歷史建筑設(shè)備講解

1、歷史建筑設(shè)備 William R.Haycraft 威廉R.Haycraft Caterpillar,Inc.(retired).E-mail:whayc 卡特彼勒公司（已退休）電子郵箱：。whayc DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374 DOI：10.1061 /（ASCE）CO.1943 7862.0000374 Introduction 介紹 Until almost the twentieth century,one simple tool constituted the 幾乎直到二十世紀(jì)，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的工具構(gòu)成 primary 主 earthmov

2、ing machine:the hand shovel.This tool was the 土方機(jī)械：手shovel.This工具是 principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated 材料邊拋棄或高架的主要方法 to load a 加載 conveyance,usually a wheelbarrow,or a cart or wagon 運(yùn)輸工具，通常是獨(dú)輪車，推車或旅行車 drawn by a draft animal.In antiquity,an equivalent of the hand 制定草案a

3、nimal.In古代，相當(dāng)于手 shovel or hoe and head 鏟子或鋤頭和頭部 basketand masses of menwere used 籃子和群眾的男子被用來(lái) to move earth to build civil works.Builders have long used the 移動(dòng)地球建立民間works.Builders的長(zhǎng)期使用 inclined plane,levers,and pulleys to place solid building materials, 斜面，杠桿，滑輪，將固體建材， but these labor-saving devices

4、did not lend themselves to earthmov ing,which required digging,raising,moving,and placing loose 但這些節(jié)省勞力的設(shè)備沒(méi)有借給自己到ING earthmov，需要挖掘，提高，移動(dòng)和放置松散 materials. 材料。 The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, 兩個(gè)機(jī)械化土方工程所需的元素， then as now,were an independent power source and off-road 然后像現(xiàn)在這樣，一個(gè)獨(dú)立的電源

5、和越野 mobility,neither of which could be provided by the technology 流動(dòng)性，既不可以提供技術(shù) of that time. 那個(gè)時(shí)候。 Beginnings 開始 The late eighteenth-century,the beginnings of the Industrial Rev-olution,and the invention of the steam engine promised a practicalmode of power for a wide range of applications,including

6、 earth-moving.The first steam-powered shovel for moving earth was 十八世紀(jì)后期，開始對(duì)工業(yè)牧師o(wú)lution的，蒸汽機(jī)的發(fā)明答應(yīng)了廣泛的應(yīng)用范圍，包括地球moving.The第一移動(dòng)地球蒸汽動(dòng)力鏟的權(quán)力practicalmode invented by 25-year-old William S.Otis of Philadelphia,who built 發(fā)明由25歲的威廉S.Otis費(fèi)城，是誰(shuí)建 a practical working machine in 1838.The machine earned a patent 一

7、個(gè)實(shí)用在1838.The機(jī)工作機(jī)獲得專利 in 1839;unfortunately,Otis died that year,so he never profited 1839年不幸的是，奧的斯去世那年，所以他從來(lái)沒(méi)有獲利 from what was perhaps one of the three or four most important 什么是可能的三個(gè)或四個(gè)最重要的之一 developments in the history of earthmoving equipment.Otiss in vention had to operate on rails,however,and al

8、though it was useful 然而，在vention在土方equipment.Otis“的歷史發(fā)展軌道上運(yùn)行，雖然它是有益的 in certain applications such as railroad construction,its lack of 在某些應(yīng)用，如鐵路建設(shè)，其缺乏 mobility limited its flexibility.Although the steam shovel went 流動(dòng)性限制其flexibility.Although蒸汽鏟去 through numerous refinements in the nineteenth century

9、,it re mained rail mounted,eventually on standard-gauge railcars.Not 通過(guò)在十九世紀(jì)的許多改進(jìn)，它重新mained軌安裝，最終在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軌距railcars.Not until the first decade of the twentieth century did it begin to achieve 直到二十世紀(jì)第一個(gè)十年沒(méi)有開始實(shí)現(xiàn) its full potential,when crawler-mounted versions with 360swing 充分發(fā)揮其潛力，履帶式時(shí)，與360擺動(dòng)版本 began to a

