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1、Chapter 4 Forward Exchange and International Financial InvestmentChapter 5Learning Requests Understand the reasons and forms of exchange rate risks, comprehend the circumstances and principal of foreign exchange markets and trading, master some kinds of foreign exchange transactions.Chapter 5Overvie
2、w1. Exchange Rate Risk2. The Market Basics of Forward Foreign Exchange3. Basic Principle of International Investment4. International Investment With Cover5. International Investment Without Cover6. Arbitrage Within the Spot Exchange Market7. Brief Introduction of Futures, Options and SwapsChapter 51
3、. Exchange Rate Risk1.1 Definition of Exchange Rate Risk People or organizations are exposed to exchange rate risk, because the value of the individuals income, wealth, or net worth changes when exchange rates change unexpectedly in the future. Chapter 51.2 Categories of Exchange Rate Risk 1.2.1交易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
4、交易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(1)外匯買賣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))外匯買賣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))(2)交易結(jié)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))交易結(jié)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))1.2.2折算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)折算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(會(huì)計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)險(xiǎn))(會(huì)計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)險(xiǎn))1.2.3經(jīng)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn)經(jīng)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn))(經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn))Chapter 51.2.1 交易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交易風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 以外幣計(jì)價(jià)的國際貿(mào)易、非貿(mào)易收支及外匯以外幣計(jì)價(jià)的國際貿(mào)易、非貿(mào)易收支及外匯的買賣活動(dòng)中,由于的買賣活動(dòng)中,由于匯率波動(dòng)匯率波動(dòng)而引起應(yīng)收而引起應(yīng)收(付)款項(xiàng)的實(shí)際價(jià)值發(fā)生變化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(付)款項(xiàng)的實(shí)際價(jià)值發(fā)生變化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(1)外匯買賣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))外匯買賣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) 外匯銀行在經(jīng)營外匯買賣業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)
5、,或工商企外匯銀行在經(jīng)營外匯買賣業(yè)務(wù)時(shí),或工商企業(yè)以外幣進(jìn)行借貸業(yè)務(wù)時(shí),因匯率變動(dòng)所產(chǎn)業(yè)以外幣進(jìn)行借貸業(yè)務(wù)時(shí),因匯率變動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(2)交易結(jié)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))交易結(jié)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) 進(jìn)出口商以外幣進(jìn)行貿(mào)易或非貿(mào)易的進(jìn)出口進(jìn)出口商以外幣進(jìn)行貿(mào)易或非貿(mào)易的進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)時(shí),因匯率變動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。業(yè)務(wù)時(shí),因匯率變動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Chapter 5例例1 1:金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn):金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 某年某年3月月2日,蘇黎世外匯市場(chǎng)上,英鎊對(duì)瑞士法日,蘇黎世外匯市場(chǎng)上,英鎊對(duì)瑞士法郎的收盤匯率為郎的收盤匯率為1=SF3.08453.0855。某瑞士銀。某瑞士銀行從一客戶買入行從一客戶買入100萬英
