外文翻譯創(chuàng)新區(qū)域集群和Milieux

1、外文翻譯-創(chuàng)新區(qū)域集群和milieux 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目 innovative regionsclusters and milieux 出 處innovation system frontiers advances in spatial science 2009 33-58 作 者 brian wixted 原 文33 the geography of agglomerationcomparing how sub-national regional strengths evolve across time has beenvery difficult until quite rec

2、entlyin comparison to analysing national development trends due to data limitations there is a growing opportunity for improved analysis of regional activitiesadvantages and trends as national statistical agencies focus more of their effort on collecting data at various spatial scalesacross the euro

3、pean unionthere is multi-country structural pattern of uneven regional developmentcombes and overman 2003 identify a strong pattern of core and periphery5 regionswhen analysed for their proximity to markets gdpper capita regions in western germanynorthern france and south east england are revealed a

4、s the concentrated zone of value added gdp for europethe authors reveal that beyond this core there is a graduated drop in gdp per capita as distance increasesin these eu economiesregional income converged between countries in the period 1980 to 1999but regional income disparities within countries w

5、idened see le gallo and dallerba 2003 interestinglythe degree of industry concentration in the usa at state level and europes regions6 is not significantly differentbut in europethe trend has been towards greater regional concentration more rapidly than in the usa see andaluz et al2002 the underlyin

6、g drivers of such trends are still hotly debatedthere are many arguments for the economic significance of regional concentrations but one of the more important ones is that knowledge generation is spatially agglomerated and knowledge diffuses poorly across distance see the next section on theories o

7、f proximity the cumulative nature of knowledge explored in chap2 and the link between the generation of knowledge and the ability to benefit economically is likely to be one set of characteristics that contribute to uneven developmentcom knowledge and innovation geographygdpnot the only characterist

8、ic of economies that is highly agglomeratedpatenting activity is as welleurostat 2002 has analysed the geographic dispersion of patent applications for the eu 15 group of countries across statistical regionstable 33 lists the top 15 regions for high technology7 patent applications per mill of labour

9、 force in 2000there were nearly 57500 applications to the european patent office epo for patents from all regions within the eus then 15 member statesthis included 10500 applications for patents in high-tech industriesthe geographic distribution of the patents is highly concentrated21 regions out of

10、 211 accounted for more than half of all the patent applications filed with the epoand only 13 regions produced more than half of the high-tech applications eurostat 2002 in asimilar veinpaci and usai 2000 analysed innovation patents per million inhabitants labour productivity and industrial special

11、isation in 109 regions in europereporting that there is a tendency towards the formation in europe of highly specialized technological enclavesespecially in some sectorsmachinerytransport equipment and energymoreoverwe have documented how the spatial and sectoral specialization of innovative and pro

12、ductive activities is positively and significantly correlated p108 thereforethere is a link between the degree of specialisation in knowledge generationseen in patent applicationsand the pattern of industry specialisation howeverpatenting may not provide a good indicator of innovative behaviour beca

13、use a few urban centres may be the base for the major corporate research and developme-nt facilities and thus be the sites for patent initiationthis would not indicate whetherinnovation is geographically agglomeratedby analysing data from the european co-mmunity innovation survey on businesses that

14、identify them-selves as innovating and identifying them by regionevangelista et al 2002 reveal that there were only a limit-ed number of areas of italy which could be described as regional innovation system-sbeaudry and breschi add an important dimension to this findingthey report that firms are mor

15、e likely to be innovative if they areco-located with other innovative firms and in thepresence of spillovers associated with a large accumulated stock of knowledge 2003p339 the converse is also truedisadvantages arise from the stro-ng presenceof non-innovative firms in a clusterbeaudry and breschi f

16、ound for italybut not for the ukthat the presence of firms in related industries enhanced innovativ-enessthusthere are economies to innovativenessin thatregions that are innovatives-timulate more innovative activityfinallyconcentrations of entrepreneurial innovativ-eness revealed through new firm bi

17、rths had better employment growth prospects than places that have a higher reliance on large corporations in a comparison of 74 districts across west germany see audretsch and fritsch 2002 clearlythere is strong evidence that production and innovation clusters within part-icular locations in economi

18、es are relatedthere is also good evidence that there are st-rong dynamics that drive a tendency for knowledge to be localisedthese findings are not in dispute herewhat matters in this bookis not that clustering occursbut the imp-rtance the rolescale and spatial structure of external links whichit is

19、 argued here have not been thoroughly exploredto datea general tendency towards proximity for knowledge and industry is the not the sameas specifying how those agglomerations fit within multi-spatial innovations systemscom systems of systemscom supply architectureas innovation and production cluster

20、ing appear relateddata on value chain interde-pendencies can provide useful descriptive informationmeasuring production interde-pendencies at both the national and regional levels has been used to locate clusters e-conomically and geographically and to describe the scope and density of relationsin-p

