歐盟擴展后的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)業(yè)定位[外文翻譯]

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目： industrial structure and industry location in an enlarged europe 出 處：www.sieps.se/dokument/download-document/20-200319.html 作 者： karolina ekholm 原 文：industrial structure and industry location in an enlarged europeeffects on industrial structureincreased trade generates scope for incr

2、eased specialization both between and within industries. the tendency for the accession countries in cee to be specialized in industries such as textiles and apparel can be seen as reflecting comparative advantages in labour intensive industries. with increased trade, such inter-industry specializat

3、ion patterns are likely to be reinforced. at the same time, we would expect increased trade to also lead to increased specialization in activities within industries that reflect the countries comparative advantages. when the entire process of producing a final good involves several different activit

4、ies, such as conducting research and development, producing intermediate inputs, and assemble inputs into final products, there may be benefits from locating these different activities in different countries. assembly activities are typically relatively labour intensive, and it may therefore be adva

5、ntageous for a fir- m to carry out such activities in countries in which labour is cheap. similarly, the production of labour intensive intermediate inputs will be produced more cheaply in low-wage countries, and therefore it may be advantageous for a firm to outsource this activity to a foreign fir

6、m or, possibly, to carry out the activity in a foreign subsidiary. it has been estimated that about half of the increase in trade between the oecd countries the last couple of decades is related to this type of fragmentation of production.the evidence on the bilateral pattern of trade and fdi sugges

7、ts that production networks of this kind typically involve countries located in geographical proximity to one another. so-called gravity analyses of trade show that, all else being equal, countries trade more with countries located close by than with countries located far away. similar type of analy

8、ses carried out for fdi reveal the same type of pattern: all else being equal, countries invest more in countries located close by than in counties located far away (e.g. ekholm, 1998, shatz and venables, 2000). this means that it seems likely that the baltic states and poland could be prime targets

9、 for firms based in sweden and finland looking for low-wage sites for part of their production processes. countries such as germany and austria may be more prone to invest in countries such as the czech republic and hungary. kaminski and smarzynska (2001) provide evidence that fdi inflows in poland

10、have contributed to an increased participation in these types of global production and distribution networks.it seems reasonable to expect that increased trade between sweden and the accession countries is going to contribute to a further specialization in skill and knowledge intensive industries an

11、d segments of industries and a further movement away from production in labour intensive industries and segments of industries. which regions in sweden are likely to be the most affected by this? the previously mentioned report on the effect of eastern enlargement on the swedish economy from a regio

12、nal perspective (eliasson et al., 1998) shows that southern and central sweden had large employment shares in labour intensive industry in 1995. in particular, this was true for regions located in smaland and bergslagen. the report also argued that small regions tend to be more specialized in labour

13、 intensive industries than large regions, resulting in a pattern where some small regions are very dependent on labour intensive industries for local employment. the opposite pattern is found for knowledge and research intensive industries. these industries are typically found in relatively large re

14、gions, such as regions close to the major cities stockholm and gothenburg and to the university towns uppsala, lund, and linkoping.another relevant question is whether accession is going to affect firms differently depending on their size. it may be easier for large firms to exploit the opportunitie

15、s of improved access to the accession countries markets and of outsourcing labour intensive stages of production. small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) may find it more difficult to reap the benefits of accession, being affected mainly through increased competition from producers in cee. a study

16、 by the rheinisch-westfalisches institute fur wirtschaftsforschung (rwi, 2000) concluded that smes in the eu would not be affected strongly by enlargement, except possibly medium-sized firms located in regions bordering the accession countries.it is apparent that compared to many other countries, a

17、relatively large share of the population in many of the countries in cee have long formal educations. in this respect, these countries have potentially comparative advantages in skill-intensive production. however, as the previous section has shown, at present the cee countries appear to be no more

18、skill abundant than the southern european countries. moreover, the transition process led initially to a dramatic fall in employment in several of the accession countries (see commission of the european communities, 2003). even if employment levels have recovered somewhat, unemployment is still rela

19、tively high. high levels of unemployment should put a cap on wage increases, keeping labour costs relatively low. thus, in the foreseeable future, it seems unlikely that increased trade would drive specialization away from industries and segments of industries that are intensive in low-skilled labou

20、r in the cee countries. an issue related to the effects of trade integration on patterns of specialization is the effect of trade integration on firm and industry location. in industries characterized by increasing returns to scale it may be advantageous for firms to locate in regions with good mark

21、et access. the reason for this is that if trade is costly and the firm wants to derive economies of scale by concentrating production in a single production unit, total trade costs will be minimized if the firm locates its single plant in the market with best access to consumers. regions with good m

22、arket access tend to be regions with large domestic markets and/or a central location vis-vis other regions with large domestic markets. thus, in industries with increasing returns to scale we would expect a tendency for firms to cluster in core regions and a tendency for peripheral regions to be at