6、鎊,向另一客戶賣出萬英鎊,向另一客戶賣出80萬萬英鎊,從而出現(xiàn)英鎊,從而出現(xiàn)20萬英鎊多頭。萬英鎊多頭。3月月3日開市時(shí),日開市時(shí),英鎊對(duì)瑞士法郎的開盤匯率為英鎊對(duì)瑞士法郎的開盤匯率為1=SF2.97622.9772,該銀行將多頭的,該銀行將多頭的20萬英鎊萬英鎊賣出,只能收回賣出,只能收回59.444萬瑞士法郎(萬瑞士法郎(20萬萬2.9722)。若按昨日收盤匯率賣出,可收回)。若按昨日收盤匯率賣出,可收回61.71萬瑞士法郎(萬瑞士法郎( 20萬萬3.0855 )。因此,該銀)。因此,該銀行蒙受匯率波動(dòng)損失行蒙受匯率波動(dòng)損失2.266萬瑞士法郎。萬瑞士法郎。Chapter 5總總 結(jié)結(jié)外匯
7、銀行在某一營業(yè)日內(nèi)對(duì)某一外匯,外匯銀行在某一營業(yè)日內(nèi)對(duì)某一外匯, 買入賣出買入賣出 多頭多頭 匯率下降匯率下降 賣出賣出多頭平倉多頭平倉 受損受損 買入賣出買入賣出 空頭空頭 匯率上升匯率上升 買入買入空頭平倉空頭平倉 受損受損Chapter 5例例2 2:金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn):金融性風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 1993年年12月美元對(duì)人民幣匯率為月美元對(duì)人民幣匯率為1=RMB¥ 5.8, 1994年年12月為月為1=RMB¥ 8.3。某公司。某公司在在1993年年12月借進(jìn)月借進(jìn)100萬美元一年期貸款,萬美元一年期貸款,借款時(shí)將美元兌換成人民幣為借款時(shí)將美元兌換成人民幣為580萬人民幣,萬人民幣,還款時(shí)需用還款時(shí)需用830
8、萬人民幣兌換成美元(不考萬人民幣兌換成美元(不考慮利息),則多支付慮利息),則多支付250萬人民幣。萬人民幣。計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率下降計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率下降 債權(quán)人受損債權(quán)人受損計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率上升計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率上升 債務(wù)人受損債務(wù)人受損Chapter 5例例3 3:商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn):商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 我國某外貿(mào)公司從美國進(jìn)口一批機(jī)械設(shè)備,我國某外貿(mào)公司從美國進(jìn)口一批機(jī)械設(shè)備,貨價(jià)為貨價(jià)為250萬美元,萬美元,3個(gè)月后支付。簽訂合同個(gè)月后支付。簽訂合同時(shí),美元對(duì)人民幣匯率為時(shí),美元對(duì)人民幣匯率為 1=RMB¥ 8.0, 3個(gè)月后個(gè)月后 1=RMB¥ 8.2,該公司需支付,該公司需支付2,050萬人萬人民幣,比簽訂合同時(shí)預(yù)期貨
9、價(jià)多支付民幣,比簽訂合同時(shí)預(yù)期貨價(jià)多支付50萬人萬人民幣。民幣。出口收匯出口收匯 計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率下降計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率下降 出口商受損出口商受損進(jìn)口付匯進(jìn)口付匯 計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率上升計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率上升 進(jìn)口商受損進(jìn)口商受損Chapter 51.2.2折算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)折算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(會(huì)計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)險(xiǎn))(會(huì)計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) 經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體在將各種外幣資產(chǎn)負(fù)債轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體在將各種外幣資產(chǎn)負(fù)債轉(zhuǎn)換成記賬貨幣(本幣)的會(huì)計(jì)處理換成記賬貨幣(本幣)的會(huì)計(jì)處理業(yè)務(wù)中,因匯率波動(dòng)而出現(xiàn)賬面損業(yè)務(wù)中,因匯率波動(dòng)而出現(xiàn)賬面損失的可能性。失的可能性。Chapter 5例例4 4:會(huì)計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):會(huì)計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 中國某公司持有銀行往來帳戶余額中國某公司持有銀行
10、往來帳戶余額100萬美元,匯率為萬美元,匯率為1=RMB¥ 8.7,折成,折成人民幣為人民幣為870萬。以后美元貶值,人民萬。以后美元貶值,人民幣升值,匯率變?yōu)閹派?,匯率變?yōu)?=RMB¥ 8.3,該,該公司公司100萬美元的銀行往來帳戶余額折萬美元的銀行往來帳戶余額折成人民幣為成人民幣為830萬。因此,在兩個(gè)折算萬。因此,在兩個(gè)折算日期之間,該公司日期之間,該公司100萬美元的價(jià)值,萬美元的價(jià)值,按人民幣折算減少了按人民幣折算減少了40萬元。萬元。Chapter 51.2.3 經(jīng)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn))經(jīng)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) 企業(yè)的未來預(yù)期收益因企業(yè)的未來預(yù)期收益因意料外的匯意料外的匯率變化率變化而