10、ppear. 開始出現(xiàn)。 Nonetheless,rail carmounted steam shovels were vital to the 盡管如此，鐵路車載蒸汽鏟是至關(guān)重要的 successful excavation of the Panama Canal(19041914).Working 開挖巴拿馬運(yùn)河成功（1904年至1914年）。工作 on benches,the large Bucyrus and Marion shovels180swing 長(zhǎng)凳上，大比塞洛斯和馬里昂shovels180擺動(dòng) was all that workers needed to load trai

11、ns on a parallel track,a 所有工人需要加載一個(gè)平行的軌道上的列車， method already in use on the Mesabi Range and in large open-pit 已經(jīng)在上使用的梅薩比范圍和大露天法 copper mines. 銅礦。 About two decades after Otiss invention debuted,the first ap plication of steam to a self-propelled mobile vehicle came,with the 奧的斯發(fā)明的約二十年后的首次亮相，第一AP蒸汽折疊

12、術(shù)以自走式機(jī)動(dòng)車輛來(lái)，隨著 steam traction engine,but this cumbersome machine was definitely 蒸汽牽引機(jī)，但這種繁瑣的機(jī)器肯定是 not an off-road vehicle.Still,the 1876 development by JDAdams 不越野，1876年由JDAdams的發(fā)展vehicle.Still of the leaning-wheel road grader,when paired with a steam traction 的的左傾輪道路平地機(jī)，蒸汽牽引配對(duì)時(shí) engine,was a major st

13、ep forward in building and maintaining prai-rie roads.Adamss grader,like Otiss shovel,incorporated nearly all 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，是在建立和維護(hù)PRAI-RIE roads.Adams的平地，像奧的斯公司的鏟了一大步向前，幾乎所有的注冊(cè) the functions of todays counterpart.Towed graders continued in 繼續(xù)在今天的counterpart.Towed年級(jí)的職能 wide use until they were displaced by th

14、e integral,self-propelled 廣泛使用，直到他們流離失所者的積分，自走式 machines of the 1930s. 20世紀(jì)30年代的機(jī)器。 Twentieth Century 二十世紀(jì) In 1904,65 years after the invention of the steam shovel,another 在1904,65年后發(fā)明的蒸汽鏟，另一 seminal event in the history of earthmoving equipment occurred 精液中的土方設(shè)備的歷史事件發(fā)生 when Benjamin Holt,a Stockton

15、,California,manufacturer of steam 本杰明霍爾特，斯托克頓，加利福尼亞，制造商的蒸汽 traction engines and combines,converted one of his machines into 牽引發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和聯(lián)合收割機(jī)，轉(zhuǎn)換他的機(jī)器一成 a very crude but workable track-type(or crawler)tractor.Holt was 一個(gè)非常粗略的，但可行的履帶式（或履帶）tractor.Holt的 quick to adopt the fast-developing internal combustion e

16、ngine, 迅速采取了快速發(fā)展的內(nèi)燃機(jī)， and by 1908 he was manufacturing his own engine and installing 1908年，他被自己的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制造和安裝 it in his crawler,rapidly advancing the technology.The name 在他的履帶，迅速 推進(jìn)技術(shù)。名稱 “Caterpillar”became an official Holt trademark in 1910. “毛毛蟲”成為正式的霍爾特商標(biāo)于1910年。 Holts objective was a crawler-mounted a

17、gricultural tractor with 霍爾特的目標(biāo)是抓取式農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī) ground pressure low enough to operate in the very soft conditions 地面壓力足夠低，操作非常柔軟的條件 of the California delta area.He was unaware that he had developed 是加州三角洲area.He的不知道，他制定了 what would become the premier machine for multiple drawbar ap plications;more importan

