名詞形容詞副詞復習

1、名詞復習語言實踐與內容梳理：一、名詞的種類名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞。專有名詞指某個人、地方、機構等特定名詞，如Lucy，Beijing等；普通名詞一般指一類人或東西，或是一個抽象的概念的名稱。從四方面掌握A.個體名詞，如worker，book等;B.集體名詞，如family，class等；C.物質名詞，如glass，coffee等；D.抽象名詞，如life，love等。其中個體名詞和集體名詞合成為可數(shù)名詞，物質名詞和抽象名詞合成為不可數(shù)名詞。名詞的數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞，包括物質名詞和抽象名詞，從某種意義不能計數(shù)，只有單數(shù)形式。可數(shù)名詞，包括個體名詞和集體名詞，通常有單復數(shù)的區(qū)別?？蓴?shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式一

2、般在單數(shù)后面加-s構成，加-s詞尾的主要方式有以下幾點：一般在詞尾直接加-s，如books，boys等。以s、x、ch、sh結尾的名詞后加-es，如buses，boxes ，watches等。以輔音字母加“y”結尾的名詞，變“y”為“i”，再加-es，如family families， storystories,citycities等。以f，fe結尾的名詞通常變f，fe為v，讓后再加-es，如knifeknives，wifewives等。（注意：以o結尾的名詞變復數(shù)，不同的語法教材對此規(guī)定不一。為記憶方便，一般認為:初中教材常見的單詞，如tomatotomatoes, potato potat

3、oes。其他 photo photos, radioradios ,piano pianos, kilo kilos ,zoo zoos等。）少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則復數(shù)形式，如：manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, childchildren, toothteeth, mousemice等。一些名詞單復數(shù)形式相同，如Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, people, cattle，fish等。還有些名詞通常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，如clothes，glasses，thanks，noodles等。在two men doctors, some women nur

4、ses這類短語中更要注意此處的men，women的用法問題了。二、名詞的格名詞的格，分主格、賓格以及所有格。名詞主賓格在句法上沒有拼寫區(qū)別，一般不作為學習的重點。名詞的所有格指有些名詞可以在后面加s來表示所有關系。如露西的書包，Lucys bag 。名詞的所有格一般在后面加s，如上例，還有一些其他表現(xiàn)形式一個名詞如其復數(shù)形式以s結尾，直接在s后打“ ”，如the students books。Nurses Day Teachers Day如其復數(shù)形式特殊，不以s結尾，在后加s，如Childrens Day。 Mothers Day the teachers desk如一個東西為兩者共有，只在第

5、二者后加s，表現(xiàn)為A and Bs ，例This is Lily and Lucys room. 如兩者分別擁有，則分別加s，表現(xiàn)為A s and Bs，如These are Lilys and Lucys rooms名詞所有格主要用于表示有生命的東西的名詞，但如表示時間、距離、國家、城市、團體等無生命的名詞，也可以用在后加s的方法，如ten minutes walk, todays news, the Peoples cinema等。凡不能加s的名詞，都可以與of構成所有關系，如the map of China, the name of the movie等。雙重所有格是一種特殊形式，of結

6、構與名詞所有格-s結合使用，如a friend of my fathers。of加名詞性物主代詞也可以構成雙重所有格，如a friend of mine。三、加后綴變名詞Aadj+ness 變成名詞illnesssicknessgoodnesssadnessblindness kindnessrichnessfitnessdarkness happy-happinessugly-uglinessbusy-business lazy-lazinessB. V+ion 變成名詞attract-attractionact-action collect-collectioninstruct-instr

7、uctiondiscuss-discussion suggest-suggestionprotect-protectionconnect-connectioninvent-inventiondecide-decisionpollute-pollutiondonate-donation celebrate-celebrationeducate-educationoperate-operationinvite-invitationorganize-organizationrealize-realizationintroduce-introduction*describe-description p

8、ronounce-pronunciation compete-competitionC V +ing 變成名詞meet-meeting clean-cleaning wash-washing feel-feeling paint-painting spell- spellingsay-sayingend-endingmean-meaningtrain-training hunt-hunting dive-diving skate- skating ski-skiing hike-hikingride-riding cycle-cyclingswim-swimmingjog-joggingsho

9、p-shoppingbegin-beginningD V/adj +th 變成名詞high-height,weigh-weight, long-length,grow-growth,warm-warmth(hotheat,beautiful-beauty, proud-pride, dangerous-danger,safe-safety, deaddeath, angry-anger, hungryhunger serve-service possible-possibility)E +er/or 構成名詞1. 加er：speaker, teacher, farmer reporter,wa

10、iter2. 雙些詞尾加er：winner,beginner, runner, swimmer 3. 有e加r:writer, dancer4. 加or: visitor, actor director,editor inventor, sailor,survivor5. 加(r)ess, actress,hairdress, waitress6. 加ist: science-scientist piano- pianist tour-tourist art-artist type-typist四、名詞加后綴變形容詞careful/lessuseful/lesscheerful/lesscol

11、orful/lesshelpful/lesshomeful/lesshopeful/lessharmful/less meaningful/less thoughtful/less thankful/less powerful/tasteful/tasteless (tasty) wonderfuldelightful grateful-ungratefulsuccessful- unsuccessful peaceful- unpeacefulendlessnoisy-noiselesssleepless (sleepy)形容詞加前綴構成反義詞1 un-able comfortable co