11、可能受到損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。它而可能受到損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。它是對(duì)企業(yè)影響最大,企業(yè)最關(guān)心的是對(duì)企業(yè)影響最大,企業(yè)最關(guān)心的一種外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一種外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Chapter 51.3 Two Responses toExchange Rate Risk1.3.1 HedgingHedging is the act of reducing or eliminating a net asset or net liability position in the foreign currency to reduce exposure to exchange rate risk.1.3.2 SpeculatingSpecula
12、ting is the act of taking a net asset position (“l(fā)ong”) or a net liability position (“short”) in some foreign currency asset, usually to try to profit from the belief about what future exchange rates will be. Chapter 52. The Market Basics of Forward Foreign Exchange2.1 Forward Foreign Exchange Contr
13、act Forward foreign exchange contract is an agreement to exchange one currency for another on some date in the future at a price set now (the forward exchange rate).Chapter 52.2 Basic Principle of Forward Transaction Banks acting as foreign exchange dealers generally are willing to meet the needs of
14、 their customers for the specific size of the forward exchange contract (the amount of foreign exchange) and the specific date in the future for the exchange. Common dates for future exchange are 30, 90, and 180 days forward (one, three, and six months).Chapter 52.2 Basic Principle of Forward Transa
15、ction For instance, to buy 100,000 of 90-days forward sterling at $ 1.4407/, you sign an agreement today with your bank that 90 days from now you will deliver $144,070 in dollar bank deposits and receive 100,000 in pound bank deposits. The exchange of these amounts will take place to carry out the f
16、orward contracts, regardless of what the actual spot exchange rate turns out to be in 90 days. Chapter 52.2 Basic Principle of Forward Transaction In the opposite trade, somebody agreeing now to sell 90-day forward sterling must deliver pounds at the agreed price of $1.4407 in 90 days. That person n
17、eed not own any sterling at all until then, but the rate at which he gives it up in 90 days is already set now. Chapter 52.2 Basic Principle of Forward Transaction Do not confuse the forward rate with the future spot rate, the spot rate that ends up prevailing 90 days from now. The actual spot price
18、 of sterling that exists in 90 days could be above, below, or equal to the forward rate. In this respect, a forward exchange rate is like a commodity futures price or an advance hotel reservation. Chapter 5 (Forward Transaction) 亦稱期匯交易,是指外匯買賣亦稱期匯交易,是指外匯買賣成交后,當(dāng)時(shí)(兩個(gè)營業(yè)日內(nèi))成交后,當(dāng)時(shí)(兩個(gè)營業(yè)日內(nèi))不交割,而是根據(jù)合同的規(guī)定,不交割
19、,而是根據(jù)合同的規(guī)定,在在約定的日期約定的日期按按約定的匯率約定的匯率辦辦理交割的外匯交易理交割的外匯交易。Chapter 5(一)遠(yuǎn)期交易的交割日(一)遠(yuǎn)期交易的交割日 遠(yuǎn)期交割日遠(yuǎn)期交割日=即期交割日即期交割日+ +遠(yuǎn)期的月數(shù)或星期數(shù)遠(yuǎn)期的月數(shù)或星期數(shù)1.定期交割(固定交割日)定期交割(固定交割日)2.擇期交割(選擇交割日)擇期交割(選擇交割日)Chapter 5(二)遠(yuǎn)期交易的匯率(二)遠(yuǎn)期交易的匯率遠(yuǎn)期匯率的報(bào)價(jià)方式遠(yuǎn)期匯率的報(bào)價(jià)方式 1.直接報(bào)價(jià)直接報(bào)價(jià) 直接完整地報(bào)出不同期限遠(yuǎn)期外匯的買價(jià)直接完整地報(bào)出不同期限遠(yuǎn)期外匯的買價(jià)和賣價(jià),通常用于銀行對(duì)一般顧客的遠(yuǎn)期和賣價(jià),通常用于銀行對(duì)