18、t,he had invented the most supremely 什么將成為最大的機(jī)多個(gè)掛鉤AP plications;更重要的，他發(fā)明的最千鈞 versatile earthmoving machine of all time. 多才多藝的挖土機(jī)的所有時(shí)間。 Early crawlers required a tiller wheel for steering,but this was 早期的爬蟲需要轉(zhuǎn)向舵柄輪，但這是 eliminated after the development of steering clutches,as machines 淘汰后轉(zhuǎn)向離合器的發(fā)展，為機(jī) to

19、ok on the configuration that we see today.With the advent of 配置上了，我們看到的來(lái)臨today.With World War I,Holt became the principal supplier of crawlers to 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，霍爾特成為以爬行的主要供應(yīng)商 Great Britain and France,and later to the USArmy(more than 英國(guó)和法國(guó)，后來(lái)到USArmy（超過(guò) 5,000 crawlers were Holt-built and nearly 4,700 wer

20、e licensee-built).This placed such demands on Holts production that product 5000爬蟲被霍爾特，建立和近4700持牌內(nèi)置）?；魻柼氐纳a(chǎn)要求，產(chǎn)品 development was neglected during the war.In the meantime,his 發(fā)展中被忽略的war.In與此同時(shí)，他 principal competitor,CLBest of San Leandro,California,with 主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，圣萊安德羅，加利福尼亞州，CLBest little or no commitm

21、ent to war production,introduced his advanced 很少或根本沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)生產(chǎn)的承諾，推出了他的先進(jìn) Model 60 in 1919a machine superior to anything in the Holt line 1919年，一臺(tái)機(jī)器60模型優(yōu)于任何在霍爾特線 at the time.This tractor endured into the early 1930s,when it be came the platform for Caterpillars first diesel tractor. 在time.This拖拉機(jī)忍受到20世紀(jì)3

22、0年代初，當(dāng)它來(lái)到卡特彼勒的第一臺(tái)柴油拖拉機(jī)的平臺(tái)。 Caterpillar is Formed 卡特彼勒公司成立 Further complicating the Holt Companys problems was the death 霍爾特公司的問(wèn)題進(jìn)一步復(fù)雜的是死亡 of Benjamin Holt himself in 1920.The wartime slowdown and the 本杰明霍爾特本人在1920.The戰(zhàn)時(shí)放緩和的 death of the company founder led to the merger of Holt and Best in 霍爾特合并和最佳公

23、司的創(chuàng)辦人死亡 1925.The moving force in the event was Harry H.Fair,a San 1925.The移動(dòng)事件的力量，SAN哈利H.Fair Francisco investment banker and Best board member.The Best 舊金山投資銀行家和最佳董事會(huì)member.The最佳 company was about one-half the size of the Holt Company;how ever,through Fairs influence ,Best dominated,and CLBest be c

24、ame the first president of Caterpillar Tractor Company,with other 公司約一半的霍爾特公司的規(guī)模;怎么過(guò)，通過(guò)博覽會(huì)的影響力，最佳為主，并CLBest與其他卡特彼勒拖拉機(jī)公司的首任總統(tǒng)， Best people occupying key positions.The merger of the two largest 最好的人占最大的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵positions.The合并 manufacturers of track-type tractors was hugely successful,produc ing synergies

25、that competitors found very hard to match.Head-quarters for the new company were in Peoria,Illinois. 履帶式拖拉機(jī)制造商帶來(lái)了巨大的成功，生產(chǎn)ING協(xié)同效應(yīng)，新公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手發(fā)現(xiàn)很難在伊利諾斯州皮奧里亞市match.Head四分之三。 At the time,both companies were pure tractor manufacturers, 當(dāng)時(shí)，這兩家公司是純粹的拖拉機(jī)制造商， and crawler tractors were still primarily“pullers ,”

26、although the po tential of the crawler as a pusher(dozer)was recognized only if a 履帶式拖拉機(jī)主要還是“車夫”，雖然作為一個(gè)推動(dòng)者（履帶式推土機(jī)）寶勢(shì)確認(rèn)，只有當(dāng) practical means could be devised for controlling the dozer blade. 制定切實(shí)可行的手段，可以控制推土鏟。 Enter Robert G.LeTourneau 輸入羅伯特G.LeTourneau As an inventor and innovator in the field of ear

