北京四中語法輔導(dǎo)

1、北京四中英語語法知識難點(diǎn)（二）（四）動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)I 要點(diǎn)1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1） 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)， 常與 sometimes, always, often, every day 等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.（2）表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：The earth goes round the sun.2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（1） 表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與 now, at present 等時(shí)間狀語 連用。如：What are you doing now?（2）和 always, continually

2、等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常含有某種情 感。如：He is always doing good deeds.3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去， 對現(xiàn)在仍有影響， 或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在， 或可能 還要繼續(xù)下去，常與 just, already, so far, once, never等詞連用。如 :Have you ever been to Beijing?4、一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與 tomorrow, next year 等連用。如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.Were going

3、 to see a film next Monday.5、一般過去時(shí) 表示在過去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)， 常與 yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago.6、過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday?7、過去完成時(shí) 表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如： The train had already left before we arrived.8、一

4、般過去將來時(shí)表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：He said he would come, but he didnt.9、被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，以 give 為例。時(shí)式 , 一般 , 進(jìn)行 , 完成現(xiàn)在 ,amis givenare ,amis beingare ,hasbeen givenhave過去 ,wasgivenwere ,wasbeing given were ,had been given將來 ,shallbe givenwill , ,shallhave been givenwill過去將來 ,shouldbe givenwould , ,shouldhave b

5、een givenwouldII 例題例1 I learned that her fatherin 1950.A had died B died C dead D is dead解析：該題正確答案為E。從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的 動(dòng)作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語 in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)， 而用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。例 2 The five-year-old girlby her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D has been looked解析：該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞

6、的動(dòng)詞短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語，而不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中。(五) 動(dòng)詞虛擬語氣I 要點(diǎn)表示說的話不是事實(shí)， 或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況， 而是一種愿望、 建議或與事 實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。1、虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成情景 , 條件從句的謂語動(dòng)詞 , 主句的謂語動(dòng)詞 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,動(dòng)詞過去式 (be要用were) ,should+動(dòng)詞原形would與過去事實(shí)相反 ,had + 過去分詞 ,should+have+過 去分詞would與將來事實(shí)相反 , 1、動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)2、should +動(dòng)詞原形3、were to + 動(dòng)詞原形，should動(dòng)詞原形wo

7、uld注：如果條件從句謂語動(dòng)詞包含有 were 或 had, should, could 有時(shí)可將 if 省去, 但要倒裝。如：Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.2、虛擬語氣在各種從句的主應(yīng)用(1) 在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語形式是 should( 可省) 動(dòng)詞原形 ，常用于以下三種句型中。句型一：It is n ecessary (importa nt, n atural, stra nge, etc) that句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no

8、won der, etc) that句型三： It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.It is requested that we (should) be so careless.(2) 在賓語從句中用于 suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, co

9、mmand 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂 語形式是 (should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形 。如：I suggest that we (should) go swimming.(3) 在表語從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句 中的主語通常是 suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea 等。從句謂語 形式是(should) +動(dòng)詞原形。如：His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.(4) 在同位語從句中，謂語形式是(should) +動(dòng)詞原形。如： We receive

10、d order that the work be done at once.(5) 在It is time that句型中，其謂語動(dòng)詞形式是動(dòng)詞的過去式或should +動(dòng)詞原形 ,should 不可省。如：Its time (that) we went (or should go) to school.II 例題例1 We had hoped that heIon ger.A stays B should stay C stayed D would stay解析：該題正確答案為D。had hoped表示本希望，同樣用法的動(dòng)詞還有think, expect 等，后面的句子需用虛擬語氣例 2 M

11、ary wants to see you today.I would rather she tomorrow than today.A comes B came C should come D will come解析：該題正確答案為E。would rather后面的從句需用虛擬語氣，用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)表示。例3 Had she been older, she it better.A had done B might have doneC might do D would do解析：Had she been older = If she had been old.故該題正確答案為E。(六) 短語動(dòng)詞I

12、 要點(diǎn)英語中有許多短語動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體， 其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞， 有 的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞， 有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。 英語短語動(dòng)詞的 構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：(1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞常見的有 look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：Dont laugh at others. I didnt care about it.（2） 動(dòng)詞+副詞常見的有 give up, pick up, think o

13、ver, find out, hand in, point out 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊； 賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3) 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞常見的有 look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：All his money added up to

14、 no more than $100.After a short rest, he went on with his research work.(4) 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞常見的有 take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.（5）動(dòng)詞+形容詞常見的有 leave open, set free, cut open 等。這類短語

15、動(dòng)詞的賓語如果是 名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊， 也可放在后邊； 賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身 代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.(6) 動(dòng)詞+名詞常見的有 take place, make friends 等。這類短語動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如： This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.（ 7 ）辨析give away（ 讓給，暴露 ） 和 give up （放棄，停止） put away （放起，收起） 和

16、 put out （撲滅） turn up （出席，放大） 和 turn on （打開） keep out （阻止） 和 keep off （不讓靠近） make up （編造，補(bǔ)上） 和 make out （辨認(rèn)） take off （脫，起飛） 和 take out （拿出）II 例題例1 It is wise to have some moneyfor old age.A put away B kept up C given away D laid up解析：該題正確答案為A。意為存；keep up意為繼續(xù)；give away意為 分發(fā)； lay up 貯藏。例2 Heres my ca

