英語簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句

1、名師手記之：英語篇（簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句）1.簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句 句子種類兩種分類法按照句子的用途，英語的句子可分：陳述句(肯定、否定)、疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意)、祈使句、感嘆句等四種。按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分：簡(jiǎn)單句并列句和復(fù)合句三種。簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語或并列主語和一個(gè)謂語或并列謂語。并列句由并列連詞and, but, or，so等)或分號(hào)(;)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：狀語從句名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)和定語從句等三種。 并列句的分類并列句指把兩個(gè)同等重要的句子連接在一起，句子之間常用and,

2、 not onlybut also, neithernor, then等并列連詞連接。表示選擇關(guān)系常用的連詞有：or, eitheror, otherwise等表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系常用的連詞有：but, still, however, yet, while, when等。表示因果關(guān)系常用的連詞有：so, for, therefore等。2.狀語從句：(1)狀語從句的分類狀語從句通常修飾主句的動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，從屬連詞在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。根據(jù)狀語從句所表達(dá)的不同意義和功能，可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、比較、方式等狀語從句。(2)連接狀語從句的詞語時(shí)間狀語從句：whe

3、n, whenever每當(dāng)，after, before, as, as soon as, hardly/ scarcely.when., no sooner.than.。.一就，while, till, until, since, once。名詞詞組the first time第一次，last time最后一次，every/each time每次，the next time下次，the next day第二天， the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 一就;副詞immediately, instantly, directly等也可作連詞使

4、用。原因狀語從句：because, since, as, now that。地點(diǎn)狀語從句：where，wherever(無論那里)。讓步狀語從句： no matter who/whom/what/which/how/when/where, though, although, as, even if /even though, whatever, whoever, however, wherever, whenever等。條件狀語從句： if, unless, as/so long as(如果;只要)，in case (萬一); on condition that(如果)， suppose, s

5、upposing, providing, provide。目的狀語從句：in order that (為了)，so that (以便)。比較狀語從句：(not) as/soas，than, the morethe more(越越) 引導(dǎo)。方式狀語從句：as(正如;按照)，as if/as though (好像)引導(dǎo)。結(jié)果狀語從句： so that (結(jié)果是)， so/suchthat (如此以至于)。(3)從句中的語序復(fù)合句中通常采用陳述語序。但是，在下面的幾種情況下，狀語從句多采用倒裝語序：當(dāng)連詞as, though連接讓步狀語從句時(shí)，作表語的名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞通常置于句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝語序

6、。例如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John。Try as she might, Carol couldnt get the door open。Strange though it may seem, I like housework。在so/such.that.。.結(jié)果狀語從句中，so+形容詞/副詞或such+名詞置于句首時(shí)，主句采用部分倒裝語序。例如：So successful was her business that Marie was able to set up new b

7、ranches elsewhere.Such was the force of the explosion that windows were blown out。在hardly/scarcely.when., no sooner.than.。.句式中，把hardly/scarcely/no sooner置于句首時(shí)，第一個(gè)分句采用部分倒裝語序，即把第二個(gè)分句用陳述語序。例如：Scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door。 however與形容詞、副詞一起引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，句子采用陳述語序。例如：However amusi

8、ng the story is, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week。 在the +比較級(jí)the+比較級(jí)句式中，只是把形容詞或副詞置于句首，句子仍然采用陳述語序。例如：Education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are。(4)從句和主句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)在復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般遵循以下的規(guī)律：表示“同時(shí)”意義的連詞as, when, as soon as, the mo

9、ment, while 等連接的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句和從句時(shí)態(tài)基本一致。例如：As time passed, things seemed to get worse。 表示“將來”意義的條件、時(shí)間和讓步狀語從句中多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而主句用一般將來時(shí)，被稱為“主將從現(xiàn)”。例如：Tom wont go to sleep unless his mother tells him a story。Once I get him a job, hell be fine。 since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句多用一般過去時(shí)，而含有since從句的主句通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：I havent met her since I

10、left university。在句式hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan中，第一個(gè)分句中過去完成時(shí)，第二個(gè)分句用一般過去時(shí)。例如：She had hardly sat down when the phone rang。 在as if/though 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果表示一種與事實(shí)相反夸張，從句多用一般過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。例如：She stared at me as though I were a complete stranger。(5)狀語從句的省略當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語相同時(shí)，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語從句，可省略與主句相同的主語和助動(dòng)詞，保留連詞+過去分詞;主

11、動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語從句，可省略與主句相同的主語和助動(dòng)詞，保留連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：We all know that, if not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse。Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university。(6)狀語從句被用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中狀語從句作為被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，一律用It is/was that，不能用when代替that。句子用陳述語序。注意：當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)Not until +時(shí)間/時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞不再采用倒裝語序。例如