21、ut-output i-o methodologies have been used widely see for example oecd 1999d and 2001c to map value chains because it can trace the flow of intermediate goods and servicessuch flows are the supply and use of industrial ingredients which are required for further processingat this pointto analyse valu

22、e chains through a time dimension with i-o data is most easily conducted at the national scalemost regional analyses exist only as one off studies at the regional leveltrends business research 2001 utilised i-o and value added data to identify clusters in the united kingdomfeser and bergman 2000 use

23、d national input-output data and economic data for the american state of north carolina to create information on regional supply chain clustering patterns in that statethe benefit of their approach is that it identifies inter-industry linkages and thus vertical and horizontal linkages at the sub-nat

24、ional level rather than just relying upon location quotient approachesin researchthat could prove to be complimentary to existing approaches that map industry inter-linkageshoen 2002a has developed a methodology for calculating the importance of particular linkages to potential clusters and is thus

25、able to determinest-atisticallylinkages that are within a particular cluster and those outsidenot only can i-o data beused to understand the web of industry relationships see haukness 1999 at a point in timeit can also be used to measure changes across timewixted 2005 has established that at the nat

26、ional levelbusiness to business relations intermediate input-output relations were relatively stable during a 20 year period 19701990 for 9 countriesthe charts reveal important changessuch as the growth of value chains based around service industries generallyand business services in partic-ularwith

27、 a view to the question behind the present researchthe charts provide some evidence that tempers the commonly held view that western economies lost significant amounts of manufacturing activity during this period supplies to manufa-cturing industriesoften from other manufacturing industries which ar

28、e obviously not the same as goods for final consumption often grew at the same rate as the economy overall and thus remained surprisingly stable as a share of gdpa number of general characteristics appear from wixteds analysis of oecd econ-omies with matrices of 33 industries by 33 industriesthese i

29、ncludemostlyintra-industry connections for manufacturing could be seen as generally stable with the rate of growth of gdpwith declines of typically outside of some in japan at less than one per cent of gdp for the periodthe largest apparent decline was for intra-industry iron and steel supplies in j

30、apanthere was a widespread decline in textiles and clothing industry suppliesmo-stly to the textiles and clothing industryandsupplies growth in the service sector is clearly visible for most countriesparticularlyin industries such as business services input-output relationsthe structure of ingredien

31、ts that it takes to make a given productlook to be much more resilient to dra-matic change when compared to other variables such as employment or an industrys overall share of gdptotal manufacturing employment declined in many oecd countries during the 1970s and 1980s see godbout 1993 manufacturings

32、 share of gdp for oecd countries8 has also been constantly decliningshifting from 291in 1960 to 28in 1968 to 216 in 1990 and then to 199in 1995thuswithin the space of 20 yearsmanufacturings share of gdp had declined by 229for the oecd a share that is representative of the decline in individual count

33、riessee oecd 1999e67 the comparatively stable nature of inter-industry linkages is supported by verspagen who notes that for the us economythe linkage structure is rather sticky譯 文創(chuàng)新區(qū)域集群和milieux33城市集群地理上的凝聚比較如何跨越時間來發(fā)展區(qū)域分國家優(yōu)勢已經(jīng)非常困難直到最近比較國家發(fā)展趨勢分析時由于數(shù)據(jù)的局限顯得更加困難有一個區(qū)域活動優(yōu)勢趨勢分析來提高國家統(tǒng)計機(jī)構(gòu)著重于努力收集不同空間尺度的數(shù)據(jù)的機(jī)會整

34、個歐洲聯(lián)盟還有許多個國家的區(qū)域發(fā)展的結(jié)構(gòu)模式是不平衡的combers和overman2003確定了在歐洲的一個強(qiáng)勢格局的核心和周邊5個地區(qū)法國北部和英格蘭東南部作為在分析他們的鄰近市場國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值時揭示作為新增國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值價值的集中區(qū)筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)超出這個核心根據(jù)遠(yuǎn)離核心距離的增加人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值成累進(jìn)程度的下降在1980年到1999年期間在這些歐盟國家經(jīng)濟(jì)中各地區(qū)收入和國家收入是趨于相同的但是國家內(nèi)的各區(qū)域的收入差距卻在擴(kuò)大 see le gallo and dallerba 2003 有趣的是行業(yè)集中度的程度在美國國家級別和歐洲地區(qū)是不沒有什么不同的但是在歐洲走向更大的區(qū)域集群的這一趨勢的速度有

