英語國家概況_英國議會和政府(匯總)

1、 英國議會英國議會 英國議會淵源于古代的賢人會議英國議會淵源于古代的賢人會議,后來后來發(fā)展為大會議發(fā)展為大會議, 1688年年“光榮革命光榮革命”后，后，議會逐步獲得至尊無上的地位議會逐步獲得至尊無上的地位; 議會代議會代表了英國民主政治的傳統(tǒng)表了英國民主政治的傳統(tǒng),成為反對專成為反對專制的堅強堡壘制的堅強堡壘,英國議會的產(chǎn)生為人類英國議會的產(chǎn)生為人類民主社會作出了貢獻民主社會作出了貢獻.人們把英國議會人們把英國議會稱為稱為“議會之母議會之母”。英國議會英國議會 被稱為被稱為“議會之母議會之母”的緣由的緣由: 議會是現(xiàn)代資本主義政體中議會是現(xiàn)代資本主義政體中最重要的組最重要的組成部分成部分之一

2、，也是資本主義民主制度的之一，也是資本主義民主制度的主主要體現(xiàn)要體現(xiàn)。 英國是世界上英國是世界上第一個第一個建立議會制的國家。建立議會制的國家。 美、法等國都美、法等國都效妨效妨英國建立起各具特色英國建立起各具特色的議會制。的議會制。英國議會英國議會（最高立法機關(guān)最高立法機關(guān)）下議院下議院上議院上議院（至尊議會）（至尊議會）立法權(quán)立法權(quán)財政權(quán)財政權(quán)司法權(quán)司法權(quán)監(jiān)督權(quán)監(jiān)督權(quán)（起輔助（起輔助 作用）作用）監(jiān)督下院工作監(jiān)督下院工作協(xié)助下院立法協(xié)助下院立法修改和否決議案修改和否決議案行政權(quán)力的最高來源行政權(quán)力的最高來源英國最高司法機關(guān)英國最高司法機關(guān)（受理民事、刑事上訴（受理民事、刑事上訴案件案件，審

3、理貴族案件），審理貴族案件）英國議會的地位：英國議會的地位：英國議會的組成英國議會的組成:最高立法機關(guān)最高立法機關(guān)（1）下議院）下議院 （2）上議院）上議院British Parliament The United Kingdom is a unitary , not a federal state (中央集權(quán)國家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國家 ). Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons (議會由君主，上議院和下議院組成).British Parliament The main f

4、unctions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws (通過立法 ); (2) to provide, by voting for, taxation (投票 批準稅 ); (3) to examine government Policy and administrations (檢查政府政策和行政管理 ); (4) to debate the major issues of the day (當天的議題辯論 ). British Parliament The House of Lords The House of Lords consists of the

5、 Lords Spiritual (神職議員), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal (世俗議員), those who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers （hereditary peers世襲貴族）or （life peers終身貴族）have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves ins

6、tead of the interests of the public. British Parliament Life peers-終身貴族 appointed by the sovereign at the suggestion of the Prime Minister ( a practice began in 1958) 注：終身爵士。1958年英國議會通過了終身貴族爵位法，對那些為英國社會作出杰出貢獻的人-英國一些著名的政治家和高官，如首相、總督、高級大臣等，從現(xiàn)職退下來后，王室授封他們?yōu)榻K身貴族。他們以其豐富的從政經(jīng)驗進入上院繼續(xù)參政議政，但其爵位不能傳后代。 British P

7、arliament The House of Commons The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where representatives (Members of Parliament) are elected to make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent interests of the people wh

8、o vote for them. British Parliament Britain is divided into constituencies (選區(qū)). Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. The party which holds a majority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. After a governmen

9、t has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”. British Parliament General Elections Periodic national general elections are very important in the western model of democracy （周期性大選在西方式的民主制度中非常重要 ）. The election is seen as an opportunity for people to influence future

10、government policy and to replace the incompetent political leader. British Parliament Anyone who is eligible (有資格當選的) to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least

11、 5% of the vote. British Parliament The electoral campaigns Before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns （advertisements, postal deliveries of leaflets, etc. ）in order to make their policies known to the public. These campaigns (attacking and criticizing the

12、 opponents policies )sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical. 英國的議會和政府至尊的議會（至尊的議會（“議會之母議會之母”）是最高立法機關(guān)，主要由上議院和下議院組成是最高立法機關(guān)，主要由上議院和下議院組成內(nèi)閣與首相內(nèi)閣是英國政府的核心領(lǐng)導機關(guān)首相和內(nèi)閣要向議會負責，而不用對國家元首（國王）負責內(nèi)閣權(quán)力很大首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集黨、政、軍大權(quán)于一身君主立憲制的實質(zhì)本質(zhì)上是資產(chǎn)階級政權(quán)的一種本質(zhì)上是資產(chǎn)階級政權(quán)的一種組織形式組織形式英國議會是最高英國議會是最高_，主要由上議院和，主要由上議院和下議院組成，有下議院組成，

