Euhqkgg醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作

1、七夕，古今詩人慣詠星月與悲情。吾生雖晚，世態(tài)炎涼卻已看透矣。情也成空，且作“揮手袖底風(fēng)”罷。是夜，窗外風(fēng)雨如晦，吾獨坐陋室，聽一曲塵緣，合成詩韻一首，覺放諸古今，亦獨有風(fēng)韻也。乃書于紙上。畢而臥。凄然入夢。乙酉年七月初七。-嘯之記。 醫(yī)學(xué)英文摘要寫作How to write a medical English abstract第一章 概述一、摘要的定義、用途、和長度二、摘要的內(nèi)容三、摘要的類型四、摘要的寫作格式五、摘要寫作的注意事項What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in

2、 a scientific paper. 摘要是作者研究過程、研究目的、研究方法和研究結(jié)果的簡要陳述和概括。Purposes for AbstractsAbstracts typically serve five main goals:Help readers decide if they should read an entire article Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topic Help readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outl

3、ine of key points Index articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing Allow supervisors to review technical work without becoming bogged down in details二、摘要的內(nèi)容Contents1. Title2. Name of the author3. Unit of the author/address4. Text of the abstract5. Keywords1）目的2）方法3）結(jié)果4）結(jié)果的分析、比較、評價以及應(yīng)用，提出的問題以及

4、建議5）其他三、摘要的類型1. descriptive abstract 描述性摘要2. informative abstract資料性摘要3. descriptive-informative abstract描述-資料性摘要1. Non-structured abstract （非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要）2. Structured abstract （結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要） full-structured semi-structured1.描述性摘要 Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative AbstractThe descriptive abstracts tell what topic

5、s are taken up in the paper. They contain indicative information on purpose, scope, or methodology in the original documents, but mention little or nothing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually s

6、hort; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information. 一般只用兩三句話概括論文或報道的主題，而不涉及具體的數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論，通常用于綜述、會議報告等。Samples of descriptive abstracts:例一： 心得寧引起的胸膜纖維化 我們報道兩例患者服用心得寧后繼發(fā)胸膜纖維化Pleural Fibrosis After Practolol TherapyWe describe two patients who developed pleural fibrosis after treatment with

7、 practolol.例二：論原發(fā)性胃腸道淋巴瘤本文綜述了治療原發(fā)性胃腸道淋巴瘤的主要經(jīng)驗，并就該病的臨床、病理及治療等問題進(jìn)行了討論。Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal TractAn institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.2.資料性（報道性）摘要 Informative Abs

8、tractsThe informative abstracts give the gist, or essence, of a piece of writing: they include the most significant material in the original writing. It is the original document in miniature. Important information on purpose, scope and method of the research are included in this type of abstracts. T

9、hey also contain key results, conclusions, or recommendations. The advantage of an informative abstracts is that it provides much more information than does a descriptive abstract. But it is usually longer than the descriptive type.概括論文的主要信息，一般闡明研究的問題和關(guān)鍵的研究成果， 其特點是全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論。通常，閱讀這種摘要可

10、以部分取代閱讀全文。Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking The smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compared with that of 92 consecutive patients with non- malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension w

11、ere smokers when first diagnosed, the difference were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.Informative-Indicative Abstracts以報道性文摘的形式表述一次文獻(xiàn)中信息價值較高的部分，而以指示性文摘的形式表述其余部分的文摘。字?jǐn)?shù) 200詞左右為宜Traditional Abstract 傳統(tǒng)式摘要 IMRADIntrod

12、uction 引言 Materials and Methods 材料與方法 Results 結(jié)果Discussion 討論全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要（Full-structured Abstract） 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立臨床研究論文的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth創(chuàng)導(dǎo)下，美國內(nèi)科學(xué)記事（Annuals of Internal Medicine）在國際上率先采用了全結(jié)構(gòu)式（full-structured）摘要。 1目的（Objective）：說明論文要解決的問題2設(shè)計（Design）：說明研究的基本設(shè)計，包括的