27、thmoving 作為一個(gè)發(fā)明家和創(chuàng)新中的土方工程領(lǐng)域 equipment,RGLeTourneau has no equal.Of humble origins, 設(shè)備，RGLeTourneau有沒(méi)有equal.Of的出身卑微， he left school at age 14 and worked in a variety of trades until 他14歲離開學(xué)校，并在多種行業(yè)工作，直到 shortly after World War I,when he became a land leveling contrac tor in California.In the course o

28、f pursuing this business,he realized 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，當(dāng)他成為在California.In推行這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的過(guò)程中，土地平整收縮器不久，他意識(shí)到 how inadequate the existing equipment was,and he began building 現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備是如何不足，他開始建設(shè) his own equipment in Stockton,Ca lifornia.He first focused on de veloping an improved scraper,but this did not immediately lead t

29、o a 他在斯托克頓自己的設(shè)備，鈣lifornia.He首先集中在德改進(jìn)刮刀veloping，但這并沒(méi)有立即導(dǎo)致 practical commercial product.Out of this process,however,came 然而，實(shí)際這個(gè)過(guò)程的商業(yè)product.Out，來(lái)到 his 1928 tractor-mounted cable c ontrol,which,by giving the oper ator a quick-responding means to control the bulldozer blade,made 他1928年拖拉機(jī)裝電纜C ontrol，其中

30、，給予OPER ATOR一個(gè)快速響應(yīng)的手段來(lái)控制推土機(jī)刀片， the crawler-dozer the industrys lowest-cost earthmover.Although 在履帶式推土機(jī)行業(yè)的成本最低的earthmover.Although the cable control was a mere attachment to the tractor,it had a 控制電纜附件拖拉機(jī)是一個(gè)單純的，它有一個(gè) major impact on earthmoving equipment development into the next 進(jìn)入下一個(gè)土方設(shè)備的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重大影響 30

31、 years. 30年。 LeTourneau continued to tinker with scrapers,producing his 萊圖爾諾繼續(xù)與鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鼓搗，生產(chǎn)自己的 first cable-operated model in 1929,but the big breakthrough came 在1929年的第一線操作模式，但大的突破來(lái)了 in 1932,with his crawler-drawn 8:41 m3(11 cu yd)Model B 在1932年，與他的履帶式繪制的8點(diǎn)41立方米（11立方米YD）模型B Carryall scraper,a cable-oper

32、ated,all-welded machine on rubber carryall刮刀，電纜操作，全焊接機(jī)橡膠 tires. 輪胎。 As a seminal event,the importance of this development ranks 作為一個(gè)開創(chuàng)性的事件，這一發(fā)展的重要性排名 with that of the steam shovel an d the Holt crawler,when one con siders that this was the first practical one-man machine capable of 與蒸汽鏟，霍爾特履帶，當(dāng)CON學(xué)派

33、，這是第一個(gè)實(shí)用的人機(jī)能夠 completing the full earthmoving cycle of loading,hauling,placing, 完成土方裝載周期，搬運(yùn)，放置， and returning at reasonable speed and volume without the interven tion of another agent.Soon after this,LeTourneau gave up his con tracting business to become a full-time equipment manufacturer in 返回，并在合理

34、的速度和數(shù)量不干預(yù)之后的又一agent.Soon TION，萊圖爾諾放棄他的的CON tracting業(yè)務(wù)，成為一個(gè)全職的設(shè)備制造商在 Peoria,Illinois. 伊利諾斯州皮奧里亞市。 Integral Motor Grader,Diesel Power,and Yellow 積分平地機(jī)，柴油動(dòng)力，和黃 Paint 畫 Meanwhile,Caterpillar was taking its first steps toward diversifying 與此同時(shí)，卡特彼勒正在朝著多元化的第一步 by acquiring the Russell Grader Company of Mi