35、超過美國 see andaluz et al2002 這種趨勢的潛在動力依然存在激烈的辯論有很多集中區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)意義的論點(diǎn)但更重要的是知識的產(chǎn)生使得空間形成區(qū)域塊狀知識的擴(kuò)散使得距離的影響變小如同現(xiàn)在所說的地球有地球村的概念是一個道理 see the next section on theories of proximity 知識的累積性chap2探討和知識的產(chǎn)生和經(jīng)濟(jì)獲利能力之間的聯(lián)系很可能是一個特點(diǎn)集有助于不平衡的發(fā)展com知識和創(chuàng)新國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值不僅僅是只有經(jīng)濟(jì)高度凝聚的特點(diǎn)專利活動也是一樣的歐盟統(tǒng)計局2000年分析了歐盟15個跨區(qū)域的國家統(tǒng)計組統(tǒng)計的分布在各地區(qū)的專利申請表33列出了前15個

36、地區(qū)對高科技專利申請占勞動人口的百萬分比表33歐盟地區(qū)的大多數(shù)高科技專利申請占勞動人口百萬分比2000年會員國nut2地區(qū)高科技專利申請占勞動人口每百萬分比高科技專利高科技專利占所有專利的百分比1德國oberbayern54091132372芬蘭新地suuralue5304416523荷蘭努爾德- brabant5242633404瑞典斯德哥爾摩4300416405瑞典sydsverige3363199356芬蘭pohjois 312186547美國東英吉利亞2363265398芬蘭etela2024188379德國mittelfranke國格洛斯特郡 威爾特郡北薩默

37、塞特16961973911美國新罕布什爾州和懷特島16901564312德國斯圖加特16293151213瑞典over諾爾蘭1605393514德國oberpfalz1596842015法國法國地幔155185425資料來源歐盟統(tǒng)計局2002年在2000年有將近有57500專利申請歐洲專利局epo這些都是在歐盟內(nèi)部的15個會員國所有地區(qū)的專利其中包括了10500個在高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的專利申請專利的地理分布是高度集中的21個地區(qū)占211所占數(shù)量的比重超過了所有向歐洲專利局提交的專利申請的一半只有13個地區(qū)生產(chǎn)比高科技應(yīng)用多一半以上歐盟統(tǒng)計局2002年本著相同的精神paci和usai2000年分析了創(chuàng)

38、新每百萬居民專利勞動生產(chǎn)率和109在歐洲地區(qū)的工業(yè)專業(yè)化在歐洲的飛地即在一國境內(nèi)的外國領(lǐng)土有形成高度專業(yè)化技術(shù)的趨勢特別是在一些行業(yè)比如說機(jī)械運(yùn)輸設(shè)備和能源此外我們已經(jīng)證明創(chuàng)新和生產(chǎn)活動對空間和部門的專業(yè)化的作用是呈正相關(guān)的第108頁因此知識的產(chǎn)生鏈接著專業(yè)化程度可以看到專利申請和專業(yè)化的產(chǎn)業(yè)格局但是不管怎么說專利并不能提供創(chuàng)新行為的良好指標(biāo)因?yàn)橐恍┏鞘械闹行目赡苁歉鞔蠊镜难芯亢烷_發(fā)設(shè)施基礎(chǔ)是獲得專利開始的地方這并不能說明創(chuàng)新是否是地理結(jié)塊通過從企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新和識別標(biāo)識為各地區(qū)evangelista et al等他們自己歐洲共同體創(chuàng)新調(diào)查的分析數(shù)據(jù)2000年顯示只有意大利的數(shù)量有限的領(lǐng)域被描述為

39、區(qū)域創(chuàng)新體系beaudry 和breschi在這一重要方面增加了一個重要發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的報告指出如果和其他創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)合作那么這個企業(yè)才更有可能創(chuàng)新和存在大量積累與股票相關(guān)的知識溢出效應(yīng)2003年 第339頁是一個道理反過來也是一樣缺點(diǎn)來自于集群里存在著強(qiáng)大的非創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)beaudry和 breschi發(fā)現(xiàn)意大利的相關(guān)行業(yè)存在的企業(yè)創(chuàng)新能力在增強(qiáng)但是應(yīng)該不是這樣因此經(jīng)濟(jì)具有創(chuàng)新型那么這些區(qū)域就是創(chuàng)新區(qū)域集群這就更刺激了區(qū)域企業(yè)的更多創(chuàng)新活動最后通過集中的創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)有比原來工作地方更好的就業(yè)前景的新公司這個新公司是在西德的74個地區(qū)里擁有更高的依賴的大企業(yè) see audretsch and fritsch 2002 顯然有強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)證明生產(chǎn)和創(chuàng)新集群在經(jīng)濟(jì)里是相關(guān)的當(dāng)它們處于自己特定的位置有強(qiáng)勁的動力驅(qū)使知識當(dāng)?shù)鼗@也是很好的證據(jù)這些發(fā)現(xiàn)在這樣是沒有爭議的在這本書里對外部鏈接作用規(guī)模和空間