13、研究性質(zhì)3地點（Setting）：說明進(jìn)行研究的地點和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的等級4對象（Patients, participants or subjects）：說明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量及挑選方法5處理（Interventions）：說明確切的治療或處理方法6主要測定項目（Main outcome measures）：說明為評定研究結(jié)果而進(jìn)行的主要測定項目7結(jié)果（Results）：說明主要客觀結(jié)果8 結(jié)論（Conclusion）：說明主要結(jié)論，包括直接臨床應(yīng)用意義與非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要相比，。全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要觀點更明確（more explicitness），信息量更大（more informatio

14、n），差錯更少（fewer errors）.但其缺點也是顯而易見的，即繁瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8個要素分類的。于是更多的雜志揚(yáng)長避短，采用半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要（semi-structured）半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(Semi-structured Abstract)半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要也稱為四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、結(jié)果（results）結(jié)論（conclusion）目前國內(nèi)許多雜志正從非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要向半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要過度。Does smoking predispose to peptic ulcer relapse after er

15、adication of Helicobacter pylori?Chan F.k.l. Department of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital,.Objective: To investigate whether smoking would increase ulcer recurrence afterMethods: A total of 287 patients with gastric ulcers Results: Of the 83 smokers,3 had ulcer recurrence,Conclusions: Cigarette

16、smoking did not increase the recurrence of peptic ulcers after eradication of H. Pylori.About the tense 1）目的部分：背景介紹：一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時目的說明：一般現(xiàn)在時/現(xiàn)在完成時，或一般過去時2）材料、方法和結(jié)果部分：除指示性說明外，一律用一般過去時。過去完成時只用于說明研究前的情況或研究中某一點時間之前發(fā)生的情況.3）結(jié)論部分：凡陳述研究的材料、方法和結(jié)果時，一律用過去時；分析結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因時，或者提出結(jié)論性意見時，如果作者認(rèn)為具有普遍意義，可用現(xiàn)在時；如果作者認(rèn)為自己的分析或結(jié)論只

17、限于本研究范圍或者僅是一種可能性，則用一般過去時為好。Length of Abstracts Keep abstracts of most papers and portions of monographs to fewer than 250 words, abstracts of shorter papers to fewer than 100 words, and those of reports and longer theses to fewer than 500 words. Rarely does an abstract exceed one page. Write most ab

18、stracts in a single paragraph, except those for long documents.五、摘要寫作的注意事項1、要概括研究的要點2、要盡可能簡潔3、要符合邏輯、重點突出4、要結(jié)構(gòu)合理，用完整句表述5、要行文流暢第二章 標(biāo)題（title）一、標(biāo)題二、副標(biāo)題三、英、漢標(biāo)題特點的比較四、冠詞的省略五、標(biāo)題中常用名詞的搭配 六、標(biāo)題中常用介詞的搭配 七、幾種常用的標(biāo)題句式一、標(biāo)題 Title （一）名詞性標(biāo)題（二）完整句標(biāo)題（三）疑問句（一）名詞性標(biāo)題標(biāo)題一般由一個名詞或若干并列的名詞，加上必要的修飾語構(gòu)成，一般沒有謂語成分Laboratory diagnosi

19、s of SARSSARS的實驗室診斷Haemorrhagic cholecystitis出血性膽囊炎Alcohol use, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and hypertension飲酒、心肌梗塞、心源性猝死及高血壓病Surgery for Infective Endocarditis感染性心內(nèi)膜炎的外科治療Left Ventricular Function Before and Following Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease二尖瓣病變手術(shù)前后左心室的功能變化感染性心內(nèi)

20、膜炎的外科治療（1）只在標(biāo)題開頭的第一個單詞的首字母大學(xué)，收尾句不用句號（2）標(biāo)題中每個詞的首字母都大寫，只有某些虛詞才小寫，句尾不用句號。某些需要小寫的虛詞，指的是冠詞、3個字母以內(nèi)的連詞和介詞，4個字母以上的，如with, from, during , after, against, during ,between 仍需要大寫。詞組型標(biāo)題詞組型標(biāo)題是由一個或數(shù)個單詞或詞組單獨地、并列地或按偏正關(guān)系排列組成. 按其組成關(guān)系又可分為以下三類 單一概念標(biāo)題多概念并列標(biāo)題 多概念偏正標(biāo)題單一概念標(biāo)題,是由一個不可再細(xì)分的、具有完整概念的單詞或詞組構(gòu)成. 由于這些單詞或詞組是文章所討論的唯一對象,即