12、：It was not until the war was over that the soldier was able to return home。3. 名詞性從句(1)名詞性從句分類：按照在句中的功能，名詞性從句分為：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句四種。(2) 名詞性從句的連接詞名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：that無詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時(shí)可被省略;表示“是否”用whether，只有在賓語從句中，whether可被人if代替。Whether和if在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。如果從句缺少主語、表語、賓語、或定語等句子成分，用連接代詞what, whatever, who, who

13、ever, whom, whose, which;如果從句缺少狀語，用連接副詞when, where, how, why。由于連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句，因而從句中謂語不用疑問語序。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，而連接詞whether 和if(是否)，在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。(3) 名詞性從句中的特殊時(shí)態(tài) 在以下三種主語從句中，主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”， should可省略。(1)It is+形容詞+that句型。常見的形容詞有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprisin

14、g, astonishing(令人驚訝的)等。(2) It is +名詞+that句型。常見的名詞有pity, shame, advice, suggestion, proposal(提議，建議)， requirement, request, desire, order等。(3) It is+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+ that句型。常見的動(dòng)詞有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。在insist(堅(jiān)持)， urge (催促)， order(命令)， command(命令)， suggest(建議)，advise(建議)，r

15、ecommend(建議，推薦)， request(請(qǐng)求，要求)， demand(要求)，require(要求，需要)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”， should可省略。 在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提議)， requirement, suggestion等名詞的表語從句、同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可省略。在一些表示驚訝、意志等感情色彩的名詞性從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”或“should +have done”，譯為“竟然，居然”。例如：I am surprised /s

16、hocked that you should speak in such a way。I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。It is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。I am glad that your story should have won the first prize。4. 定語從句(1)定語從句的分類定語從句分為限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句兩種。限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾和限制作用，而非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)

17、充和解釋說明作用。通常限制性定語從句與先行詞之間沒有逗號(hào)，而非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開。(2)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, which, that, as;關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句的先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用，同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。(3)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法：當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)用who 作主語，whom作賓語;當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)用which，可作主語或賓語;先行詞為人、物時(shí)用that ，可作主語或賓語; whose

18、用作定語，可指人或物; 關(guān)系副詞when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語;where(指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語);why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。(4)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句：從句與主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。例如：I was the only person in our office who was invited。(去掉定語從句，句意就不完整) 非限制性定語從句：從句與先行詞關(guān)系不密切，去掉定從句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號(hào)隔開，不能that用引導(dǎo)。例如：His movie won several awards at the

19、 film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream. (去掉定語從句，主句的意思仍完整)(5)使用定語從句時(shí)需注意的幾個(gè)問題用that而不用 which的情況：先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, much;先行詞有最高級(jí)修飾，有序數(shù)詞修飾;先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如：There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Lij

20、ing。This is the best coffee maker that I have ever been made。Mr Smith is the only foreigner teacher that he knows。 用which而不用 that的情況：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;指代整個(gè)主句的意思;用于介詞 的后面+ 關(guān)系代詞。例如：Chans restaurant on Baker Street, which used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. For many cities in the world, there

21、 is no room to spread our further, of which New York is an example。 關(guān)系代詞as的用法a. 當(dāng)現(xiàn)行詞為 the same +名詞，such+名詞時(shí)，要用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：I want to buy the same shirt as yours。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in Germany。b. as可指代主句的內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。常用于下列句型：as is known to all, as

22、is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。例如： He got the first place again in this mid-term examination, as we expected。c. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時(shí)，用as引導(dǎo);反之，用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定意義時(shí)，常用which引導(dǎo)。例如：He made a long speech, as we expected。He made a long spee

23、ch, which was unexpected。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。例如：The man who lives downstairs makes it a rule to run in the park in the morning。 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用“介詞 + which”來代替。例如：October 1, 1949 was the day on which (= when) the new China was founded。在”介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞只能用which和whom，且不能省略;如果介詞在句末，關(guān)系代詞

24、可用which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who，且可省略。例如：The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about is proves to be friendly。注意事項(xiàng)1.狀語從句與其它相似結(jié)構(gòu)的辨析 It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的時(shí)間狀語+ that+其它句子成分，其特點(diǎn)是去掉It is/was和that原句仍然成立。例如：It was at midnight that we got home。 It is/was+時(shí)間+when/before+從句 表示“當(dāng)發(fā)生時(shí)，時(shí)間是”。例如：It was late evening whe