13、有_之稱。之稱。內(nèi)閣是英國政府的內(nèi)閣是英國政府的_ _ ，首相和內(nèi)，首相和內(nèi)閣要向閣要向_負責。負責。首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集_大大權(quán)于一身。權(quán)于一身。君主立憲制本質(zhì)是君主立憲制本質(zhì)是_政權(quán)的一種組政權(quán)的一種組織形式?？椥问健ＹY產(chǎn)階級資產(chǎn)階級核心領(lǐng)導機關(guān)核心領(lǐng)導機關(guān)議會議會立法機關(guān)立法機關(guān)“議會之母議會之母”黨、政、軍黨、政、軍君主立憲制的實質(zhì)君主立憲制的實質(zhì)1 1、從英國君主立憲制的結(jié)構(gòu)看、從英國君主立憲制的結(jié)構(gòu)看為資產(chǎn)階級服務，不是為全體人民服務，具有階級性。為資產(chǎn)階級服務，不是為全體人民服務，具有階級性。英王和王室英王和王室上院上院下院下院保守黨保守黨工黨工黨

14、2 2、從政策層面看、從政策層面看議會議會政黨政黨右翼右翼左翼左翼保守黨保守黨工黨工黨首相的權(quán)利：首相的權(quán)利：首相掌握政府人事大權(quán)首相掌握政府人事大權(quán), ,包括任免內(nèi)閣成員包括任免內(nèi)閣成員和其他非閣員大臣和其他非閣員大臣( (向國王提交任免名單向國王提交任免名單).).首相領(lǐng)導內(nèi)閣，對重大問題作出最終裁決。首相領(lǐng)導內(nèi)閣，對重大問題作出最終裁決。首相控制國家財政大權(quán)，掌控預算決策權(quán)。首相控制國家財政大權(quán)，掌控預算決策權(quán)。首相有權(quán)建議國王解散議會，宣布重新大選。首相有權(quán)建議國王解散議會，宣布重新大選。首相是武裝部隊的實際最高領(lǐng)導人，可宣首相是武裝部隊的實際最高領(lǐng)導人，可宣布全國處于布全國處于“緊急

15、狀態(tài)緊急狀態(tài)”。內(nèi)閣內(nèi)閣的權(quán)力：的權(quán)力：制制定內(nèi)外政策定內(nèi)外政策向向議會提交議案以及需要議會審議的政策議會提交議案以及需要議會審議的政策行行使最高行政權(quán)力使最高行政權(quán)力協(xié)協(xié)調(diào)和確定政府各部門職權(quán)調(diào)和確定政府各部門職權(quán)在在國家處于緊急狀態(tài)時，采取緊急行動國家處于緊急狀態(tài)時，采取緊急行動必必要時宣布提前大選要時宣布提前大選British Government The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy (君主立憲制),which is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Maj

16、estys Government. The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the “divine right of kings”. （上帝和神賜予的）“君權(quán)神授論” 聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。聯(lián)合王國以君的名義,由國王或女王陛下政府治理。 British Government Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. While the official head of the state is the

17、Queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles. British Government The party, which wins sufficient seats at a General Election in the House of Commons usually for

18、ms the Government. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign. The party, which wins the second largest number of seats, becomes the official Opposition組成反對黨. England in the 18th Century: Robert Walpole (羅伯特羅伯特沃波爾沃波爾) The first Prime MinisterThe most

19、influential member in the Whig Party First Lord of the Treasury encouraging trade and industry and avoiding foreign entanglement “Any Peace is preferable even to successful war.” Robert Walpole British Government Members of Parliament assembled themselves into groups which eventually would become po

20、litical parties. Historically, there are two parties in Britain The Whigs 輝格黨輝格黨- the Liberal Party自民黨自民黨 The Tories 托利黨托利黨- the Conservative Party The two major parties now are the Conservative Party (保守黨) and the Labor Party（工黨） The two-party systemThe Whigs: supporting the governmentLiberals repl

21、aced by the Labor Party (20th century)The Tories: supporting the monarchConservativesThe party in power (執(zhí)政黨)the majority party, the legislative body, the executive branchThe party in opposition (在野黨)A collection of opposing partiesBritish Government The Conservative Party descended from the histori

22、c Tory Party (托利黨托利黨), which was founded in 1678, was in government for two-thirds of the 20th century. Margaret Thatcher won her partys leadership election in 1975 following victory in the 1979 general election until 1990. British Government The Labor Party was founded in1906 at the start of the 20

23、th century and has been the principal party of the Great Britain since the 1920s. It surpassed the Liberal Party as the main opposition to the Conservatives in the early 1920s. Tony Blair was the Labor Prime Minister 19972007. British Government Government Department 政府各部 the Civil Service文職人員部 The

24、principal Government department mainly includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense 主要的政府部門包括：財務部，內(nèi)務部，外交部，國防部等。 British Government Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services文職人員部的成員被成為公務員 . They staff government departments. Ci

25、vil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination公務員主要是通過競爭考試錄用 . Civil servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now. 19251925年年1010月月1313日，前英國日，前英國首相撒切爾夫人出生。首相撒切爾夫人出生。 撒切爾夫人是英國保守黨撒切爾夫人是英國保守黨政治家和首相政治家和首相(1979-1990)(1979-1990)，也是歐洲歷史上第一位女首也是歐洲歷史上第一位女首相。在相。在19871987年保守黨贏得大年保守黨贏得大選后，她成為英國在選后，她成為英國在2020世紀世紀連任連任3 3屆的首相，在她辭職時屆的首相，在她辭職時成為成為18271827年以后英國任期最年以后英國任期