2. Hyper-X：美國(guó)國(guó)家航空和宇宙航行局進(jìn)行了多年的超音速飛機(jī)研究項(xiàng)目（Hyper X Program）中的一架實(shí)驗(yàn)飛機(jī)。 3. scramjet：該詞由三個(gè)詞素縮略而成：s(upersonic超音速)，c(ombustion：燃燒) 和 ramjet (噴氣引擎)，即，一種噴氣式飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，設(shè)計(jì)用于極超音速飛行，燃料在飛機(jī)

56、產(chǎn)生的極超音速氣流中燃燒。4. Ann Arbor：美國(guó)密歇根州（Michigan）的一個(gè)城市，華盛頓郡郡政府所在地，因密歇根大學(xué)而聞名。 5. NASA：是National Aeronautics and Space Administration的縮寫, 中文譯名是：(美國(guó)) 國(guó)家航空和宇宙航行局。練習(xí)：1. The Hyper X broke the record becauseA) It was the first air-breathing jet plane.B) It flew along the equator.C) It flew at speeds smaller than five times the speed of sound. D) It traveled at a supersonic speed.2. What kind of an engine did the Hyper X use?A) A jet engine that gets oxygen from the air.B) A scramjet engine that doesnt carry its own oxygen supply.C) A rocket engine that carries it