25、n the doctor arrived。 It will be/was+時(shí)間段+before+句子，表示“要過才會(huì)發(fā)生某事”或“過了發(fā)生了某事”。例如：It will be years before we find a cure for cancer。 It is/has been + since +句子， 表示“自從以來，時(shí)間過了”。例如：Its three years since I last saw her。2. 分隔定語從句有時(shí)，定語從句不緊跟先行詞之后，中間被一個(gè)插入語、狀語、定語或謂語隔開。例如：There is an expression in his eyes that I

26、cant understand。For these football fans, it was an exciting moment this year, when for the first time in years their team won the world cup。Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house to borrow a necklace?The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of i

27、n that faraway village。Lets go into the restaurant across the street where you can sit down。3.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞作某種句子成分，定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾和限制作用，而在同位語從句中，從對(duì)前面的抽象名詞起補(bǔ)充和解釋作用，連接詞不在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。例如：We heard the news that our school team had won the game. (同位語從句， that在從句中不作句子成分)The news that he told me ye

28、sterday proves true. (定語從句， that 在從句中作told的賓語)The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great. (定語從句， that 在從句中作offered的賓語)She is worried about the possibility that she might lose her job。( 同位語從句， that在從句中不作句子成分)4. 定語從句與名詞性從句的辨析與主語從句的辨析As is known to all, the natural resources are reducing

29、day by day. (非限制性定語從句)It is known to all that the natural resources are reducing day by day. (主語從句)What is known to all is that the natural resources are reducing day by day. (主語從句)精典名題導(dǎo)解1.(2008山東) He found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail。A. though B. for C. b

30、ut D. so考點(diǎn)解析：前句表示一個(gè)結(jié)果，而后句表示原因，因此應(yīng)填for。連詞for連接的并列句總是放在后面。最佳答案為B。2. (2008全國(guó)II)Stand over there, _ youll be able to see the oil painting better。A. but B. till C. and D. or考點(diǎn)解析：句首的祈使句和第二個(gè)分句的時(shí)態(tài)暗示空白處應(yīng)填and, 構(gòu)成“祈使句+and+并列句”結(jié)構(gòu)。并列句表示條件，而and后的并列句表示結(jié)果。最佳答案為C。3.(2008湖南) _ the Internet is of great help. I dont th

31、ink its a good idea to spend too much time on it。A. If B. While C. Because D. As考點(diǎn)解析：句意為：“雖然因特網(wǎng)非常有用，但是我認(rèn)為上網(wǎng)花費(fèi)時(shí)間太多不是好事”。連詞While表示“雖然，盡管”，連接讓步狀語從句，最佳答案為B。4. (2008山東)Youd better not leave the medicine _ kids can get at it. (2008山東)A. even if B. which C. where D. so that考點(diǎn)解析：句意為：“你最好不要把藥品放在孩子們能拿到的地方”，空白

32、處之前為主句，之后為狀語從句，表示地點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)選連接詞where，最佳答案為C。5. (2008全國(guó)I卷) The lawyer rarely wears anything other than jeans and a T-shirt _ the season。A. whatever B. wherever C. whenever D. however考點(diǎn)解析：句中含有讓步狀語從句whatever the season is，其中is被省略。句意為：“無論是什么季節(jié)，那個(gè)律師總是穿著牛仔褲和短袖汗衫”。最佳答案為A。6.(2008湖南) When asked _ they needed mos

33、t, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.A. what B. why C. whom D. which考點(diǎn)解析：asked之后跟一個(gè)賓語從句，從句中的needed缺少賓語，因此空白處應(yīng)填what, 最佳答案為A。7.(2008天津) The last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park。A. where B. how C. when D. why解析：從空白處到句末為表語從句，從句中主語、謂語、賓語齊全，但缺狀語。結(jié)合句意“上次我們開心是

34、當(dāng)我們?nèi)ニ蠘穲@的時(shí)候”，因此選when, 最佳答案為C。8. (2008上海) It has been proved _ _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life。A. if B. because C. when D. that考點(diǎn)解析：it為形式主語，代替的是主語從句，因從句中句子成分完整，句子意義明確，因此應(yīng)用that連接，最佳答案為D。9. (2008上海) We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas。A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which考點(diǎn)解析：句意為：“我們經(jīng)歷了一段時(shí)期，那時(shí)在農(nóng)村通訊非常困難”。空白后為定語從句，句中為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，因此先行詞a period只能作狀語，表示時(shí)間，因此應(yīng)選介詞+關(guān)系代詞in which，相當(dāng)于when, 最佳答案為C。10. (2008江蘇) The Science Museum, _ we