23、 a disadvantage in producing such goods. it is not completely clear how trade integration in the form of a lowering of trade costs is likely to affect industrial location. in order for the firm to gain from locating where market access is good, trade has to be costly. on the other hand, if trade cos

24、ts are very high, firms will only sell to domestic consumers and then a high degree of local competition will be a factor that might lead firms to stay away from core regions, since these regions have not only a large number of consumers but also a large number of producers. the theoretical literatu

25、re on trade integration and industrial location suggests that it is primarily at intermediate levels of trade costs that the attraction of core regions is strong (see e.g. fujita, krugman, and venables, 1999). a consequence of this attraction is a tendency for real wages to be higher in the core tha

26、n in the periphery. lower real wages in the accession countries as well as in a country such as sweden compared to the european core might thus simply reflect a less advantageous geographical location, and might be needed in order to induce firms to remain in the region.not every industry is likely

27、to be strongly affected by the benefits of having good market access. it is crucial that the economies of scale are such that the firm chooses to carry out its operations in one or a few plants. in some industries, economies of scale at plant level are relatively weak and firms typically operate man

28、y plants in different locations. moreover, market access is only important if you are producing final goods or inputs potentially bought by many different customers. if the industry is fragmented so that inputs of a specific firm may be produced in one place, whereas the production of the final prod

29、uct takes place in another, the production of final products may very well be attracted to the core, while intermediate inputs production takes place in the periphery.whereas there is a considerable literature analyzing the theoretical implications of trade integration on industrial location, there

30、is very little empirical evidence to draw on. one study analyzing how the location of european industries has evolved in the face of european integration finds very mixed evidence for different industries (midelfart-knarvik, overman, redding, and venables, 2002). some industries seem to have become

31、more concentrated, some more dispersed, while yet some others do not seem to have changed at all. although countries and regions have be- come more specialized within the eu, this process has been very slow. there is no evidence of polarization occurring at the national level, meaning increasing dif

32、ferences in the extent of economic activities, but there is some evidence at the regional level, implying that some regions are in fact losing out (see also midelfart-knarvik and overman, 2002).however the changes, in those cases where there are changes, seem to be very slow. thus, the fear that inc

33、reased trade integration with low-wage countries in cee will produce drastic changes in the location of industries might not be justified. on the other hand, european integration has not involved countries with such low wages before, so it may very well be the case that there is much greater scope f

34、or a relocation of labour intensive industries and segments of industries to the new member countries. within the group of new member countries, the baltic states may be at a certain disadvantage compared to countries such as poland, hungary and the czech republic on account of their more peripheral

35、 location. still, the baltic states are conveniently located for participation in production networks involving scandinavian firms.effects on industrial structure and industry locationa common feature of low-wage, or low-income, countries are that in the absence of capital movements the limited scop

36、e for domestic savings would severely restrict domestic investment. in this sense, foreign capital is instrumental in increasing the pace at which capital accumulation takes place in such countries. furthermore, low-wage countries are usually scarce in technological know- ledge. fdi is associated no

37、t only with a financial investment flow, but also with a foreign firm keep- ing control over the investment project, thereby being able to apply its technology to the project. thus, an increased inflow of fdi will be very important for industrial development and industrial restructuring in the acces

38、sion countries.there are two main reasons as to why the incentives for foreign firms to invest in the accession countries are likely to increase with accession. to begin with, a membership will improve the prospects for high economic growth and a stable development in these countries. this means tha

39、t the incentives to invest in order to get better access to a growing market in the accession countries will increase. furthermore, the improved access to the eu market combined with the low wages will make the accession countries a more attractive location for production for the western european ma

40、rket. this means that the incentives to invest in order to lower the costs of producing goods for the markets in the current eu members will also increase.fdi in production intended for exports is sometimes referred to as export-platform fdi. the recent development in ireland is to a large extent ba

41、sed on such fdi. in particular, us firms have invested heavily in production of goods that are mainly sold outside ireland itself (e.g. barry, 1999). the available evidence on fdi in the accession countries during the late 1990s suggests a strong emphasis on export production. marin et al. (2003) re

42、port a similar emphasis on export production of affiliates of german firms in cee, in particular for those located in the baltic states and the slovakia.譯 文：歐盟擴展后的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)業(yè)定位對產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響貿(mào)易增加提高了專業(yè)化和產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)部之間的范圍。中歐和東歐國家有將專門從事如紡織品和服裝這種可以被看作是反映比較優(yōu)勢的勞動力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的趨勢。隨著貿(mào)易的增長，這種產(chǎn)業(yè)間的專業(yè)化格局很可能會得到加強。與此同時，我們希望增加貿(mào)易同時也產(chǎn)生更多的行業(yè)內(nèi)