21、文章標(biāo)題的中心詞.因此,英譯標(biāo)題時可以直接對譯. 創(chuàng)傷性血膽癥 Traumatic hemobilia中華肝膽外科雜志, 2004, 10(7)；顱底軟骨肉瘤 Chondrosarcoma of the skull base中華神經(jīng)外科雜志, 2003, 19(6).多概念并列標(biāo)題,由兩個或兩個以上具有獨立完整概念的詞組并列組成. 由于詞或詞組之間沒有說明或被說明、修飾或被修飾的關(guān)系,而是無主次的并列關(guān)系. 因此,英譯標(biāo)題時可按表達(dá)各個概念的詞或詞組的先后順序譯出. 例如:催乳素和免疫系統(tǒng)Prolactin and immune system中華內(nèi)分泌代謝雜志, 2004, 20(6)；嗜鉻細(xì)

22、胞瘤病人的臨床特點及圍術(shù)期麻醉管理Clinical features of pheochromocytoma and anesthetic management during perioperative period中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2002, 82(8).多概念偏正標(biāo)題,由多個具有獨立、完整概念的詞或詞組構(gòu)成. 而其中有一個受其它詞或詞組所修飾、限制或說明. 這個被修飾、限制或說明的詞或詞組就是文章標(biāo)題的中心詞,它位于標(biāo)題末,與修飾、限制或說明它的詞構(gòu)成偏正關(guān)系. 多概念偏正標(biāo)題是科技論文標(biāo)題中最常見的一種,它又可分為并列偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題和遞進(jìn)偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題.并列偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題是以聯(lián)合詞組充當(dāng)標(biāo)題中心

23、詞的定語. 英譯標(biāo)題時,可按順序譯出各并列成分,并置于中心詞之后. 例如:泮托拉唑三聯(lián)與奧美拉唑三聯(lián)療法根除幽門螺桿菌的對比研究Comparison of pantoprazole and omeprazole- based triple therapy regimens in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2002, 82(18) 遞進(jìn)偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題以偏正詞組充當(dāng)標(biāo)題的中心詞. 定語中的各組成部分總是前一個修飾后一個,層層相疊,最后作為一個整體來限定代表標(biāo)題重心概念的中心詞. 英譯標(biāo)題時,代表標(biāo)題重心的中心詞置于題首

24、,定語中的各組成部分,在多數(shù)情況下,按由小到大,由近到遠(yuǎn)的次序排列. 例如:抑郁癥患者紅細(xì)胞兒茶酚氧位甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性的研究The erythrocytes catechol O methyl transferase activity in patients with depression中華精神科雜志, 2005, 38(3)；（二）完整句標(biāo)題醫(yī)學(xué)論文標(biāo)題一般都是名詞性標(biāo)題。有的醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，如美國的 Journal of the National Cancer Institute 甚至規(guī)定標(biāo)題不得寫成完整的句子。但是，在其他英美醫(yī)學(xué)雜志中，仍可以看到標(biāo)題為完整句，只是句尾沒有句號。如： Diet

25、ary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer膽固醇飲食- 人類結(jié)腸癌的協(xié)同致癌因素Cytochrome b is present in neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease存在于慢性肉芽雜紅患者嗜中性白細(xì)胞里的細(xì)胞色素把b（三）疑問句標(biāo)題也可以是疑問句。疑問句標(biāo)題尾一般有疑問號，如有疑問副詞或疑問代詞，也可不用疑問句。 如：Home or hospital births?在家分娩還是住院分娩？Genetic damage form diagn

26、ostic radiation ?診斷性放射檢查能否導(dǎo)致遺傳性損害？What to look for rib fractures and how肋骨骨折時應(yīng)檢查什么及如何檢查？Is treatment of borderline hypertension good or bad?治療臨界型高血壓是利是弊？Are potassium supplements for the elderly necessary?中年以上的患者是否比須補(bǔ)鉀？What does exercise mean for the menstrual cycle?鍛煉對月經(jīng)周期有什么影響？二、副標(biāo)題副標(biāo)題往往用于突出論文某一方面

27、的內(nèi)容，如病例數(shù)、研究方法等。正、副標(biāo)題可用不同字體字號加以區(qū)別，也可用冒號隔開（一）突出病例數(shù)Abdominal pain in the emergency room: A study of 176 consecutive cases腹痛急診176 連續(xù)收治的病例研究Surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts: Analysis of 119 cases 假性胰腺囊腫手術(shù)治療 119例分析（二）突出研究方法Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients: Prospective