20、一般顧客的遠(yuǎn)期外匯報(bào)價(jià)。日本和瑞士銀行同業(yè)間的遠(yuǎn)期外匯報(bào)價(jià)。日本和瑞士銀行同業(yè)間的遠(yuǎn)期交易也采用。交易也采用。例如:某日美元兌日元的例如:某日美元兌日元的3個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為USD/JPY=116.40/116.54,美元兌瑞士法郎,美元兌瑞士法郎的的6個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為USD/CHF=1.3459/1.3470Chapter 52.掉期率或遠(yuǎn)期差價(jià)報(bào)價(jià)掉期率或遠(yuǎn)期差價(jià)報(bào)價(jià) 掉期率(掉期率(Swap Rate):):某一時(shí)點(diǎn)某一時(shí)點(diǎn)遠(yuǎn)期匯率與即期匯率的匯率差。遠(yuǎn)期匯率與即期匯率的匯率差。Chapter 5 掉期率或遠(yuǎn)期差價(jià)報(bào)價(jià)方式報(bào)出遠(yuǎn)期掉期率或遠(yuǎn)期差價(jià)報(bào)價(jià)方式報(bào)出遠(yuǎn)期匯率
21、與即期匯率差異的點(diǎn)數(shù),銀行間匯率與即期匯率差異的點(diǎn)數(shù),銀行間的遠(yuǎn)期外匯報(bào)價(jià)通常采用這種方式。的遠(yuǎn)期外匯報(bào)價(jià)通常采用這種方式。例如:某日紐約的銀行報(bào)出德國馬克買例如:某日紐約的銀行報(bào)出德國馬克買賣價(jià)為:賣價(jià)為:即期匯率即期匯率 USD/DEM=1.6508/181個(gè)月掉期率個(gè)月掉期率 1/0.53個(gè)月掉期率個(gè)月掉期率 13/126個(gè)月掉期率個(gè)月掉期率 43/33Chapter 5 升水或溢價(jià)升水或溢價(jià) (At Premium) 貼水或折價(jià)貼水或折價(jià) (At Discount) 平價(jià)平價(jià) (At Par or Flat)遠(yuǎn)期匯率即期匯率遠(yuǎn)期匯率即期匯率 升水升水遠(yuǎn)期匯率即期匯率遠(yuǎn)期匯率即期匯率 貼
22、水貼水遠(yuǎn)期匯率遠(yuǎn)期匯率 = 即期匯率即期匯率 平價(jià)平價(jià)例如:即期匯率例如:即期匯率1=DM2(DM1= 0.5) 遠(yuǎn)期匯率遠(yuǎn)期匯率1=DM2.5 (DM1= 0.4)表明遠(yuǎn)期美元升水,遠(yuǎn)期德國馬克貼水。表明遠(yuǎn)期美元升水,遠(yuǎn)期德國馬克貼水。1美元美元升水升水0.5馬克,馬克,1馬克貼水馬克貼水0.1美元。美元。Chapter 5例:例: 即期匯率即期匯率 3個(gè)月匯水個(gè)月匯水 6個(gè)月匯水個(gè)月匯水GBP/USD 1.5808/16 130/140 215/205如何計(jì)算遠(yuǎn)期匯率?如何計(jì)算遠(yuǎn)期匯率?一個(gè)重要的口訣:一個(gè)重要的口訣:前小后大往上加,前大后小往下減。前小后大往上加,前大后小往下減。則則3個(gè)
23、月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為:個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為:1.5938/1.5956 6個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為:個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為: 1.5593/1.5611檢驗(yàn)遠(yuǎn)期匯率計(jì)算是否正確的方法:檢驗(yàn)遠(yuǎn)期匯率計(jì)算是否正確的方法:遠(yuǎn)期匯率仍是前一數(shù)值小,后一數(shù)值大;遠(yuǎn)期匯率仍是前一數(shù)值小,后一數(shù)值大;并且二者的差價(jià)大于即期匯率的買賣差價(jià)。并且二者的差價(jià)大于即期匯率的買賣差價(jià)。Chapter 5(三)遠(yuǎn)期外匯交易的程序(三)遠(yuǎn)期外匯交易的程序A: GBP 0.5 MioA:詢問:詢問GBP/USD的即期價(jià)位,金額為的即期價(jià)位,金額為50萬英萬英鎊鎊B: GBP 1.8920/25B:GBP的價(jià)位為的價(jià)位為1.8920/25A: Mine,
24、Pls adjust to 1 MonthB:買入英鎊,并請(qǐng)調(diào)整為一個(gè)月后的交割日:買入英鎊,并請(qǐng)調(diào)整為一個(gè)月后的交割日Chapter 5B: OK Done Spot/1 Month 93/89 at 1.8836 We sell GBP 0.5 Mio Val June/22/98 USD to My NYB:好的,成交。即期至:好的,成交。即期至1個(gè)月期的掉期率為個(gè)月期的掉期率為93/89,1月期匯率為月期匯率為1.8836,我們出售,我們出售50萬英萬英鎊,鎊,6月月22日為交割日,請(qǐng)將美元匯入我的紐日為交割日,請(qǐng)將美元匯入我的紐約帳戶約帳戶A: OK All agreed, My G
25、BP to My London Tks, BIA:好的,全部同意。請(qǐng)將英鎊匯入我的倫敦帳:好的,全部同意。請(qǐng)將英鎊匯入我的倫敦帳戶。謝謝,再見戶。謝謝,再見B: OK, BI and TksB:好的。再見,謝謝。:好的。再見,謝謝。Chapter 52.3 Hedging Using Forward Foreign Exchange2.3.1 Basic Principle of Hedging Hedging involves acquiring an asset in a foreign currency to offset a net liability position already
26、 held in the foreign currency, or acquiring a liability in a foreign currency to offset a net asset position already held. Hedgers in international dealings are persons who have a home currency and seek a balance between their liabilities and assets in foreign currencies. In financial jargon, hedgin
27、g means avoiding both kinds of “open” position in a foreign currency-both “l(fā)ong” positions (holding net assets in the foreign currency) and “short” positions (owing more of the foreign currency than one holds).Chapter 52.3.2 Buying Hedging Consider a U.S. company that has bought some merchandise and