12、untable friendly grateful happy helpful healthy kind known like lovely lucky natural necessary selfish thankful usual welcome willing certain popular important2in- active complete correct formal3.ir-regular4.im- polite possible patient 5.dis- abledlikehonestappearagree六、名詞變形容詞A 單詞+y變成形容詞health-healt

13、hyluck-luckyrain-rainysnow-snowywind-windycloud-cloudysleep-sleepyfrost-frostymist-mistynoise-noisytaste-tastyshine-shiny shiningice-icysun-sunnyfun-funnyfog-foggyB 方位名詞+ern 構成形容詞eastern southern, western, northern, 七、形容詞變副詞(1) 直接加ly， especially carefully excitedly politely mostly, recently (注意：true

14、-truly) (2)以le 結尾的形容詞去e加y構成副詞 possible-possiblysimple-simply probable-probably comfortable-comfortably terrible-terriblysuitable-suitablyable-ably gentle-gently(3)以輔音字母加y結尾的單詞，改y為i加lyhappy-happilyheavy-heavilyhealthy-healthilynoisy-noisily lucky-luckily angry-angrily（4）good-well(better,best)(5)既可作形容

15、詞也可作副詞的單詞Well hardearlyfasthigh wide close near weekly(6)compare（比較1）：true-truly,safe-safely compare(比較2): hard(adj困難的/adv努力) hardly（adv.幾乎不） wide(adj寬廣的；a wide road)(adv廣闊地，全力地open your mouth wide)widely(adv.廣泛地，English is used widely) close(adj/adv 靠近的，親密的，接近)sit close to, a close friend closely(a

16、dv.緊密)work closely with UNICEF deep adj 深的 a deep hole adv. 深地dig a hole deep deeply adv. 深深地（感情）I was moved deeply by the story.(7)注意：有些單詞有l(wèi)y ，它不是副詞，而是一個形容詞 friendly， lovely, likely(可能的), lively lonely,elderly,用在系動詞之后，名詞之前。八、形容詞副詞的比較級和最高級（一）形容詞、副詞比較級和最高級的構成：1. 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞比較級和最高級的規(guī)則變化：規(guī)則原級比較級最高級1.在詞

17、尾后直接加-er/esttallstricttallertallest2.詞尾是e，只加-r/stnicenicernicest3.以輔音字母加y結尾的，把y變i再加-er/esthappytinysillyhappierhappiest4.重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-er/estthinsad fatslim thinnerthinnest2. 其他雙音節(jié)詞或多音節(jié)詞,在該詞前面加-more/mostbeautifulmore beautiful(the) most beautiful3. 由形容詞加ly構成的雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,都是在該詞前加-more/mos

18、t.quicklymore quickly(the) most quicklydifficultlymore difficultly(the) most difficultly4. 不規(guī)則變化:good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfaroldfarther/furtherolder/elderfarthest/furthestoldest/eldest（二）形容詞比較級和最高級的用法：1. 原級的用法:用于兩者之間對比，意思為“和相同”A+v.+as.+形容詞原級+as BTom i

19、s as honest as Jack.Her skin is as white as snow.My dog is as old as that one.He is not as (=so) tall as I.The weather here is not as(=so)cool as the weather in Harbin.2. 比較級的用法:1）A+形容詞比較級+than+ BSusan is happier than Jane.His brother is two years younger than me.Beijing is more beautiful than Osaka

20、.形容詞比較級前還可以用much, even, still, a little，far, a lot, a bit, much /far more來修飾。Very, so, too, quite 不能修飾比較級,只能加原級。2）數(shù)字+形容詞比較級+thanIm two years older than you.She is a head taller than me.3）比較級+and+比較級，表示“越來越”The earth is getting warmer and warmer.China becomes more and more beautiful4）the +比較級，the +比較

21、級結構，表示“越就越”The more I study it, the more I like it.5）which/who +is +比較級, A or B?Which city is bigger, Beijing or Tianjin?Who is happier, you or me?6) the +比較級 (one )of the two Lily is the taller (one)of the two Daniel chose the cheaper (one)of the two wathches.7) a +比較級 +單數(shù) 或 比較級+復數(shù) Im sorry. This d

22、ress is too expensive. Do you have a cheaper one? These trousers are too short. Would you like to show me longer ones?8) much , far, even,a little等+ 比較級 Today is foggy. And Im afraid tomorrow will be much foggier. You will have a even tastier meal tonight than yesterday evening.3. 最高級用法：1)用于三者及以上的人或

23、事物的比較,最高級前加the，最高級前有物主代詞，序數(shù)詞和名詞所有格時，不加定冠詞.Most people like apples.Most of the boys are good.It is our nearest neighbor in space.2)最高級后面跟帶in（在某范圍內）或of（同一種事物或人）表范圍的短語。 Mum is always the busiest in my family.Mum is always the busiest of usIn spaceOf the planets3）one of the +最高級+名詞復數(shù)Shanghai is one of t

24、he most beautiful cities of the ten cities.Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.4）the +序數(shù)詞+最高級+名詞單數(shù) Chang Jiang is the first longest river in China.the second highest building5最高級、比較級、原級之間的轉換:例句最高級She is the best in her class. 比較級She is better than any other student in her class.She is better than the other students in her class.She is better than all her other classmates. She is better than any other of her classmates .No other student in her class is better than she.原級No