28、 study of 80 casesHeparin therapy: A randomized prospective studyDiabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study免疫抑制患者彌漫性肺浸潤前瞻性研究80例肝素療法前瞻性隨機(jī)研究傳染性肝炎繼發(fā)糖尿病患者隨訪調(diào)查（三）突出重點內(nèi)容Diabetes mellitus: New diagnostic criteria Digitalis therapy in practice : Correlation between clinical evaluation and plasma

29、 digoxin concentration Aorto-arteritis: Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance糖尿病診斷的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)洋地黃療法的實際應(yīng)用地高辛血漿濃度與臨床療效的關(guān)系大動脈炎胸部X線表現(xiàn)及其臨床意義（四）表示同位關(guān)系哌唑嗪一種新的治療高血壓的血管擴(kuò)張劑乳腺癌組織中的癌胚抗原一種有用的預(yù)后指標(biāo)Prazodine: A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast-cancer tissu

30、e: A useful prognostic indicator（五）提出疑問句Drug regulation: Evolution or revolution？Chronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric symptom?藥物調(diào)節(jié)：進(jìn)化還是革命？慢性腹痛是手術(shù)癥狀還是精神癥狀？（六）表示長篇連載論文各分篇的主題Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum:A study of normal subjects Physical and chemical studies of human

31、 blood serum:II . A study of 29cases of nephritis人類血清的理化研究：I 正常人的研究人類血清的理化研究：II. 29例腎炎患者的研究（七）說明研究時間A collaborative study of burn nursing in China: 20022006 A collaborative study of burn nursing in China: 20022006 Endoscopic varicose sclerosis: One year clinical experience中國燒傷護(hù)理綜合研究： 20022006曲張靜脈內(nèi)鏡硬

32、化療法：一年臨床經(jīng)驗研究 Exercises 1. 將下列標(biāo)題改為帶有副標(biāo)題的格式1) A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of primary sarcoma of the heart2) Experimental study of laser surgery of the liver3) A report of60 cases of primary vaginal carcinoma4) Clinical analysis of 55 cases of subacute thyroiditis5) A study of 1

33、27 cases of deafness due to noise trauma 6) A review of 37 cases of diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura7) Clinical, angiographic, and myocardial scintigraphic observations on unstable angina pectoris8) Fifteen years experience with carcinoma of the pancreas9) Experiences in the treatment of

34、 50 cases of vascular injuries 10) Physiopathologic mechanisms for jaundice and cirrhosis將下列完整句標(biāo)題改為名詞性標(biāo)題1) Angiodysplasia is a cause of colonic bleeding in the elderly2) Thyroid cancer is a late consequence of head-neck irridation.3) Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity are risk factors4)

35、Prostaglandins serve as mediators of inflammation.5) Ferritin serves as an index of bone marrow stores.6) High uric acid serves as an indicator of cardiovascular disease7) Pernicious anemia is a risk factor for cancer of the stomach8) Inferior vena cava obstruction is a complication of prostate canc

36、er三、英、漢標(biāo)題特點的比較（一）Study of, Report of 等詞的使用 （二）帶 as 的句式 （三）帶 and 的句式 （四）病例數(shù)的處理（五）漢語標(biāo)題中幾個常用詞的翻譯（一）Study of, Report of 等詞的使用18世紀(jì)，科技論文中可以 some thoughts on a few observations on現(xiàn)代科技論文Study of 、investigation of、 a report of 也不多見標(biāo)題越來越趨向簡短扼要。如：Ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice超生診斷膽汁郁積性黃疸Ca

37、rdiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients血液透析患者的心血管病變Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes苯對白細(xì)胞毒性作用的研究Clinical efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias雙異丙吡胺治療心律失常的療效觀察Studies on the diuretic effects of Etozolin in heart failure乙氧唑啉對心力衰竭患者利尿效應(yīng)的研究An angiographic and clinica