35、nneapolis in 通過(guò)收購(gòu)的的羅素平地公司在明尼阿波利斯 1928.At the time,Russell and several others were building graders 1928.At的時(shí)候，羅素和其他幾個(gè)人被年級(jí) around a small crawler or farm tractor,but the integral motor 圍繞小型履帶農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)，但整體電機(jī) grader had yet to appear.This changed in 1931 when Caterpillar 年級(jí)尚未appear.This改變?cè)?931年時(shí)，卡特彼勒 intro

36、duced the No.10 Auto Patrol,which firmly established the 引進(jìn)的10號(hào)自動(dòng)巡邏，牢固確立 industry configuration of the motor grader,ie,rear-mounted engine over dual or tandem driving wheels,operator in front of the 行業(yè)配置，平地機(jī)，即通過(guò)雙重或串聯(lián)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪后置式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，在前面的運(yùn)營(yíng)商 engine for maximum visibility,with full control of moldboard func

37、tions from his seat. 犁板的功能，從他的座位完全控制，知名度最高的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。 The same year,Caterpillar introduced the Model 60 diesel 同年，卡特彼勒推出的60型柴油 tractor,using a Caterpillar-built 17.8 L(1,090 cu in.)four-cylinder engine for 60 brake horsepower(44.7 kW),and it quickly 拖拉機(jī)，使用卡特彼勒建17.8升（1,090立方英寸）60制動(dòng)馬力（44.7千瓦）的四缸引擎，并迅速 follo

38、wed by providing diesel power throughout the line in 1934. 其次是在1934年全行提供柴油動(dòng)力。 In 1932,Caterpillar changed the paint color of its products from 1932年，卡特彼勒改變其產(chǎn)品的油漆顏色 Holt gray to yellow,establishing what would eventually become an 霍爾特灰色黃色，建立什么最終將成為一個(gè) industry color standard. 行業(yè)色彩標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 Taken together,the

39、se three developmentsthe integral 兩者合計(jì)，這三個(gè)方面的發(fā)展積分 motor grader,diesel power,and yellow paint for earthmoving 平地機(jī)，柴油動(dòng)力，并為土方的黃色顏料 equipmentwhich were introduced in the depths of the Depres sion, 設(shè)備被引入在坳陷錫安深處， established new paradigms that the industry has followed 其次，該行業(yè)已建立的新范式 to the present. 到了現(xiàn)在。

40、With the merger of Holt and Best,Caterpillar assumed a clear 霍爾特和最佳的合并，卡特彼勒假定一個(gè)明確的 leadership position in the crawler tractor business.In the 1930s, 履帶拖拉機(jī)business.In 20世紀(jì)30年代的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位， however,the company began to feel competition from two other 然而，該公司開始覺(jué)得其他兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng) well-established companies:International

41、Harvester,the leading 完善的公司，領(lǐng)先的國(guó)際收割機(jī) farm equipment manufacturer;and Allis-Chalmers,a diversified 農(nóng)場(chǎng)設(shè)備制造商和阿利斯-查默斯，多元化 manufacturer with an important line of farm equipment that was 一個(gè)重要防線，是農(nóng)機(jī)設(shè)備制造商， introducing lines of crawlers.This brings out an interesting aspect 引入線的crawlers.This帶出一個(gè)有趣的方面 of the

42、history of this business;that is,that with few exceptions, 這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)的歷史;是，除少數(shù)例外， most entrants in the earthmoving equipment business had their 大多數(shù)參賽者在土方設(shè)備的企業(yè)有其 origins in farm equipment. 起源于農(nóng)場(chǎng)設(shè)備。 New Wheeled Vehicles 新的輪式車輛 During this period,LeTourneaus pioneering use of rubber tires on 在此期間，萊圖爾諾的開創(chuàng)性使用橡

43、膠輪胎 off-road earthmoving equipment stimulated the interest of other 越野土方設(shè)備刺激其他利益 manufacturers in providing other types of wheeled machines,as 廠家提供其他類型的輪式機(jī)， tires became available in larger sizes and were sufficiently durable 輪胎成為較大規(guī)模的有足夠耐用 for off-road service.One such company was the Euclid Road 越

