虛擬語氣用法歸納 (3)

1、虛擬語氣（the subjunctive mood）用法歸納第一部分：語氣的定義和種類1、語氣(mood) 語氣是動詞的一種形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。 2、語氣的種類 陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如： Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion. 每個問題都有兩個方面。 Wereyoubusyalldayyesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙嗎？ Howgoodateachersheis! 她是多好的一位老師??！ 祈使語氣：表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如： Neverbelateagain!

2、再也不要遲到了。 Dontforgettoturnoffthelight. 別忘了關(guān)燈。 虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如： IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair. 如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。 IwishIcouldpasstheexamination. 我希望我能通過考試。 Mayyousucceed! 祝您成功！ 第二部分：簡單句中的虛擬語氣一、情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會話中。如： Would you be kind enough to sho

3、w me the way to the post office?請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？ It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好別熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+動詞原形”表示祝愿，但愿，may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。如： May good luck be yours! 祝你好運！ May you be happy! 祝你快樂！ May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就！ May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。 May the friendship

4、between us last long. 祝愿我們的友情天長地久。 May you be happy. 祝你幸福。【注意】本句型屬于部分倒裝句型，主語后用動詞原形。2、用動詞原形。如： Long live the people! 人民萬歲！ “God bless you,” said the priest. 牧師說：“愿上帝保佑你！” Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示強烈愿望。（該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”） God save me. Heaven help us.四、表命令。1. 命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you)，而且通常

5、省略主語(也就是you)。2. 句子尾通常加上感嘆號。3. 虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go。4. 否定形式的命令語氣，可用助動詞do加上not。(1) Work !(2) Work harder !(3) Be more alert ! (虛擬語氣動詞Be)(4) You go out !(5) Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語氣)(6) Dont be afraid. (口語中常用dont 代替do not)五、在一些習(xí)慣表達中。如：(1) Youd better set off now.

6、你最好現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。(2) Id rather not tell you the secret. 我情愿不告訴你這個秘密。第三部分：復(fù)合句中的虛擬語氣一、虛擬條件句的三種基本類型：與現(xiàn)在事實相反、與過去事實相反、與將來事實相反。條件句有真實條件句和非真實（虛擬）條件句兩種。真實條件句所表示的假設(shè)是有可能發(fā)生的，而非真實條件句則通常表示一種假想，與事實相反或不大可能會發(fā)生。如：If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有時間，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?陳述語氣)If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?虛擬語氣

7、) 與現(xiàn)在事實相反：若與現(xiàn)在事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should (would, could, might)+動詞原形”。如：If I knew her number, I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的電話號碼，我就可以給她打電話了。(可惜我不知道) 與過去事實相反：若與過去事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去完成時(had+過去分詞)，主句謂語用“should (would, could, might)+have+過去分詞”。如：If Id left sooner, Id have been on time. 要是我早點動身，我就

8、準(zhǔn)時到了。(但我動身太遲了) 與將來事實相反：若與將來事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should (would, could, might)+動詞原形”。如：If I asked him, Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他會幫助我們。(不過我不打算這樣做)總結(jié)：1. 虛擬語氣的解題方法是：回歸法。即將主句和從句的時態(tài)回歸到非虛擬語氣的狀態(tài)，然后再用“時態(tài)向前推”的方法將主從句改變?yōu)樘摂M語氣的時態(tài)?！咀⒁狻垮e綜時間虛擬條件句也用這種方法解題。2. 虛擬條件句：與現(xiàn)在事實相反：從句過去時，主句should (would, c

9、ould, might)+動詞原形；與將來事實相反：從句過去時/should +V原/（were +to do），主句should (would, could, might)+動詞原形；與過去事實相反：從句had done，主句should (would, could, might)+have+過去分詞。【注意】主句中有had done，從句中一定有have done。反之，在錯綜虛擬條件句中不成立。3. 從句中可以有should表示將來時的虛擬語氣，并且可能性很小，但是主句中的should表示主語必須是第一人稱。4. 區(qū)別：虛擬語氣主句中should（表第一人稱），would（表結(jié)果），co