38、l study of coronary collateral circulation冠狀動脈側(cè)枝循環(huán)的血管造影與臨床研究（二）帶 as 的句式 在需要用表語（或同位語）的概念時，常用帶as 的句式Pernicious anemia as a risk factor for cancer of the stomachGastrocolic fistula as complication of benign gastric ulcer（三）帶 and 的句式表相互關(guān)系的意義時，可用and來表示Viral hepatitis and medical professionsMalignant hype

39、rtension and cigarette smoking（四）病例數(shù)的處理在我國醫(yī)學(xué)論文標(biāo)題，為吸引讀者注意，往往將病例數(shù)置于正標(biāo)題中1. 779例氣道異物的治療2. 系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡80例分析在國外，病例數(shù)大多置于副標(biāo)題中。3. 軟骨肉瘤附26例報告4.輸血后肝炎60例報告5. 55例亞急性甲狀腺炎臨床分析The treatment of 779 cases of foreign bodies in the air passageAnalysis of 80 cases of SLE Chondrosarcoma : Report of 26 casesPosttransfusion he

40、patitis : A report of 60 casesSubacute thyroiditis: Clinical analysis of 55 cases有時根據(jù)英文標(biāo)題不列出病例數(shù)這一特點，在英譯時可將病例數(shù)不譯。慢性胃炎分類探討（附71例分析）Evaluation of classification of chronic gastritis 腎下腹主動脈瘤39例治療經(jīng)驗Experience in the treatment of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm（五）漢語標(biāo)題中幾個常用詞的翻譯1. “探討”Discussion , eval

41、uation , approach, study, investigation 如1）實驗性肺功能不全的探討2）中西醫(yī)治療肝炎的探討3）亞臨床肝癌診斷問題的探討4）心源性猝死51例臨床病理探討5）原發(fā)性肝癌臨床診斷的探討6）腦血管病1000例臨床分析及若干問題探討Discussion on experimental pulmonary insufficiencyAn evaluation of treatment for hepatitis by combined traditional Chinese and western medicineAn approach to diagnosis

42、of subclinical liver cancerSudden cardiac death: Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 casesOn clinical diagnosis of primary carcinoma of liverCerebral vascular disorders: Clinical analysis of 1000 cases“體會” experience1） 818例糖尿病患者治療體會2）治療革蘭氏陰性桿菌菌血癥的新體會3）全胃切除治療賁門癌的體會Experience in treating 818 patient

43、s with diabetes mellitusRecent experience with bacillemia due to gramnegative organismsThe treatment of cancer of the esophago-gastric junction by total gastrectomy3 “總結(jié)” experience 如：先天性心臟病20年臨床資料總結(jié)Congenital heart disease: A twenty year clinical experience 4. “問題” problem , aspect1) 完全腸道外營養(yǎng)臨床實踐中的幾

44、個問題Certain problems of total parental nutrition in clinical practice2）關(guān)于門脈高壓癥手術(shù)治療的幾個問題Some aspects on surgical treatment of portal hypertension5. “初步體會”1）肝移植術(shù)麻醉的初步報告A preliminary report on anesthesia for liver transplantation 10例二尖瓣膜置換術(shù)臨床初步小節(jié)Clinical experience of mitral valve replacement in ten pat

45、ients四、冠詞的省略（一）一般名詞前的冠詞在報紙、雜志和書本中的標(biāo)題，往往省略冠詞(the)Treatment of gram-negative shockShock caused by gram-negative microorganisms: (an)Analysis of 169（二）疾病名稱Carcinoma of the anal canalDiabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study五、標(biāo)題中常用名詞的搭配（一）studyStudy on/ of/ in Studies / study如果Study 之前有表示研究

46、對象的定語，后接疾病名稱時，往往不用of, 而用in e.g.Platelet function studies in heart disease（二）reportReport of /on E.g. Thyroid carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkins disease: Report of / on a case放射治療何杰金氏病引起甲狀腺癌1例報告（三）survey Survey of/ on（四）observation Observation on/of/ in （六）各種治療與檢查名稱的搭配用法治療方法與疾病名稱連用時，一般用介詞f

47、orShunting operations for obesitySurgery for portal hypertensionBlindness after treatment for malignant hypertensionSurgical treatment of hyperthyroidism治療方法、檢查方法還可后接介詞 in同for Surgery in active infective endocarditis Parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure六、標(biāo)題中常用介詞的搭配in1 各種生理病理現(xiàn)象+in+ 生物名詞Epidemic

