Influence of Genetically modified Soya on the Birth-Weight and Survival of Rat Pups

1、Influence of Genetically modified Soya on the Birth-Weight and Survival of Rat Pups 轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆對(duì)幼鼠出生重量和生存狀況的影響B(tài)y Irina V.EmakovaAbstract Investigation of the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and survival of the offspring后代of Wistar rats2 were performed. A group of female rats were fed GM soya flour b

2、efore mating 交配and pregnancy. The control group of females were fed traditional soya and the third group of females, the positive control group, received feed without any soya. The weight and the mortality死亡 rate of the newborn pups were analyzed. The study showed that there was a very high rate of

3、pup mortality (55.6%) in the GM soya group in comparison with the control group and the positive control group (9% and 6.8% respectively. Moreover, death in the first group continued during lactation哺乳, and the weights of the survivors are lower those from the other two groups. It was revealed in th

4、ese experiments, that GM soya could have a negative influence on the offspring of Wistar rats.摘要我們進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆對(duì)大白鼠后代出生率和生存狀況的影響研究。一組母鼠在交配和懷孕前被喂食轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉。母鼠的控制組被喂食傳統(tǒng)大豆，第三組母鼠，即積極控制組，吃的食物沒有任何大豆。我們分析了新生幼鼠的體重和死亡率。研究表明相比控制組合積極控制組的死亡率（分別是9%和6.8%），轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆組幼鼠死亡率（55.6%）很高。另外，轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆組的幼鼠死亡率在哺乳期還在繼續(xù)，存活幼鼠的體重也比其他兩組幼鼠要輕。這些實(shí)

5、驗(yàn)表明，轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆對(duì)大白鼠后代可能有消極的影響。IntroductionThe term genetically modified organism (GMO3s) refers to plants, microbes and animals with genes transferred from other species in order to produce certain novel characteristics (for example resistance to pests, or herbicides) and are produced by recombinant DNA t

6、echnology. Four main sources of the hazards危險(xiǎn) of GMO are discussed by scientists worldwide: 1) those due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2) unintended effects inherent內(nèi)在的 to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; and 4) those arising from the spread of

7、the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination異花授粉 as well as by horizontal gene transfer (World Scientists Statement 2000).介紹術(shù)語“轉(zhuǎn)基因生物”指的是擁有從其他物種傳遞來的基因的植物、微生物和動(dòng)物，轉(zhuǎn)移基因是為了產(chǎn)生某些新的特點(diǎn)（比如抗病蟲，或抗除草劑），并且是由重組DNA技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的。全世界的科學(xué)家討論了四種轉(zhuǎn)基因生物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的主要來源：1）那些因?yàn)樾碌幕?，以及引入的基因產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；2）技術(shù)內(nèi)在的無意間的影響；3）外來基因和宿主基因的相互作用；4）因?yàn)槠胀ǖ漠?/p>

8、花傳粉和水平基因傳遞導(dǎo)致的引入基因傳播產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（世界科學(xué)家聲明，2000年）GM crops contain material, which is not present in them under natural conditions, and they form a part of our daily diet. To understand what effect they can have on us and on our animals it is vitally important to study the influence of these GM plants in diffe

9、rent organisms for several generations. At the present, these studies are lacking from the scientific literature. Also, several detrimental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of animals. The hazard of genetically modified organisms (GMO) was shown for animals and the environment i

10、n many investigations (Traavik 1995; Ho and Tappeser 1997; Pusztai 1999 and 2001; Kuznetcov et al. 2004 and others).Earlier it was shown that consumption of GM food by animals led to the negative changes in their organisms. Experiments, conducted by A. Pusztai showed that potatoes modified by the in

11、sertion of the gene of the snowdrop lectin4 (an insecticidal proteins), stunted the growth of rats, significantly affected some of their vital organs, including the kidneys, thymus, gastrocnemius muscle and others (1998) and damaged their intestines and their immune system (Ewen and Pusztai 1999). S

