TPO28閱讀長(zhǎng)難句

1、Passage 11. Most of the worlds potable water-freshwater suitable for drinking-is accounted for by groundwater， which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks.分析：which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾groundwater，account for是固定的短語(yǔ)，意為“對(duì)做出解釋；說(shuō)明的原因；導(dǎo)致；(比例)占”，這里解釋為“(比例)占”。譯文：世界上絕大部分的飲用水比如可以飲用的淡水都是地下水，它們儲(chǔ)藏在巖石孔隙和裂縫中。2. T

2、here is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface.分析：這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)是“A is倍數(shù)+比較級(jí)+than B”，意為“A比B多幾倍”。譯文：儲(chǔ)藏于地下的淡水比地表中的淡水河流和湖泊的總水量還多50倍。3. At greater depths within Earth， the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close

3、， reducing the space that pore water can occupy， and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers.分析：reducing the space現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表結(jié)果；that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the space；and引導(dǎo)的是兩個(gè)并列句。譯文：隨著深度的增加，上覆巖層的壓力使巖石孔隙和裂縫閉合了，減少了孔隙水的儲(chǔ)存空間；另外， 10公里深的地下孔隙也幾乎完全閉合了。4. A groundwater reservoir from which water ca

4、n be extracted is called an aquifer.分析：which引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾reservoir，reservoir在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)；extract from是固定的短語(yǔ)，意為“從.抽取”。譯文：可以抽取出地下水的地下水庫(kù)叫做蓄水層。5. The more poorly sorted or the more tightly compacted sediment is， the lower its porosity and permeability.分析：這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)是“the+比較級(jí)+陳述句，the+比較級(jí)+陳述句”，意為“越.越.”譯文：沉積物分選得越差或壓實(shí)

5、得越緊，則其孔隙度和滲透率就越低。6. Sedimentary rocks-the most common rock type near the surface-are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water.分析：這句話是由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是Sedimentary rocks-the most common.其中，第一個(gè)破折號(hào)的內(nèi)容是對(duì)sedimentary rocks的解釋說(shuō)明，第二個(gè)破折號(hào)的內(nèi)

6、容才是這句話的主干信息；because從句中that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾space，space在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。譯文：沉積巖地表最常見(jiàn)的巖石也是最常見(jiàn)的水儲(chǔ)集層，因?yàn)樗鼈儞碛凶疃嗟目蓛?chǔ)水的孔隙空間。7. In some cases， the water table reaches Earths surface， where it is expressed as rivers， lakes and marshes.分析：句中的where引導(dǎo)的是狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾Earths surface，it指代the water table。譯文：某些情況下，地下水位將到達(dá)地表，在那里它以河流、湖泊或沼澤

7、地的形式存在。8. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table， leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains.分析：leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表結(jié)果。譯文：包氣帶中的水沉降到地下水位，只有在礦物顆粒表面留下了一層水膜。9. Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises

8、 and falls with topography， groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water.分析：這句話是由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。譯文：因?yàn)榈叵滤槐砻娌⒎撬剑茄刂貏?shì)起伏，所以地下水和地表水受到重力影響的模式是相同的。10. If the water table intersects the land surf

9、ace， groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs， whether to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage.分析：這句話是由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs.；whether to be collected there.是對(duì)groundwater的解釋說(shuō)明。譯文：如果地下水位與地表相交，地下水將以噴泉的形式流出地面，流出地面

10、的地下水或就地聚集、或沿排水通道流向更遠(yuǎn)的地方。Passage 21.As recently as 6,000 B.C. the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid plains.分析：這句話是由while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是the southern frontier of the desert was.;

11、其中of where it is now，where it is now是of的賓語(yǔ)，of后面的賓語(yǔ)本來(lái)是it is now，但是這樣的話句子中就多了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)句子不能有多個(gè)動(dòng)詞，所以it is now用where引導(dǎo)，變成賓語(yǔ)從句，it指代前面的the southern frontier;同樣地，of what are now arid plains中的what are now arid plains也是of的賓語(yǔ)譯文：在公元前6000年前，沙漠的南部邊界在現(xiàn)在的南邊以北很多的地方，那時(shí)半干旱的草原和淺淡水湖泊覆蓋了現(xiàn)在是干旱平原的地方。2.The areas that are n

12、ow desert were, like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants and animals.分析：這句話的主干是the areas were susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall。that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the areas;like意為“像.