48、 mealses in young adultsThyroid function in patients with breast cancer 2 in+ 動源性名詞Steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shockUltrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice3 治療方法、檢查方法、藥物名稱各種病理現(xiàn)象名稱+in+疾病Parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure An analysis of pancreatic sonography in susp

49、ected pancreatic disease（二）due to 標(biāo)題中表示原因，應(yīng)用due to , 不可用because of , owing to , 可以用caused by代替Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacillliInfections due to group C streptococci in man （三）after, following Postoperative syndromes after / following liver surgeryExercises 1.檢查標(biāo)題中介詞的用法1) Gram-negative infect

50、ions of cancer2) Circulatory failure of metastatic carcinoma of the lung 3)Hypercalcemia on malignant lymphoma 4)Acute renal infections of adults5)Tiberculosis in the liver6) Sonography in the common bile duct7) The use of radioactive iodine at the evaluation of thyroid noduels2. 填空J(rèn)aundice _ a rare

51、 cause: Tuberculous lymphadenitis結(jié)核性淋巴結(jié)炎引起黃疸的罕見原因Restrictive antibiotherapy_ renal transplantation腎移植后有節(jié)制的使用抗生素Hyperparathyroidism _ head and neck irradiation 頭頸部放療后的甲狀旁腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)Tumor emboli _ pulmonary hypertension表現(xiàn)為肺動脈高壓的瘤拴Portal vein thrombosis_ cirrhosis肝硬化合并門靜脈血栓形成七、幾種常用的標(biāo)題句式（一）表示藥物治療的標(biāo)題句式藥物名稱+in

52、/for + 病名藥物名稱+in the treatment (management) of+ 病名藥物名稱+treatment (therapy)of + 病名treatment of+病名+ with+藥物名稱Use of+藥物名稱+in the treatment of + 病名1. vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease2.Prednisone for chronic active liver disease3. Penicillin in the treatment of severe respiratory infectio

53、ns.Revised: Treatment of severe respiratory infections with penicillin4. Vancomycin therapy of bacterial meningitis5. Use of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension secondary to renal disease（二）表示非藥物治療的標(biāo)題句式治療方法+for /in +病名治療方法+ in the treatment (management) of +病名Treatment (management) of +病名+by

54、+治療方法血液透析治療牛皮癬Hemodialysis for psoriasisHemodialysis in the treatment of psoriasisTreatment of psoriasis by hemodialysis（三）表示診斷方法的標(biāo)題句 式診斷方法+in+ 病名診斷方法+ in the diagnosis of +病名Assay (detection) of +某種成分+in +病名Diagnosis of 病名+by /with +診斷方法Detection of 病名+by +診斷方法Application of +診斷方法+ to the diagnosis

55、 of +病名Exercises 1.將下列詞次組編寫標(biāo)題1) splenectomy, myeloid metaplasia2) splenic irradiation myelofibrosis3) leukemia, marrow transplantation4) computer tomography, acute pancreatitis5)ultrasound, cholestatic jaundice 2. 英譯下列標(biāo)題1)結(jié)核病患者的黃疸2）嬰兒及兒童的血管創(chuàng)傷3）一例慢性腎功能衰竭患者的胃腸道綜合征和休克4）劑量是腫瘤化療的關(guān)鍵因素5）青霉胺（penicillamine)治

56、療類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎6) 高選擇性迷走神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)(hyperselective vogotomy)治療十二指腸潰瘍的經(jīng)驗7) 放射免疫測定（radioimmunoassay）診斷腸道及胰臟的內(nèi)分泌（endocrine)腫瘤8) SLE患者的胰腺炎: 一例報道及文獻(xiàn)綜述第三章作者姓名、學(xué)位和工作單位一、作者姓名歐美人的name既指名也指姓。如諾貝爾的全名是Alfred Bernhard NobelAlfred 是first name。 Bernhard 是second name Nobel 是last name.First name 與 second name 相當(dāng)于我國的“名”。 last name 相當(dāng)于“姓”。也有只有first name 而無second name。在論文署名時，一般將first name, last name用全文寫出，而將 second name縮寫 如： Afred B. Nobel, Wilhelm C. Roentgen李時珍 雷鋒 司馬光 司徒漢城二、學(xué)位1. M.B.(MB)= Bachelor of Medicine2.