44、野service.One該公司是歐幾里得路 Machinery Company,a small,family-owned operation based in 機(jī)械公司，一個(gè)小，家族式運(yùn)作，總部設(shè)在 Euclid,Ohio.Euclid Road Machinery had been building crawler-drawn dump wagons for heavy-duty service.In 1934,this company 歐幾里德，Ohio.Euclid筑路機(jī)械已經(jīng)建立履帶式繪制的自卸貨車，重型service.In 1934年，這家公司 introduced the firs

45、t modern rear dump off-highway truck designed 推出的第一屆現(xiàn)代后方轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)非公路用卡車設(shè)計(jì) for heavy-duty rock work under power shovels.With a 9.97 t 下電源shovels.With 1 9.97重型搖滾工作 (11 ton)capacity,the unit was the first in a lineup of models （11噸）的容量，單位是第一的車型陣容 that established Euclid Road Machinery as the off-highway truck

46、 作為非公路用卡車，建立歐幾里德筑路機(jī)械 leader for the next 25 years.Euclid followed this in 1935 with 在未來(lái)25 years.Euclid領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人隨后在1935年與 the wheel tractorbottom dump wagon combination.Designed 輪式拖拉機(jī)底自卸貨車combination.Designed for moving loose earth on prepared haul roads,it could travel up 移動(dòng)準(zhǔn)備運(yùn)輸?shù)缆飞系乃缮⑼?，它可以旅?to 48 km per

47、hour(km/h)30 miles per hour(mph),thus extending 每小時(shí)48公里（公里/小時(shí)）30英里每小時(shí)（MPH），從而延長(zhǎng) economical haul distances beyond anything previously thought 以前認(rèn)為超出了經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)距離傳輸 feasible. 可行的。 Tournapull tournapull One major development remained before World War II:that of 一個(gè)主要的發(fā)展仍然是二戰(zhàn)前：那 LeTourneaus crowning achievemen

48、t,the Super C Tournapull, 萊圖爾諾的最高成就，超級(jí)Tournapull， an articulated,overhung wheel trac torscraper.Building on the suc cess of the crawler-drawn scraper,the Super C,which was push-loaded by a crawler tractor,could haul and place earth at a speed 掛接式，懸臂式TRAC TOR-SUC塞斯履帶繪制刮刀，超級(jí)C，它是由履帶式推土機(jī)推加載scraper.Build

49、ing輪，可以拖拉和放置在一個(gè)高速地球 of up to 24 km/h(15 mph)four to five times the capability of the 到24公里/小時(shí)（15英里）的四到五倍的能力 crawler-scraper.The Tournapull introduced another radical change 履帶scraper.The Tournapull介紹了另一個(gè)根本的變化 to the economics of earthmoving by dramatically increasing 土方的經(jīng)濟(jì)急劇增加 off-road productivity

50、over haul distances between that of the 越野生產(chǎn)力之間的長(zhǎng)途距離， crawler-scraper and the bottom-dump wagon.LeTourneaus over-hung, 履帶式刮刀和底部轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)wagon.LeTourneau的過(guò)洪， articulated design established the industry paradigm for 鉸接式設(shè)計(jì)建立了行業(yè)典范 future wheel tractorscrapers. 未來(lái)的輪式拖拉機(jī)，鏟運(yùn)機(jī)。 As the United States entered World W

51、ar II,new product devel opment by equipment manufacturers was suspended while they 由于美國(guó)進(jìn)入第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，由設(shè)備制造商的新產(chǎn)品與開發(fā)opment暫停，而他們 focused on government war matriel contracts,but it picked up 集中在政府戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)物資的合同，但它撿起 quickly in the immediate postwar years. 在戰(zhàn)后幾年迅速。 Wheel Loader 輪式裝載機(jī) In 1947,the Frank G.Hough Comp