17、rd. Lets keep in.A touch B relation C connection D friendship解析：該題正確答案為 A. keep in touch 為短語動(dòng)詞，意為 保持聯(lián)系 。例 3 ! Theres a train coming.A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on解析：該題選 A. look out 意為小心。（七）動(dòng)詞不定式I 要點(diǎn)1、不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞 write 為例。 式丨態(tài)，主動(dòng)語態(tài)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式 ,to write ,to be written完成式 ,to have writte

18、n ,to have been written進(jìn)行式 ,to be writing , 完成進(jìn)行式 ,to have been writing ,2、不定式的句法功能（1） 作主語To hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以 it 作形式主語，而不定式置 于謂語動(dòng)詞后。如：Its nice to hear from you.Its not easy to be a good teacher.（2） 作賓語通常用于 want, hope, wish, like, need, hate

19、, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如：I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.(3) 作表語My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.(4) 作定語不定式作定語時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：I have two letters to write.I have a lot of work to do.(5) 作賓補(bǔ)cause,

20、通常用于 want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, force 等詞后。如：He ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his order.(6) 作狀語He got up early to catch the first bus.He worked hard to catch up with the other students.(7) 作獨(dú)立成分To tell you the truth, I told a lie.(8) 疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。女口：I d

21、ont know how to choose them.I cannot decide where to go.( 9)不定式的否定式。如：I decided not to go.( 10)不定式的完成式。如：He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.(11) tooto結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He was too excited to go to sleep.He was only too glad to go. ( 他太高興

22、了，樂意去 )( 12)主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：The book is easy to read.I have a book to read.II 例題例1 I have nt got a chair.A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語，修飾名詞chair.因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 ，所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，故此處 on 不能省略。例 2 He was made .A go B gone C going D to go解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth.如

23、果是被動(dòng)形式，不定式 do前的to不能省略。例 3 A new factory is very soon.A to be built B built C to build D to building 解析：該題選 A。 is to be built意為 將要被建 。（八）動(dòng)名詞I 要點(diǎn)動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能1、動(dòng)名詞的形式，以write為例。 式 | 語態(tài) , 主動(dòng)語態(tài) , 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 一般式 ,writing ,being written完成式 ,having written ,having been written否定式 not + 動(dòng)名詞2、動(dòng)名詞的用法(1) 作

24、主語Playing football is my favorite sport. Travelling with friends at weekend is fun. 作主語的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長時(shí)，可用 it 作形式主語。如：It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.(2) 作賓語I enjoy playing PC game. He gave up writing five years ago.(3) 作表語What he hated most was doing nothing.Seeing is believing.動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，句子的主

25、語常是無生命名詞或 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(4) 作定語Theres a dining room in my school. All the people watching laughed.（5）動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)物主代詞（或名詞的所有格）+動(dòng)名詞。如： Toms going home late made her mother angry.Would you mind my opening the window? 不過，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語在遇有以下情況時(shí)， 必須用名詞的普通格 （或人稱代 詞的賓格）。 無生命名詞The girls were afraid of the door suddenl

26、y closing.Fire burns better by oxygen being at work. 有生命名詞，但表泛指。Have you ever heard of girls smoking? 兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day? 3后面常接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞和短語 mind enjoy finish consider practise imagine keep suggest advise allow permit be worth doing be used t

27、o doing be busy doing cant help doing it is no good doing it is no use doing look forward to doing stick to doing pay attention to doing devote to dong lead to doingII 例題例1 She says she does nt feel likeout with you.A going B to go C for going D went解析：該題正確答案為 A。 feel like = want, 此處 like 為介詞，后面要接 名

28、詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語例 2 The garden needs.A water B watering C to water D watered解析：該題正確答案為 B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主語，此三者 后要接動(dòng)名詞或 to be done 這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。例3 Excuse meyou.A interrupting B to interruptC interrupted D to have interrupted解析：該題正確答案為A。excuse后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，此句中的me為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語（常用于口語中）。九）分詞I 要點(diǎn)分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征， 又具有形

29、容和副詞的句法功能。 它分為現(xiàn)在分詞 和過去分詞兩類?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成 式，過去分詞則只有一般式?，F(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，表主動(dòng)。過去分詞及物 動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表被動(dòng)。過去分詞不及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表主動(dòng)。 過去分詞的句法功能：1、作定語I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.The woman who sat beside the broken window was a friend of mine.2、作表語When I came into the room, I found the window

30、was broken.Im interested in this book.3、作賓語補(bǔ)足語Im going to have my bike repaired.When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.4、作狀語Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。1、作主語Its no use telling him th

31、at.Losing the ticket to the concert made him sad.2、作賓語I hate being spoken ill of.He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.3、作表語Seeing is believing.The book is interesting.4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語I noticed him crossing the street.Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.5、作定語Do you know the man writin