28、 will have to pay 100,000 three months from now. Assuming that this represents an overall net liability position in pounds (perhaps because the company has no other assets or liabilities in pounds), the company is exposed to exchange rate risk. It does not know the dollar value of its liability beca
29、use it does not know the spot exchange rate that will exist 90 days from now.Chapter 52.3.2 Buying Hedging One way to hedge its risk exposure is to enter into a forward contract to acquire (or buy) 100,000 in 90 days. If the current forward rate is $1.4407/ , then the company must deliver (or sell)
30、$144,070 in 90 days. The company has an asset position in pounds through matches its pound liability to pay for the merchandise, creating a “perfect hedge”. The company now is assured that the merchandise will cost $144,070 regardless of what happens to the spot exchange rate in the next 90 days.Cha
31、pter 52.3.3 Selling Hedging Consider a U.S. company that will receive a payment of 1 million in 60 days is unsure of the dollar value of this receivable, because the spot exchange rate in 60 days is uncertain. It can hedge by selling pounds (and buying dollars) in a 60-day forward exchange contract,
32、 using the forward exchange rate to lock in the number of dollars it will receive. Chapter 52.4 Speculating Using Forward Foreign Exchange Speculating means committing oneself to an uncertain future value of ones net worth in terms of home currency. A speculator is anybody who is willing to take a n
33、et position in a foreign currency, whatever his motives or expectations about the future of the exchange rate. If a speculator thinks she has a fairly good idea of what will happen to the spot exchange rate in the future, it is easy to bet on the basis of that idea using the forward market. It is so
34、 easy, in fact, that the speculator can even bet with money she does not have in hand.Chapter 52.4 Speculating Using Forward Foreign Exchange Suppose that in April you are convinced that the pound sterling will take a dive from its current spot exchange rate value of about $1.45 and be worth only $1
35、.20 in July. Perhaps you see a coming political and economic crisis in Britain that others do not see. You can make an enormous gain by using the forward market. Contract a foreign exchange trader at your bank and agree to sell 10 million at the current 90-day forward rate of $1.4407. If the bank be
36、lieves in your ability to honor your forward commitment in July, you do not even need to put up any money now in April. Just sign the forward contract. Chapter 52.4 Speculating Using Forward Foreign Exchange On the contract date in July, instruct your bank to settle the forward contract against the
37、actual spot rate, which has sunk as you expected to $1.20. Effectively, in July you are buying 10 million in the spot market at $1.20 (total cost of $12 million) and selling the pounds at $1.4407 into the forward contract (total receipt of $14.407 million). You net a profit of $2.407 million for a f
38、ew minutes effort, a lot of foresight, and an understanding of “buy low, sell high”. If you are smarter than the others in the marketplace, you can get rich using the convenient forward exchange market.Chapter 52.4 Speculating Using Forward Foreign Exchange Your speculation may turn out differently,