12、imilar effect of GM potatoes on rats was obtained at Institute of Nutrition in Russia (Ermakova 2005).轉(zhuǎn)基因作物包含一些材料，在自然條件下這些材料不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在作物中，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物成為了我們?nèi)粘Ｊ澄锏囊徊糠?。為了理解它們?duì)我們和動(dòng)物有什么影響，研究這些轉(zhuǎn)基因植物在幾代不同生物體中的影響是非常重要的。目前，這些研究還缺乏科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)。同時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對(duì)動(dòng)物新陳代謝的幾種不利影響已被揭示。在很多調(diào)查中轉(zhuǎn)基因生物對(duì)動(dòng)物和環(huán)境的危險(xiǎn)也被揭示。（Traavik1995;）。早期有研究表明，動(dòng)物食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品會(huì)導(dǎo)致

13、有機(jī)體負(fù)面變化。A.Pustzai做的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，嵌入雪花蓮凝集素（一種殺蟲劑蛋白質(zhì)）基因之后的轉(zhuǎn)基因土豆，阻礙了老鼠的生長，極大地影響了它們的一些重要器官，包括腎臟、胸腺、腓腸肌和其它器官（1998）并且損傷了它們的腸子和免疫系統(tǒng)（EwenandPustzai1999）。俄羅斯?fàn)I養(yǎng)學(xué)院也得到了類似的轉(zhuǎn)基因土豆對(duì)老鼠影響的結(jié)果。 It is put forward in the risk assessment documents that the GM components of transformed plants are completely destroyed in the digesti

14、ve tract of humans and animals, together with the other genetic material found in them. However, foreign DNA plasmids5 are steadier against the digestion than it was originally believed. Plasmid DNA and GM DNA were found in microorganisms of the intestine and in saliva (Mercer et al. 1998; Coghlan 2

15、002). Experimental researches in mice showed that ingested foreign DNA can persist in fragmented form in the gastrointestinal tract, penetrate the intestinal wall, and reach the nuclei of leukocytes, spleen and liver cells (Schubbert et al. 1994). In another research of Schubbert et al. (1998) the p

16、lasmid containing the gene for the green fluorescent protein6 (pEGFP-C1) or bacteriophage M13 DNA were fed to pregnant mice. Foreign DNA, orally ingested by pregnant mice, was discovered in blood (leukocytes), spleen, liver, heart, brain, testes and other organs of foetuses and newborn animals. The

17、authors considered that maternally ingested foreign DNA could be potential mutagens for the developing fetus. At the same time Brake and Evenson (2004) analyzing the testis in mice as a sensitive biomonitor of potential toxic, didnt find negative effects of transgenic soybean diet on fetal, postnata

18、l, puber talor adult testicular development. 在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估文件中提出已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變的植物中轉(zhuǎn)基因成分在人類和動(dòng)物的消化道中被完全破壞，還有其它被發(fā)現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因材料也是如此。但是，外來DNA質(zhì)粒比最初人們認(rèn)為地更能抵御消化作用。在腸道和唾液微生物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了質(zhì)粒DNA和轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA(Merceretal1998;)。對(duì)老鼠的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明被吸收的外來DNA可以以片段的形式持續(xù)存在于胃腸道中，穿透腸壁，到達(dá)白細(xì)胞、脾細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核。（Schubbertetal.1994）。在Schubbert等人做的另一項(xiàng)研究中（1998），包含綠色熒光蛋白（pEGFP-c1）基

19、因或噬菌體M13DNA的質(zhì)粒被喂給懷孕的老鼠。外來DNA被懷孕的老鼠口服后，在胚胎和新生幼鼠的血液（白細(xì)胞）、脾、肝、心、腦、睪丸和其它器官都有發(fā)現(xiàn)。作者們認(rèn)為被雌性老鼠吸收的外來DNA可能是正在發(fā)育的胚胎的潛在誘變因素。同時(shí)Brake和Evenson(2004)分析了老鼠中的睪丸，它是敏感的潛在毒性物質(zhì)的生物監(jiān)控器，他們并未發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆食物對(duì)胎兒、產(chǎn)后、青年和成年睪丸器官的發(fā)展有消極影響。 There is a lack of investigations on the influence of GM crops on mammals, especially on their reprod