43、的反映了各國比較優(yōu)勢的專業(yè)化活動。在整個生產(chǎn)過程中最后涉及的幾個不同的環(huán)節(jié)，如從事研究和開發(fā)，生產(chǎn)的中間投入，最終產(chǎn)品的投入組裝，在不同的國家定位這些不同的活動可能會增加利益。裝配環(huán)節(jié)通常是勞力相對密集的，因此它可能會有利于在勞動力價格很便宜的國家進行這類活動的公司。同樣，勞力密集的中間投入的生產(chǎn)加工在低工資國家將更便宜，因此，公司把這一活動外包給外國公司是有利的，如果可能的話，在外國子公司進行這類生產(chǎn)。據(jù)估計，在過去幾十年經(jīng)合組織國家之間大約一半的貿(mào)易增長是通過這種分散生產(chǎn)的方式實現(xiàn)的。雙邊貿(mào)易模式和外國直接投資表明，這種生產(chǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通常設(shè)在地理上接近對方的國家。所謂的重力貿(mào)易分析表明，所有其他

44、條件相同的國家與鄰近國家的貿(mào)易多于距離遠的國家。通過對對外直接投資進行類似的分析，可以揭示同種模式：在其他條件相同的情況下，一個國家更多地投資于鄰近國家。這意味著波羅的海國家和波蘭的首要目標是公司的總部設(shè)在瑞典和芬蘭，同時為生產(chǎn)流程部分尋找低工資的地點。如德國和奧地利等國可能會更容易投資在捷克共和國和匈牙利。kaminski和smarzynska（2001）提供的證據(jù)表明，更多地參與這些類型的全球生產(chǎn)和分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)有助于增加波蘭的外國直接投資流入量。看來可以看出瑞典和歐盟加入國之間的貿(mào)易增加將有助于技術(shù)的進一步專業(yè)化，知識密集的行業(yè)和部分部門進一步脫離勞動力密集型的產(chǎn)業(yè)和部分行業(yè)。瑞典的哪個地區(qū)可

45、能是受影響最嚴重的呢？前面提到的東擴對瑞典經(jīng)濟影響的報告從區(qū)域角度顯示，1995年瑞典的南部和中部大量就業(yè)量是在勞動力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。尤其是，位于smaland和bergslagen的地區(qū)。該報告還認為，小區(qū)域往往比大區(qū)域更致力于勞動力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，一些小的地區(qū)過分依賴于勞動力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)為當?shù)貏?chuàng)造就業(yè)機會造成了這種模式的形成。與此相反的是知識和研究密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。這些行業(yè)通常是在比較大的地區(qū)，如主要城市斯德哥爾摩、哥德堡和大學城烏普薩拉，隆德及附近地區(qū)。另一個相關(guān)的問題是，規(guī)模不同的企業(yè)加入帶來的影響是否也不相同？它能使大型企業(yè)可以更容易利用進入加入歐盟國家的市場和外包勞力密集的生產(chǎn)階段的機會。中小型企

46、業(yè)受中歐和東歐的企業(yè)的競爭加劇的影響，可能會覺得更難以獲得加入的好處。萊茵- westfalisches經(jīng)濟學院的研究所得出的結(jié)論是歐盟的中小型企業(yè)除了設(shè)在與加入國接壤的地區(qū)，其余的企業(yè)將不會受到歐盟擴張的強烈影響。很顯然與其他許多國家相比，很多中東歐國家的相當大份額的人口長期接受正規(guī)教育。在這方面，這些國家具有潛在的技術(shù)密集型生產(chǎn)的比較優(yōu)勢。然而，正如前一節(jié)所表明，目前中歐和東歐國家相比南歐國家沒有更多的技能優(yōu)勢。此外，進程的過渡加快導(dǎo)致最初幾個加入國的就業(yè)人數(shù)急劇下降。即使就業(yè)水平已經(jīng)有所恢復(fù)，失業(yè)率仍比較高。高失業(yè)率會限制工資增長，同時保持相對較低的勞動力成本。因此，在可預(yù)見的將來，增加貿(mào)易推動專業(yè)化，使中歐和東歐國家減少低技能勞動力密集的產(chǎn)業(yè)和部分行業(yè)，似乎不大可能。一個涉及到影響專業(yè)化的貿(mào)易一體化模式，公司的貿(mào)易一體化和產(chǎn)業(yè)的定位的問題。行業(yè)的特點是規(guī)模報酬遞增可能有利于公司在設(shè)置地區(qū)具有良好的市場準入。這樣做的理由是，如果貿(mào)易成本昂貴而公司希望獲得在一個單一單位集中生產(chǎn)的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟，如果該公司的單廠設(shè)置在其面向消費者具有最佳機會的市場上，貿(mào)易的費用總額將會減少。具有良好的市場準入的區(qū)域往往是具有巨大國內(nèi)市場的區(qū)域或在一個