39、 however. Suppose you are wrong. Suppose that Britains prospects brighten greatly between April and July. Suppose that when July comes around, the spot value of the pound has risen to $1.80. Now in July you must come up with $18 million to get the 10 million you committed to sell in the forward cont
40、ract for only $14.407 million. Chapter 5(四)遠(yuǎn)期外匯交易的目的(四)遠(yuǎn)期外匯交易的目的1.套期保值套期保值(Hedging) 買期保值(買期保值(Buying Hedging) 賣期保值(賣期保值(Selling Hedging)2.外匯投機(jī)外匯投機(jī)(Exchange Speculation) 買空投機(jī)(買空投機(jī)( Buy Long ) 賣空投機(jī)(賣空投機(jī)( Sell Short )Chapter 51.套期保值(套期保值(Hedging) 也稱為也稱為“海琴海琴”,是指預(yù)計(jì)將,是指預(yù)計(jì)將來某一時(shí)間要支付或收入一筆來某一時(shí)間要支付或收入一筆外匯時(shí),買入
41、或賣出同等金額外匯時(shí),買入或賣出同等金額的遠(yuǎn)期外匯,以避免因匯率波的遠(yuǎn)期外匯,以避免因匯率波動(dòng)而造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的交易行為。動(dòng)而造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的交易行為。Chapter 5(1)買期保值()買期保值(Buying Hedging) 將來有一定將來有一定債務(wù)債務(wù)者,先于外匯市場(chǎng)者,先于外匯市場(chǎng)買入買入與該負(fù)債金額相等、期限相同與該負(fù)債金額相等、期限相同的的遠(yuǎn)期外匯遠(yuǎn)期外匯,以避免因計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯,以避免因計(jì)價(jià)貨幣匯率上升,負(fù)債成本增加而造成實(shí)際率上升,負(fù)債成本增加而造成實(shí)際損失的交易行為。損失的交易行為。Chapter 5 例:例:1998年年10月末紐約外匯市場(chǎng)行情為:月末紐約外匯市場(chǎng)行情為: 即期匯率
42、即期匯率 USD/DEM=1.6510/20 3個(gè)月掉期率個(gè)月掉期率 16/12 假定一美國進(jìn)口商從德國進(jìn)口價(jià)值假定一美國進(jìn)口商從德國進(jìn)口價(jià)值1,000,000馬克的機(jī)器設(shè)備,可在馬克的機(jī)器設(shè)備,可在3個(gè)月后支付馬克。若美個(gè)月后支付馬克。若美國進(jìn)口商預(yù)測(cè)國進(jìn)口商預(yù)測(cè)3個(gè)月后個(gè)月后USD/DEM將貶值(即馬將貶值(即馬克兌美元升值)到克兌美元升值)到USD/DEM=1.6420/30。 請(qǐng)判斷:(請(qǐng)判斷:(1)美國進(jìn)口商不采取保值措施,延)美國進(jìn)口商不采取保值措施,延后后3個(gè)月支付馬克比現(xiàn)在支付馬克預(yù)計(jì)將多支付個(gè)月支付馬克比現(xiàn)在支付馬克預(yù)計(jì)將多支付多少美元?多少美元? (2)美國進(jìn)口商如何利用遠(yuǎn)
43、期外匯市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行)美國進(jìn)口商如何利用遠(yuǎn)期外匯市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行保值?保值? Chapter 5解:(解:(1)美國進(jìn)口商若不采取保值措)美國進(jìn)口商若不采取保值措施,現(xiàn)在支付施,現(xiàn)在支付1,000,000馬克需馬克需1,000,0001.6510=605,693美元。美元。3個(gè)月后所需美元數(shù)量個(gè)月后所需美元數(shù)量1,000,0001.6420=609,013美元。美元。因此需多支付因此需多支付609,013-605,693=3,320美元。美元。 Chapter 5(2)利用遠(yuǎn)期外匯市場(chǎng)避險(xiǎn)的操作為:)利用遠(yuǎn)期外匯市場(chǎng)避險(xiǎn)的操作為: 10月末美國進(jìn)口商與德國出口商簽訂進(jìn)口合月末美國進(jìn)口商與德國出口商簽訂進(jìn)口合
44、同的同時(shí),與銀行簽訂遠(yuǎn)期交易合同,按同的同時(shí),與銀行簽訂遠(yuǎn)期交易合同,按外匯市場(chǎng)外匯市場(chǎng)USD/DEM3個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率1.6494(1.6510-0.0016)買入買入1,000,000馬克。馬克。這個(gè)合同保證美國進(jìn)口商在這個(gè)合同保證美國進(jìn)口商在3個(gè)月后只需個(gè)月后只需606,281(1,000,0001.6494)美元就)美元就能支付馬克貨款的需要,比未進(jìn)行保值少能支付馬克貨款的需要,比未進(jìn)行保值少損失損失2,732美元美元(609,013-606,281),遠(yuǎn)期,遠(yuǎn)期交易的成本為交易的成本為588美元(美元(606,281-605,693)。)。Chapter 5(2)賣期保值()
45、賣期保值(Selling Hedging) 將來有一定將來有一定債權(quán)債權(quán)者,先于外匯市場(chǎng)者,先于外匯市場(chǎng)賣出賣出與該外匯資產(chǎn)金額相等、期限與該外匯資產(chǎn)金額相等、期限相同的相同的遠(yuǎn)期外匯遠(yuǎn)期外匯,以防止因債權(quán)的,以防止因債權(quán)的計(jì)價(jià)貨幣對(duì)本幣貶值而蒙受損失的計(jì)價(jià)貨幣對(duì)本幣貶值而蒙受損失的交易行為。交易行為。Chapter 5例:例:1998年年10月中旬紐約外匯市場(chǎng)行情為月中旬紐約外匯市場(chǎng)行情為:即期匯率即期匯率 GBP/USD =1.6770/802個(gè)月掉期率個(gè)月掉期率 125/122 一美國出口商簽訂向英國出口價(jià)值一美國出口商簽訂向英國出口價(jià)值10萬英鎊萬英鎊的儀器的協(xié)定,預(yù)計(jì)的儀器的協(xié)定,預(yù)