20、uctive function. Therefore, it was decided that we undertake a study to see the effect of the most commonly used GM crop on the birth rate, mortality and weight gain of rat pups, whose mother were fed diets supplemented with the Roundup- Ready soya, a kind of GM food.轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物，尤其對(duì)他們的繁殖功能的影響還缺乏調(diào)查。因此

21、，我們決定進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)研究，以確認(rèn)最常用的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對(duì)幼鼠的出生率、死亡率和體重增加的影響，而生這些幼鼠的母鼠被喂食的食物補(bǔ)充了“抗農(nóng)達(dá)”轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆，是一種轉(zhuǎn)基因食物。MethodsAnimals Wistar rats were used in the experiment. The animals were brought up to sexual maturity on laboratory rat feed. When their weight reached about 180-200g, the female rats were divided into 3 groups, and h

22、oused in groups (3 rat/cage), and kept under normal laboratory conditions.方法在實(shí)驗(yàn)中被用到大白鼠。這些大白鼠被喂食實(shí)驗(yàn)室老鼠飼料，養(yǎng)育到性成熟階段。當(dāng)它們的重量達(dá)到180-200g,母鼠被分成三組，按組放在不同的籠子里（每籠三只老鼠），并且處于正常的實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下。 The feeding scheme was as follows. Females in every cage daily received dry pellets from a special container placed on the top of

23、 their cage. Those rats receiving soya flour supplement, were given the soya flour in a small container placed inside their cage (20g x 40 ml water) for three rats and, so 5-7g flour for each rat every day.喂食計(jì)劃如下：每個(gè)籠子里的母鼠每天從位于籠子頂部的特殊容器接受干的顆粒。那些接受大豆粉補(bǔ)充物的老鼠從放在籠子里的小容器中得到大豆粉（20g和40ml水），籠子里有三只老鼠，所以每天每只老鼠

24、5-7克大豆粉。Experiment One group of female rats of 180-200g weight was allocated to the experimental group, and received 5-7 soy a flour/rat/day prepared from Roundup-Ready soya, added to the rat feed for two weeks. Another group females (3) were allocated to the control group, but their diet was supple

25、mented with the same amount of soya flour, prepared from the traditional soya in which only traces (0.08+ 0.04%) of the GM construct was present, most likely resulting from cross-contamination. We also introduced a positive control group (in two cages: 3x3), which had not been exposed to soya flour.

26、 Therefore females have only got the standard laboratory feed without any supplementation, although it is acknowledged that the energy and protein content of this diet was less than in the other two groups.實(shí)驗(yàn)一組重180-200g的母鼠被分配到實(shí)驗(yàn)組，每只老鼠每天接受5-7g來自“抗農(nóng)達(dá)”的轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉，這些大豆粉加到老鼠食物中，持續(xù)2周。另一組母鼠（3只）被分配到控制組，但是它們的食物補(bǔ)

27、充的是同量的大豆粉，從傳統(tǒng)的大豆磨制，其中只有微量的（0.08+0.04%）的轉(zhuǎn)基因構(gòu)成物出現(xiàn)，最有可能是因?yàn)榻徊娓腥?。我們還引入了一個(gè)積極控制組（兩個(gè)籠子：每個(gè)籠子3只老鼠），這一組沒有接觸大豆粉。所以這些母鼠只有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室食物，沒有任何補(bǔ)充物。盡管我們承認(rèn)這種食物的能量和蛋白質(zhì)含量比其它兩組少。 After two weeks on the diets all groups of 3 females were mated with two healthy males of the same age, who have never been exposed to soya flour su

28、pplements. First the one, then the other male was put into the cage for 3 days. In order to avoid infection of females, the sperm count and quality has not been determined. We carried on with feeding the respective diets to all females during mating and pregnancy. Upon delivery, all females were tra

29、nsferred to individual cages, and the amount of soya supplement was increased by an additional g for every pup born. Lab feed and water was available for all animals during the experimental period. When rat pups opened their eyes and could feed themselves (from 13-14 days of age), the daily dose of