10、uld（表能力、許可或可能性）和might（表可能性）。試比較：If you tried again, you would succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就會成功的。(would表結(jié)果)If you tried again, you might succeed. 要是你再試一試，你可能會成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again, you could succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就能成功了。(could表能力)5. 在虛擬條件句中，對于與將來事實相反的情形，請注意以下幾點：（1） 條件從句表示的內(nèi)容與將來事實相反，實為對將來情況的推測，用過去時表示虛擬；（2

11、） 條件從句謂語除用過去式外，有時也用“should+動詞原形(表示可能性極小，常譯為“萬一”)”或“were to+動詞原形(表示與將來事實相反的假設(shè))”；（3） 條件從句使用“should+動詞原形”這樣的謂語形式時，主句謂語除可用“should (would, could, might)+動詞原形”這樣的虛擬語氣形式外，也可用直陳語氣或祈使語氣。試比較：If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 萬一明天下雨，就不要等我了。（祈使語氣）If I should see him, Ill tell him. 萬一我見到他，我就告訴他。（直陳語氣）6

12、. 當(dāng)條件從句的主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語動詞若是系動詞be時，可用were代替was。特別是在倒裝虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我還年輕十歲的話，我會去國外學(xué)習(xí)。If I were you, I would try to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的話，我要盡力抓住這次機會。7. 有時虛擬條件句中，主、從句的動作若不是同時發(fā)生時，即錯綜時間虛擬條件句。所謂錯綜時間虛擬條件句即條件從句與主句所指時間不一致，如從句指過去，而

13、主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，此時應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境情況，結(jié)合上面提到的三種基本類型對時態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。具體分為下面三種情況： 從句的動作與過去事實相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會使工程師了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會來這里了。 從句的動作與現(xiàn)在事實相反，而主句的動作與過去事實不符。如：If he were f

14、ree today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話，我們會已經(jīng)派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認識她的話，他肯定會去問候她了。 從句的動作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊家會長得更好。If he had been working hard, he wou

15、ld be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的話，他現(xiàn)在已進了辦公室了。8. 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were, should, had時，if可省略，而將were, should, had等詞置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話，她會同意我們的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hir

16、ed him to work here. 如果她懂一些電腦知識的話，我們會已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。9. 有時句子沒有直接給出假設(shè)情況的條件，而須通過上下文或其他方式來判斷。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本該來看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的幫助，我們還會在工作呢。But that I saw it, I wouldnt have believed it. 要不是我親眼目睹，我還不信呢。Without your instruction,

17、 I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會取得如此大的進步?！咀⒁狻縝ut for后接sth，but that后接從句。10. 有時虛擬條件句中，主、從句可省略其中一個，來表示說話人的一種強烈的感情。如： 省略從句He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你應(yīng)該會通過這次考試了。 省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了該多好啊。11.

18、兩個?？糹f虛擬語氣句型。這兩個句型是If it werent for和If it hadnt been for，其意為“若不是(有)、要不是有”，可以用But for或Without介詞短語替換。如：If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是沒有水植物就無法生長。If it hadnt been for your assistance, we wouldnt have succeeded. = But for your assistance, we wouldnt have succeeded.= Without your assistan

19、ce, we wouldnt have succeeded.二、虛擬語氣的其它句型：1、wish后面的賓語從句用虛擬語氣 基本用法：動詞wish后接賓語從句時，從句謂語要用虛擬語氣。 若要表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，從句謂語用一般過去時或過去進行時； 若表示與過去相反的愿望，從句謂語用過去完成時或would / could+have +過去分詞； 若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，用would (could)動詞原形。特別注意 從句的時態(tài)只與從句所指的時間有關(guān)，而與wish的時態(tài)無關(guān)。比較：I wish I were rich. 要是我現(xiàn)在有錢就好了。I wish I had been r

20、ich. 要是那時我有錢就好了。I wished I were rich. 當(dāng)時我后悔自己沒有錢。I wished I had been rich. 當(dāng)時我后悔自己曾經(jīng)沒有錢。2、if only后面的句子用虛擬語氣 基本用法：if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語氣的時態(tài)與wish后所接時態(tài)的情況相同。如：If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是當(dāng)時聽了父母的話就好了。If only she would go with me!