46、計(jì)2個(gè)月后收到英鎊。假個(gè)月后收到英鎊。假若美國出口商預(yù)測(cè)若美國出口商預(yù)測(cè)2個(gè)月后英鎊將貶值,即個(gè)月后英鎊將貶值,即期匯率水平將變?yōu)槠趨R率水平將變?yōu)镚BP/USD=1.6600/10。則。則(1)如果美國出口商現(xiàn)在不采取避免匯率)如果美國出口商現(xiàn)在不采取避免匯率變動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保值措施,則變動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保值措施,則2個(gè)月后將收到的個(gè)月后將收到的英鎊折算為美元時(shí),相對(duì)英鎊折算為美元時(shí),相對(duì)10月中旬兌換成美月中旬兌換成美元將會(huì)損失多少?元將會(huì)損失多少?(2)美國出口商如何利用遠(yuǎn)期外匯市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行)美國出口商如何利用遠(yuǎn)期外匯市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行套期保值?套期保值?Chapter 5解解: (1) 如果美國出口商現(xiàn)在不采取保值
47、措施,如果美國出口商現(xiàn)在不采取保值措施,2個(gè)個(gè)月 后 將 收 到 的 英 鎊 折 算 為 美 元 為月 后 將 收 到 的 英 鎊 折 算 為 美 元 為1.6600*100,000=166,000美元美元,若現(xiàn)在兌成美元?jiǎng)t若現(xiàn)在兌成美元?jiǎng)t為為1.6770*100,000=167,700美元美元,損失了損失了167,700-166,000=1,700美元美元.(2) 利用遠(yuǎn)期外匯市場(chǎng)避險(xiǎn)的具體操作是:利用遠(yuǎn)期外匯市場(chǎng)避險(xiǎn)的具體操作是: 10月中旬美國出口商與英國進(jìn)口商簽訂合同的月中旬美國出口商與英國進(jìn)口商簽訂合同的同時(shí)同時(shí),與銀行簽訂賣出與銀行簽訂賣出10萬萬2個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期英鎊的合個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期英鎊的合
48、同同.2個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率水平為個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率水平為GBP/USD=1.6645/58.這個(gè)合同保證出口商在付給銀行這個(gè)合同保證出口商在付給銀行10萬英鎊后一萬英鎊后一定得到定得到1.6645*100,000=166,450美元美元,比不進(jìn)行套比不進(jìn)行套期保值多收入期保值多收入166,450-166,000=450美元美元.Chapter 52.外匯投機(jī)外匯投機(jī)(Exchange Speculation) 外匯市場(chǎng)參與者根據(jù)對(duì)匯率變動(dòng)的外匯市場(chǎng)參與者根據(jù)對(duì)匯率變動(dòng)的預(yù)測(cè),有意保留(或持有)外匯的預(yù)測(cè),有意保留(或持有)外匯的空頭或多頭,希望利用匯率變動(dòng)牟空頭或多頭,希望利用匯率變動(dòng)牟取利潤的行為。取利
49、潤的行為?!百I空買空”投機(jī):投機(jī):預(yù)測(cè)匯率上漲,先買后賣預(yù)測(cè)匯率上漲,先買后賣“賣空賣空”投機(jī):投機(jī):預(yù)測(cè)匯率下跌,先賣后買預(yù)測(cè)匯率下跌,先賣后買Chapter 5 例:一美國投機(jī)商預(yù)期英鎊有可能大幅度下例:一美國投機(jī)商預(yù)期英鎊有可能大幅度下跌。假定當(dāng)時(shí)英鎊跌。假定當(dāng)時(shí)英鎊3個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯率為GBP/USD=1.6780,該投機(jī)商賣出,該投機(jī)商賣出1,000,000遠(yuǎn)期英鎊,成交時(shí)他只需付少量保證金,遠(yuǎn)期英鎊,成交時(shí)他只需付少量保證金,無須實(shí)際支付英鎊。如果在交割日之前英鎊無須實(shí)際支付英鎊。如果在交割日之前英鎊果然貶值,他可選擇兩種方法來了結(jié)獲利。果然貶值,他可選擇兩種方法來了結(jié)獲利
50、。(1)對(duì)沖)對(duì)沖 Off Set(平倉)(平倉)。 設(shè)遠(yuǎn)期英鎊匯率跌為設(shè)遠(yuǎn)期英鎊匯率跌為GBP/USD=1.4780,則,則該投機(jī)商再次進(jìn)入遠(yuǎn)期市場(chǎng),買入該投機(jī)商再次進(jìn)入遠(yuǎn)期市場(chǎng),買入1,000,000遠(yuǎn)期英鎊,交割日和賣出遠(yuǎn)期英鎊的交割遠(yuǎn)期英鎊,交割日和賣出遠(yuǎn)期英鎊的交割日相同。這一買一賣使他獲得日相同。這一買一賣使他獲得200,000(1.6780*1,000,000-1.4780*1,000,000)美元的投機(jī)利潤。美元的投機(jī)利潤。Chapter 5(2)(2)以即期英鎊交割遠(yuǎn)期英鎊。以即期英鎊交割遠(yuǎn)期英鎊。 設(shè)到期時(shí)即期英鎊匯率跌為設(shè)到期時(shí)即期英鎊匯率跌為GBP/USD=1.4780
51、,則該投機(jī)商進(jìn)入即期外匯市場(chǎng),買入則該投機(jī)商進(jìn)入即期外匯市場(chǎng),買入1,000,000英鎊現(xiàn)匯,來交割到期的遠(yuǎn)期英鎊。這一英鎊現(xiàn)匯,來交割到期的遠(yuǎn)期英鎊。這一買一賣使他獲得買一賣使他獲得200,000(1.6780*1,000,000-1.4780*1,000,000)美元的投機(jī)利潤。)美元的投機(jī)利潤。 在本例中,投機(jī)者先賣后買,并且在他拋售在本例中,投機(jī)者先賣后買,并且在他拋售外匯時(shí),實(shí)際上手中并無外匯,所以這種投外匯時(shí),實(shí)際上手中并無外匯,所以這種投機(jī)活動(dòng)被稱為機(jī)活動(dòng)被稱為“賣空賣空” ;若該投機(jī)者預(yù)期英;若該投機(jī)者預(yù)期英鎊將升值,他可以采取先買后賣的手法以期鎊將升值,他可以采取先買后賣的手