52、any,a small manufacturer in 1947年，弗蘭克G.Hough公司，小型制造商 Libertyville,Illinois,introduced its front-end wheel loader,the 的Libertyville，伊利諾伊州，介紹了其前端裝載機(jī)， 0:57 m3(3/4 cu yd)Model HF.The appearance of this new,hugely 0:57立方米（3/4立方碼）這個(gè)新的，巨大的模型HF.The外觀 versatile earthmoving machine type ranks in importance wi

53、th any 多才多藝的土方機(jī)的重要性與任何類型的行列 previous invention in the field.Within 20 years,the wheel loader 以前發(fā)明的field.Within 20年來(lái)，輪式裝載機(jī) had become the industrys best-selling type of earthmover. 已成為業(yè)界最暢銷型推土機(jī)。 Scraper Development 刮板發(fā)展 From 19471951,manufacturers focused on wheel tractorscraper 從1947年至1951年，制造商專注于輪式

54、拖拉機(jī)刮板 development.Caterpillar introduced its first such model,the development.Caterpillar推出其第一個(gè)這樣的模型， 85.8 kW115 horsepower(hp),9 cu yd DW-10.Around the same 85.8千瓦115馬力（hp），9銅碼德國(guó)之聲10.Around相同 time,Euclid introduced a similar model,but they were three-axle 歐幾里德時(shí)間，推出了類似的模式，但他們?nèi)齻€(gè)軸 machines and did not

55、 add greatly to the state of the art.Meanwhile, 機(jī)器和沒(méi)有狀態(tài)的art.Meanwhile大大增加， LeTourneau refined his prewar Super C and broadened his line of 萊圖爾諾提煉他的戰(zhàn)前超級(jí)C和擴(kuò)大他的行 overhung units.In 1951,Caterpillar introduced its 14 m3(18.5 cu yd) 懸臂units.In 1951年，卡特彼勒推出了其14立方米（18.5立方米YD） DW-21,a 167.7 kW(225 hp)direct

56、drive,cable-operated scraper, DW-21，1 167.7千瓦（225馬力）直接驅(qū)動(dòng)，電纜操作刮板， which was an industry favorite through the 1950s. 這是通過(guò)行業(yè)最喜愛的20世紀(jì)50年代。 Hydraulic Excavator 液壓挖掘機(jī) With the application of the internal combustion engine and crawler 隨著應(yīng)用的內(nèi)燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和履帶 mounting in the early twentieth century,the cable-operated

57、 power 在二十世紀(jì)初，安裝電纜供電電源 shovel occupied a key position as an excavating and loading tool in 鏟占領(lǐng)作為挖掘和裝載工具的關(guān)鍵地位 construction and mining into the early postWorld War II period. 初成后二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的建筑和采礦。 In addition to numerous refin ements,the main developments in cluded the gradual disappearance of steam power an

58、d the steady 除了 眾多REFIN對(duì)此語(yǔ)句，在主要發(fā)展cluded蒸汽動(dòng)力和穩(wěn)定的逐漸消失 growth in shovel weight and capacity.Because of the difficulty 鏟的重量和困難capacity.Because的增長(zhǎng) in moving the large,heavy machines from place to place,however, 在移動(dòng)的大，重型機(jī)械，從地方到另一個(gè)地方，但是， practical sizes for construction purposes generally did not exceed 建設(shè)

59、用地的實(shí)際大小一般不超過(guò) 2 m3(2.5 cu yd). 2立方米（2.5立方米YD）。 Following the war,advancements in hydraulic technology 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以后，在液壓技術(shù)的進(jìn)步 led shovel manufacturers to begin applying hydraulic cylinders 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)鏟制造商開始采用液壓缸 to boom,stick,and bucket functions in excavators,both in front 繁榮，堅(jiān)持下去，并在挖掘機(jī)桶功能，無(wú)論是在前面 shovel and backhoe configurations.In 1954,Demag,a German 鏟挖土configurations.In 1954年，德馬格，德國(guó)的 manufacturer,took an additional step and applied hydraulic 制造了一個(gè)額外的步驟，并應(yīng)用于液壓 motors to the swing and travel functions,creat