30、soya supplement was increased till 2-3g for every pup, although all rats had free approach to the soya. All rats ate their soya portions well. Organs of some pups were taken out and weighed. The level of mortality was analyzed by the one-way ANOVA7, using of Newman-Keuls test8 for share distribution

31、. The pups weight and its distribution were checked by Mann-Whitney test9 and Chi-square10 in StatSoft Statistica v6.0 Multilingua (Russia).食用相應(yīng)的食物兩周后，所有各組的3只母鼠與兩只同齡的健康公鼠交配，這兩只公鼠從沒接觸過大豆粉補(bǔ)充物。首先是第一只，然后是另外一只被放進(jìn)籠子三天。為了避免母鼠感染，精子的計(jì)數(shù)和質(zhì)量沒有被確定。在交配和懷孕期間，我們繼續(xù)給母鼠喂食各自的食物。分娩之后，所有的母鼠被轉(zhuǎn)移到單獨(dú)的籠子。對(duì)于每只剛出生的幼鼠，大豆補(bǔ)充物的數(shù)量額外

32、增加了一克。在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間對(duì)于所有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室的食物和水都可得到。當(dāng)幼鼠睜開眼睛并且可以自己進(jìn)食（從13-14天開始），每只幼鼠每天大豆補(bǔ)充物的量增加到2-3g,盡管所有的老鼠都可以自由靠近大豆。所有老鼠都很好地食用了自己份內(nèi)的大豆。有些小鼠的器官被取出來并且稱重。利死亡率由單方方差分析進(jìn)行，對(duì)于份額分布使用N-K測(cè)試。小鼠的重量和分布有曼-惠特尼測(cè)試進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，還有卡方檢驗(yàn)，都由俄羅斯的Statsoft統(tǒng)計(jì)V6.0多語軟件進(jìn)行。Results By the end of the experiment, from the 15 females included in the experiment, 1

33、1 gave birth and produced a total of 132 rat pups. The 4 rats who became pregnant from 6 females on the positive control diet gave birth to 44 pups (an average of 11 pups/female), while the four females, from the six on GM soya flour supplemented groups gave birth to 45 (11.3 pups/female), and 3 fro

34、m traditional soya group33 pups (11 pups/mother).結(jié)果到實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)為止，在實(shí)驗(yàn)包括的15只母鼠中，11只分娩，總共生132只小鼠。積極控制飲食組的6只母鼠中，4只懷孕，生44只小鼠（平均每只母鼠生11只小鼠），而補(bǔ)充轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉的那組6只母鼠中，4只懷孕生45只小鼠（平均每只母鼠生11.3只小鼠），傳統(tǒng)大豆組中3只母鼠懷孕，生33只小鼠（平均每只母鼠生11只小鼠） Supplementation of the diet of the females with GM soya led to the death of 25 pups, out of

35、the 45 born by the end of the third week of lactation, while during the same period on the traditional soya supplemented diets only 3 pups died from 33. The mortality in the positive control group was also 3, but from the larger number of pups born, as it seen in Table 1. High pup mortality was gene

36、rally characteristic for females fed the GM soya flour (Table2). Among the pups from the females fed the positive control diet, 2 pups died during the first week, and 1 during the second week after delivery. All pups from females fed traditional soya flour died during the first week after birth. How

37、ever, pups from females fed the GM soya flour supplemented diet kept dying during lactation period as it is evident from Table3.到哺乳第三周結(jié)束時(shí)，在母鼠飲食中補(bǔ)充轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆導(dǎo)致45只出生的小鼠中25只死亡。而同時(shí)期補(bǔ)充傳統(tǒng)大豆食物組33只小鼠中只有3只死亡。積極控制組中小鼠的死亡數(shù)也是3只，但是出生的小鼠總數(shù)更大，如表1所示。對(duì)于食用轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉的母鼠，通常小鼠高死亡率是其特點(diǎn)（表2）。食用積極控制食物的母鼠生的小鼠中，出生后一周內(nèi)有2只死亡，兩周內(nèi)有一只死亡。食用