52、法以期獲利,這叫做獲利,這叫做“買空買空” 。Chapter 5課堂練習(xí)課堂練習(xí) 設(shè)英國某公司對(duì)美國出口一批商品,價(jià)款為設(shè)英國某公司對(duì)美國出口一批商品,價(jià)款為235,600美元,美元,3個(gè)月后收款,該英國公司運(yùn)個(gè)月后收款,該英國公司運(yùn)用遠(yuǎn)期外匯業(yè)務(wù)以防范美元匯率下跌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。用遠(yuǎn)期外匯業(yè)務(wù)以防范美元匯率下跌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如按英國銀行的外匯牌價(jià):如按英國銀行的外匯牌價(jià): 即期匯率即期匯率 1=$1.3048/74 3個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯水點(diǎn)數(shù)個(gè)月遠(yuǎn)期匯水點(diǎn)數(shù) 13/20 請(qǐng)敘述該出口商運(yùn)用遠(yuǎn)期外匯業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行保值請(qǐng)敘述該出口商運(yùn)用遠(yuǎn)期外匯業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行保值的過程,并求出最終的英鎊收入。的過程,并求出最終的英鎊收入。Chap
53、ter 53. Basic Principle of International Investment International financial investment has grown rapidly in recent decades. Decisions about international investments are based on the returns and risks of the available investment alternatives. Suppose that a U.S. investor invests in a foreign-currenc
54、y-denominated financial asset, like a British government security or a pound time deposit. Chapter 53. Basic Principle of International Investment First, she must convert her dollars into pounds at the initial spot exchange rate. Then, she uses the pounds to buy the pound-denominated financial asset
55、. She holds this asset, earning pound returns and having wealth in pounds a year from now. This can be converted back into dollars (either actually or simply to determine the dollar value of wealth) at some dollar-pound exchange rate that applies to foreign exchange transactions a year from now.Chap
56、ter 53. Basic Principle of International Investment What exchange rate can be used to convert pounds back into dollars a year from now? There are two major alternatives, and these correspond to our concepts of hedging and speculation. First, she can contract now for the exchange of pounds back into
57、dollars at the one-year forward exchange rate using a forward exchange contract. Her pound liability in the forward contract matches her pound asset position, so she has hedged her exposure to exchange rate risk. She has a hedged or .Chapter 53. Basic Principle of International Investment Second, sh
58、e can wait and convert back into dollars at the future spot exchange rate, the one that will exist a year from now. She does not know for sure what this future spot exchange rate will be so her investment is exposed to exchange rate risk. This unhedged investment has a speculative element to it, and
59、 it is called an .Chapter 5u 套利交易套利交易(Interest Arbitrage ) 利用兩個(gè)國家貨幣市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)的利用兩個(gè)國家貨幣市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)的利利率差異率差異,將資金從一個(gè)貨幣市場(chǎng),將資金從一個(gè)貨幣市場(chǎng)(利率低)轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)貨幣市(利率低)轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)貨幣市場(chǎng)(利率高)場(chǎng)(利率高) ,以賺取利潤的交,以賺取利潤的交易活動(dòng)。易活動(dòng)。Chapter 5(一)套利的一般原理(一)套利的一般原理例:在某一時(shí)期,美國金融市場(chǎng)三個(gè)月定期存例:在某一時(shí)期,美國金融市場(chǎng)三個(gè)月定期存款利率的年率為款利率的年率為12%,英國金融市場(chǎng)三個(gè)月,英國金融市場(chǎng)三個(gè)月定期存款利率的年率為定期存款
60、利率的年率為8%,兩地存在利差,兩地存在利差會(huì)是資金從英國流向美國。在這種情況下,會(huì)是資金從英國流向美國。在這種情況下,英國的投資者可以按英國的投資者可以按8%的年利率從本國銀的年利率從本國銀行借入英鎊,在即期外匯市場(chǎng)兌換成美元,行借入英鎊,在即期外匯市場(chǎng)兌換成美元,存入美國銀行作三個(gè)月的短期投資,這樣他存入美國銀行作三個(gè)月的短期投資,這樣他可獲得可獲得4%的年利差。假設(shè)套利資金總額為的年利差。假設(shè)套利資金總額為10萬英鎊,則該投資者獲得的萬英鎊,則該投資者獲得的利潤利潤為為100,000*4%*3/12=1,000英鎊。英鎊。Chapter 5思考:思考:上述套利活動(dòng)沒有考慮匯率變動(dòng)上述套利
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