21、 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了! 特別注意 if only 通常獨立使用，后面直接跟句子，沒有主句（實際上主句省略了）。3、as if (though) 從句用虛擬語氣 基本用法：以as if (as though) 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句或表語從句，有時用虛擬語氣。 若表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時； 若表示與過去事實相反，用過去完成時； 表示將來的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+動詞原形。如：He acts as if he knew me. 他顯得認識我似的。They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他們待我如陌生人

22、。He talks as if he had been abroad. 他說起話來好像曾經(jīng)出過國。特別注意 (1) 從句所表示的內(nèi)容若為事實或可能為事實，也可用陳述語氣。如：It looks as if well be late. 我們似乎要遲到了。(2) 注意 It isnt as if的翻譯。如：It isnt as if he were poor. 他不像窮的樣子（或他又不窮）?！究偨Y(jié)】wish, if only, as if后面的虛擬語氣有三種形式：若表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時；若表示與過去事實相反，用過去完成時；表示將來的可能性不大，用would (might, cou

23、ld)+動詞原形。4、Its (high/about) time后的從句用虛擬語氣 基本用法：從句謂語通常用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，有時也用過去進行時或“should+動詞原形 (較少見，且should不能省略)”，其意為“(早)該干某事了”。如：Its time we went were going, should go. 我們該走了?！咀⒁?】Its time I was in bed. 我該上床睡了。（此處不用were，用was表狀態(tài)；如果表示“是”的意思時用were.)【注意2】 Its (high/about) time-“該是-的時候了”，表示將來動作的虛擬語氣，用“should+動

24、詞原形”，should不可以省略。5、would rather后句子用虛擬語氣 基本用法：在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣，其意為“寧愿做什么”，具體用法為： 一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?；Id rather you went tomorrow (now). 我寧愿你明天(現(xiàn)在)去。 用過去完成時表過去的愿望。Id rather you hadnt said it. 我真希望你沒有這樣說過?！咀⒁狻縲ould rather后的虛擬語氣有二種形式。三、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣句型：9種類型的動詞

25、后面的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，其后的虛擬語氣僅有一種形式：should+動詞原形。 表示“堅持要求”后的賓語從句主要是指insist的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷?。如：I insisted that he (should) stay. 我堅持要他留下。【注意】動詞insist后接賓語從句時，除可用虛擬語氣外，也可用陳述語氣，兩者的區(qū)別是：若謂語動詞所表示的動作尚未發(fā)生，或尚未成為事實，意思是“堅持要求”，則用虛擬語氣；若謂語動詞所表示的動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，或已經(jīng)成為事實，意思是“堅持認為”，則要用陳述語氣。比較：He insisted t

26、hat I had read his letter. 他堅持說我看過他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他堅持要我看他的信。 表示“命令”后的賓語從句主要是指order, command的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篐e ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 表示“建議”后的賓語從句主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形

27、”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篐e suggested that we should leave early. 他建議我們早點動身?！咀⒁狻颗c動詞insist相似，動詞suggest后接賓語從句時，除可用虛擬語氣外，也可用陳述語氣，兩者的區(qū)別也是：若謂語動詞所表示的情況尚未成為事實，則用虛擬語氣，此時suggest通常譯為“建議”；若謂語動詞所表示的情況為既成事實，則要用陳述語氣，此時的suggest通常譯為“表明、認為、暗示”。比較：He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建議我們留下吃飯。I suggeste

28、d that you had a secret understanding with him. 我覺得你與他心照不宣。 表示“要求”后的賓語從句主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篒 ask that he leave. 我要求他走開。He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出場。 表示“提議、投票”后的賓語從句主要是指move, vote等后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國

29、英語中通?？梢允÷?。如：I move that we accept the proposal. 我提議通過這項提案。 表示“敦促”后的賓語從句主要是指動詞urge后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篐e urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他們到歐洲去。 表示“安排”后的賓語從句主要是指動詞arrange后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷?。如：He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去國外。

30、表示“希望、打算”后的賓語從句主要是指動詞desire, intend后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷?。如：She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。 表示“指示”后的賓語從句主要是指動詞direct后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通?？梢允÷?。如：The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 將軍指示釋放那些俘虜。四、主語從句中的虛擬語氣句型：以it作形式主語，在“It b