38、傳統(tǒng)大豆粉的母鼠生的小鼠中，死亡的都是發(fā)生在出生后第一周內(nèi)。但是，食用轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉補(bǔ)充食物的母鼠生的小鼠，在整個(gè)哺乳期都有死亡，這在表3中可以證明。 In two weeks after their birth the weight of pups (with SE) from the GM soya supplemented group was less (23.95g 1.5g) than that of the pups of the positive control group (30.03g1.1g; p0.005), or from the traditional soya flo

39、ur supplemented group (27.1g 0.9g; p 0.1). Since the number of surviving pups were so different, the weigh distribution of the pups were compared in Table 4. From the data it is evident, that 36% of the pups from the GM soya group weighed less than 20 g, in comparison with the 6% in the positive con

40、trol group, and with the 6.7% found in the traditional soya supplemented diet group (Table 4). Study of pups organs mass showed that the organs of small pups from GM group were tiny in comparison with the same of other groups except the brain mass (Table 5). This fact indicated that the pups from th

41、e GM group were the same age as others, but changes were occurred with the development of internal organs. Slight negative effect was found in the group which received the traditional soya, but this effect was not significant. No mortality of females and survived young pups eating the GM soya flour

42、supplemented diet was observed.來自轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆補(bǔ)充食物組的小鼠（有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤）出生兩周后重量（23.95g+1.5g）不如積極控制組的小鼠（30.03+1.1g；p0.005）,也不如傳統(tǒng)的大豆粉補(bǔ)充組（27.1g+0.9g;p0.1）。因?yàn)榇婊畹男∈髷?shù)量非常不同，在表4中小鼠的重量分布被比較。從數(shù)據(jù)中可以明顯看出，來自轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆組的小鼠有36%重量不足20g,而在積極控制組中只有6%，在傳統(tǒng)大豆補(bǔ)充食物組中有6.7%（表4）。對(duì)小鼠器官的質(zhì)量研究表明，除了腦部質(zhì)量外，相比其它組的相同器官，來自轉(zhuǎn)基因組的小鼠器官都很?。ū?）。這個(gè)事實(shí)表明來自轉(zhuǎn)基因組的小鼠和其它組的

43、小鼠年齡相同，但是隨著內(nèi)部器官的發(fā)展，變化就發(fā)生了。在接受傳統(tǒng)大豆食物組中發(fā)現(xiàn)了輕微的負(fù)面影響，但這種影響不顯著。食用轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉補(bǔ)充食物的母鼠和存活幼鼠中沒有觀察到死亡現(xiàn)象。Discussion The reproductive behaviour of female rats fed on standard laboratory feed supplemented with soya flour prepared from either genetically modified soya or traditional soya was studied to see the effect o

44、f the diet on pregnancy, lactation and the growth of the rat pups. Since it is well established that raw soybean contains a number of anti-nutrients, such as the lectins, trypsin inhibitors, etc. (Pusztai et al. 1998), and also female hormone-like substances, it was thought to be necessary to compar

45、e these data also with those from a positive control group when animals were not exposed to any soya flour supplementation.討論母鼠的繁殖行為被研究，它們食用的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室食物，這些食物中補(bǔ)充了大豆粉，大豆粉來自轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆或傳統(tǒng)大豆。研究母鼠的行為是想了解食物對(duì)懷孕、哺乳和小鼠生長的影響。因?yàn)榇蠹叶颊J(rèn)為天然狀態(tài)的大豆包含很多反營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，比如植物血凝素，胰蛋白酶抑制劑等（Pusztaietal,1998）,還有雌性的類似荷爾蒙的物質(zhì)，當(dāng)動(dòng)物沒有接觸任何大豆粉補(bǔ)充物時(shí)，人們認(rèn)為

46、有必要和積極控制組比較這些數(shù)據(jù)。 In order to understand the mechanism how this widely consumed GM crop exerts its influence on the reproductive performance of mammals and their offspring, it would be necessary to perform complex researches, including histological, genetic and embryo-toxicological investigations. Ho