32、g a letter?The worker running a machine is my brother.6、作狀語Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him. 分詞使用中的幾個(gè)問題1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式Having cleaned the room, I went out.2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.3

33、、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的不同 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、正在，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成I found the man killed there.I found the man standing there.4、 have 結(jié)構(gòu)We have the car repaired.We have repaired the car.We have Tom repair the car.We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.5、分詞作表語We were excited at the news.The football game is exciting.6、獨(dú)

34、立主格結(jié)構(gòu)It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.II 例題例 1、 Time , Ill go on a picnic with you.A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting解析：該題答案為D。Time permitting是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，意為如果時(shí)間允 許的話例 2、He regrets his father that day.A. having not seen. B. not to see C. not having seen D. seeing not 解析：該

35、題答案為 C。 Regret 后接 doing 表后悔做了某事 ，如后接 to do 則表遺憾要做某事 ，而 doing 的否定形式是在前加 not。例 3、 if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking解析：該題答案為C。主語she是被問。狀語從句北京四中 畢勤一、語法知識1, 表示時(shí)間的狀語從句可以由 when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since, ever si

36、nce, now (that), once, so/as long as, as soon as引起.I will give you the information as soon as I get it. Once you start to smoke, it is hard to give it up. Lets stay here until the teacher comes.有時(shí)也可以用 every time, each time, immediately, the moment, soon after, shortly after, next time等詞引起狀語從句 .Every

37、 time I see him, I have a terrible feeling inside. None of them stopped talking the moment she came in. I will show you the movie the next time you come here.Shortly after AbrahamLincoln took office, the southern States rebelled. 主句動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)，用肯定句(直到為止)。主句動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞，用否定形 式。(直到才)2, 表示地點(diǎn)的狀語從句用 where 或 whereve

38、r 引起 . You can make a mark where you have a question. Wherever you go, I will be right here waiting for you. People at that time went to wherever they could find work.3, 表示原因的狀語從句用 as, because, since, nowthat, ( not that but that )等等詞引起 .Since no on e is against it, we ll have a test. Now that you a

39、re here, I will tell you the truth.在一些形容詞后的狀語從句中同樣表示原因 , 這些詞中常見的有 sorry, annoyed, surprised, glad, ashamed, disappointed, afraid, hurt, satisfied, content I am very happy that you have passed the exam. We feel proud that you beat that Japanese in public.4, 表示結(jié)果的狀語從句的連接詞有 that, so that, so that, such

40、 that Whats wrong that you lost your temper? He didn t sleep well last night, so that he is asleep. We left home in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.5, 表示條件的狀語從句用 if, unless, suppose, in case, so/as long as,so far as, on condition thatAs long as we stick to it, we will succeed.Call me in

41、 case you have any difficulty. He used to be an honest man, as far as I know.6, 表示讓步的狀語從句可以由 though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever 引起.I will leave here although I just arrived. You should remember who you are even if you are a star.I ll let you use the room on conditio

42、n that you keep it clean and tidy. Poor as he was, he was honest.7, 表示比較關(guān)系的狀語從句由 than 或 as 引起 . 由于里面常有一些部分沒 有表示出來 , 這類從句多數(shù)看來都是不完整的 (as -as, not so(as) - as, than).He is as busy as a bee.Price is going up much faster than before.8， 目的狀語 that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that , in caseWesen

43、t the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in time. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.I hid the book lest he should see it. ( 以免，免得 )I hid the book so that he should not see it.9， 行為方式狀語 as , as if (though)- Leave it as it is .I remember the whole thing as if it ha

44、ppened yesterday,I should thank you rather than that you thank me.二、練習(xí)與檢測1. We were watching TV we caught sight of a friend of ours.A. as soon as B. whileC. when D. once2. The price of diamond rings has risen sharply the price of goldrings has gone down.A. when B. asC. while D. otherwise3. reason yo

45、u may give, you ought not to have left homeworkunfinished.A. What B. No matterC. However D. Whatever4. It seemed only several minutes he finished this painting.A. after B. beforeC. when D. until5. The secretary made a note of it she should forget.A. in order that B. in caseC. so that D. ever when6.

46、No matter says no to us, we will return to our motherland.A. whoever B. whoC. what D. whatever7. It was that they planned to have a picnic.A. such fine weather B. so fine a weatherC. such a fine weather as D. such a fine weather8. you say yes to us, we will do some mountain-climbing during this summ

47、er vacation.A. Whatever B. HoweverC. Whether or not D. What9. , he knows a lot about American literature.A. A child though he is not B. A child as he isC. Child as he is D. As he is a child10. he sometimes says something rude to me, yet I believe in him.A. In spite of B. Despite C. Now that D. Altho

48、ugh11. The climate here is of Los Angeles.A. better than the weather B. as good as climateC. better than that D. better than it12. Shanghai has a larger population .A. than that of Beijing B. than that in BeijingsC. than Beijing D. than Beijing s13. TV sets made in Shanghai are better than made in Tianjin.A. that B. what C. those D. things14. We are going to have a barbecue it rains.A. if not B. whenC. except that D. unless15. I was about to leave my house the phone rang.A. after B. as C. when D. while16.