31、e+adj.+that+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中表示命令、號召、要求、惋惜等感情時，that引導(dǎo)的主語從句用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣。常見的形容詞有：It is necessary, important, strange, natural, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative (絕對必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, ur

32、gent, vital etc.; It is a pity; It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed; It worries me that等。如： Its important類這一類型主要包括It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that. . .句型。It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能會回家去。 Its a pity類It is a pity that she should fare so b

33、adly. 她竟吃得這么差，真可憐。 Its desired類這種主語從句還常用在It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc. ) that.句型。It is requested that a vote be taken. 建議付諸表決。 It worries me thatIt worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我們竟要受責(zé)備真讓人煩惱。五、表語從句/同位語從句中的虛擬語氣句型：在advice, agreement, comman

34、d, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order等名詞后的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，其后的虛擬語氣用“should+動詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Our suggestion is that you（should）be the first to go. 我們的建議是你應(yīng)該第一個去。六、lest, for fear that

35、（以免）, in case（以防）引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣句型：在 lest, for fear that（以免）, in case（以防）引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中用結(jié)構(gòu)“should動詞原形”表示虛擬語氣，should 可以省略。如：She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates. 她走得很輕以免吵醒她的室友。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進入。Keep quiet in case you（

36、should）interrupt him when he is busy. 要保持安靜，以防打擾他。七、讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣句型：(1) 在even if, even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，有時可用虛擬語氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使華佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever

37、, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為： may +動詞原形（指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚?。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how lat

38、e he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會等他。 may +完成式（指過去），主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進步，你也不能驕傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻過什么錯誤，我們必須尊敬他。(3) 在though, although等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為 should +動詞原形

39、，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 盡管他經(jīng)常遲到，他還是個好學(xué)生。Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 盡管他是書記，他也必須遵守規(guī)定。八、原因狀語從句中的虛擬語氣句型：以be+amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, ups

40、et等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 原形動詞（指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚?。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生氣，你竟然對他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很驚訝他竟答不出如此簡單的問題。 should + 完成式（指過去）。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。I was very su

41、rprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃驚，父親竟指導(dǎo)我昨天所作的事情。虛擬語氣知識體系if條件句中的虛擬語氣使用虛擬語氣的主要句型謂語動詞的虛擬形式例句表現(xiàn)在的虛擬條件句從句：用動詞過去（be 多用were）1. If I were you, I should study English.2. I would certainly go if I had time.主句：would/should/could/might+動詞原形表過去的虛擬條件句從句：had + PP1. If you had taken m

42、y advice, you would not have failed in the test.2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP表將來的虛擬條件句從句：用動詞過去should +V原（were +to do）1. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.2. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeti

43、ng.主句：would/should/could/might +動詞原形省略if的條件句從句：用倒裝形式，即把were, had等置于句首。(并只限were/ had)主句：根據(jù)虛擬的情況采取與從句相應(yīng)的形式。1.Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder.)2.Were it not for the rain, (不能說Werent it for the rain, ) I would go swimming. 錯綜時間條件句（從句與主句所表示時間不一致）根據(jù)從句與主句表示的不同時進行調(diào)整。1

44、. If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now2. If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things would be going so smoothly.含蓄條件句（虛擬條件暗含在短語或上下文之中，從句不表現(xiàn)出來）（常見有but for/but that“要不是”， without等）根據(jù)句子表達的實際情況選用相應(yīng)的虛擬條件句中的主句的動詞形式1. Without air, there would be no living things.2. I wou

45、ld have given you more help, but I was busy now.名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣wish, “可惜”“就好了”，“悔不該”“但愿”wish后從句：與表各種時間的虛擬條件句中的從句動詞形式基本相同。具體：，表與現(xiàn)在不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“過去時，be 用were”.表與過去不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“had+PP 或 could/would +have +PP“. .表與將來不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“could/would +動詞原形”1. I wish I were a bird.2. I wish I had known the answer.would rather 后的賓語從句would rather后從句：動詞常用過去式表示現(xiàn)在和將來的虛擬語氣；用過去完成時表示過去的虛擬語氣。1. I w