47、wever, we had to restrict our experiments only for a short time-span, and starting to feed the female rats two weeks before mating. However, unlike the experiments of Brake and Evenson (2004), who started to feed pregnant mice, in our experiments the diets supplemented with GM or traditional soya fl

48、ours were already given to the female rats 2 weeks before mating already, and we continued to treat them with their respective diet until the pups were weaned.為了理解這種被廣泛食用的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物是如何按照其機(jī)制對(duì)哺乳動(dòng)物及其后代的繁殖行為施加影響的，有必要進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的研究，包括毒理學(xué)的、基因的和胚胎組織學(xué)的研究。不過，我們得把實(shí)驗(yàn)限制在比較短的時(shí)間范圍，并且在交配前兩周開始喂養(yǎng)母鼠。但是，不像Brake和Evenson(2004)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，他

49、們開始喂養(yǎng)懷孕的母鼠，而在我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，在母鼠交配前兩周就已經(jīng)給它們喂養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充了轉(zhuǎn)基因的或傳統(tǒng)的大豆粉，知道小鼠斷奶我們一直繼續(xù)給它們各自相應(yīng)種類的食物。 Upon delivery, very unexpectedly a very high rate of pup mortality (55.6%) was observed in the the group of females whose diet was supplemented with the GM soya flour in comparison with the pups of both the positive control

50、 (6.8%) and the traditional soya flour supplemented (9%) groups. Also, in this group the pups continued to die over the period of lactation, which occurred only in the GM soya fed group. At the same time, the weights of the surviving rat pups were also lower. It is the more surprising, since the pup

51、s were smaller, about half, therefore more milk should have been available for the individual pups. They should have a better chance to grow optimally, unless the amount, and/or the quality of the milk were not affected by consuming the GM soya flour.在分娩后，出人意料的是，在食物中補(bǔ)充了轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉的母鼠組中觀察到了非常高的小鼠死亡率（55.6%

52、），這相比積極控制組（6.8%）和傳統(tǒng)大豆粉補(bǔ)充組（9%）都是很高的。并且在這組中小鼠在整個(gè)哺乳期還在繼續(xù)死亡，這種現(xiàn)象只在轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆喂養(yǎng)組出現(xiàn)。同時(shí)，這組中存活的小鼠體重也更輕。更令人驚訝的是，因?yàn)樾∈蟾?，大約是其它組的一半，對(duì)于每個(gè)小鼠可以得到的乳液應(yīng)該更多。如果乳液的數(shù)量，還有/或者品質(zhì)沒有受到食用轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆粉的影響，它們本應(yīng)有更好的機(jī)會(huì)在最優(yōu)條件下生長。 Our data allow us to speculate and presume that the negative effect of GM soya on the newborn pups could be mediated

53、 by two possible factors. Firstly, it can be the result of transformation, and insertion of the foreign genes, which could enter into the sexual/stem cells, or/and into cells of the fetus, as it was observed by Schubbert et al. (1998). Secondly, negative effect of GM soya could be mediated by the ac

54、cumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya residues. However, no mortality was observed with female rats, nor with the young pups survived, although they also began to eat the GM soya, it is supposed that the effect could be mediated by the two first factors. (2,086 words)我們的數(shù)據(jù)讓我們猜測(cè)并認(rèn)定轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆對(duì)新生小鼠的消極影響

55、或許是被兩種可能的因素引起。第一，可能是變化過程、外來基因的嵌入的結(jié)果，外來基因能進(jìn)入性細(xì)胞/干細(xì)胞，或者/并且進(jìn)入胚胎細(xì)胞，就像Schubbert等觀察到的一樣（1998）。第二，轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆的消極影響可能是被轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆殘留物中的累積殘留引起的。但是，在母鼠和存活幼鼠中沒有觀察到死亡現(xiàn)象，盡管幼鼠也開始食用轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆，據(jù)推斷這種效果可能是由第一條原因中的兩個(gè)因素引起的。References Brake DG and Evenson DP (2004). A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, po

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