13、”，表舉例;resulting in.是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表結(jié)果。譯文：這些區(qū)域現(xiàn)在是沙漠地區(qū)，像所有的干旱地區(qū)一樣，對(duì)降雨量的變化周期極為敏感，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致其動(dòng)植物的分布變化巨大且迅速。3.The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive.分析：who引

14、導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾people;they hunted and gathered這里是定語(yǔ)從句，省略了連接詞that，修飾的是wild resources;which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾wild oxen。譯文：依靠捕捉稀少的沙漠動(dòng)物的居民們對(duì)待干旱的方式是管理他們所捕捉到的和收集到的野生資源，尤其是需要可靠的水資源來(lái)維持生命的水牛。4.The beasts were more disciplined, so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will.分析：

15、so that連接著句中的兩個(gè)部分，意為“以便、所以”，表結(jié)果，it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是for hunters to predict their and capture animals at will。譯文：獸群變得更加自律了，所以獵人在預(yù)測(cè)它們的習(xí)性和隨意捕捉動(dòng)物方面變得更容易了。5.Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved.分析：這句話是由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中的which引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，which指代前文的w

16、ays;be aware of是固定的短語(yǔ)，意為“知道、意識(shí)到”。譯文：Smith相信獵人對(duì)獵物更加自律的行為是了然于胸的。6.South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside.分析：這句話是由unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句

17、，主句是South African farmers who maintain.，主句又是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，其中who引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾South African farmers，括號(hào)里頭的內(nèi)容是對(duì)wild eland的解釋說(shuō)明，所以主句的主干是South African farmers report that.。譯文：牧養(yǎng)大羚羊(一種體型較大的非洲羚羊，角短且扭曲)的南非農(nóng)民說(shuō)，除非持續(xù)引進(jìn)野生公牛，否則野生大羚羊后代的體型將迅速變小。7.The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, an

18、d may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies.分析：domesticated過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾的是animals，which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)前文的進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明，所以這句話的主干是animals behaved better, were easier to control and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate。譯文：最新馴養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物表現(xiàn)得更好，也更容易控制，并擁有更高的出生率，反過(guò)來(lái)，這也會(huì)提供更多的奶源。8.What

19、ever the source of the original tamed herds might have been, it seems entirely likely that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side by side) and control occurred in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of

20、wild cattle.分析：whatever=no matter what，引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是it seems entirely likely that.是由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that后面的內(nèi)容;另外，who引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾peoples。譯文：無(wú)論馴化的獸群起源于何處，但是似乎東南亞、北非甚至是歐洲那些對(duì)野生駱駝行為了然于胸的人們可能都經(jīng)歷了從與他們要馴化的動(dòng)物毗鄰而居到逐漸控制它們的過(guò)程。9.The experiments with domestication probably occurred in many places, as pe

21、ople living in ever-drier environments cast around for more predictable food supplies.分析：句中的as是連詞，意為“當(dāng).的時(shí)候”，引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或某事一發(fā)生，另一事立即發(fā)生。Living in ever-drier environments現(xiàn)在分詞，作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾people。譯文：當(dāng)居住在不斷干燥環(huán)境中的人們四處搜尋可預(yù)測(cè)性更強(qiáng)的食物供給時(shí)，馴化的嘗試很可能在很多地方發(fā)生。10.By this time, the Saharan people were probably us

22、ing domestic crops, experimenting with such summer rainfall crops as sorghum and millet as they move out of areas where they could grow wheat, barley, and other Mediterranean crops.分析：句中的第一個(gè)as是屬于such.as，固定短語(yǔ)，意為“例如”;第二個(gè)as是連詞，意為“當(dāng).的時(shí)候”;where引導(dǎo)的是狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾areas。譯文：當(dāng)撒哈人民從原本可以種植小麥、大麥和其它地中海農(nóng)作物的區(qū)域中遷出時(shí)，他們可能得依靠

23、當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)作物，得嘗試依靠夏季降雨成熟的農(nóng)作物，比如，高粱、小米。Passage 31.When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area.分析：這句話是由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是the buck rub is.。when從句中省略了邏輯主語(yǔ)the buck rub，complete是the buck rub的邏輯謂語(yǔ)。所謂的邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)是，它們存在主謂關(guān)系，但又不是真正的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)存在的是被動(dòng)關(guān)系的時(shí)候，

24、邏輯謂語(yǔ)就要用過(guò)去分詞的形式，這句話就是這種情況。譯文：當(dāng)雄鹿制造完擦痕后，這些擦痕對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是一道明顯的標(biāo)志，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)仄渌谷簛?lái)說(shuō)可能也是如此。2.Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut.分析：這句話是個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)詞是that;從句中，有個(gè)并列連詞not o

25、nly.but also.“不僅.而且.”。譯文：因此，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為雄鹿擦痕不僅可以清潔、擦亮鹿茸，還可以用來(lái)練習(xí)發(fā)情期時(shí)雄鹿之間的角斗。3.However, biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.分析：這句話的主干是個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句biologists also no

26、ted.省略了引導(dǎo)詞that;which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)前文的進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明，which指代前文的內(nèi)容;which從句中又有個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)詞是that。譯文：然而，生物學(xué)家們也意識(shí)到鹿會(huì)嗅到和舔到陌生的擦痕。這表明這種小樹(shù)上的視覺(jué)記號(hào)在鹿群社會(huì)生活中起到重要的交流目的。4.Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made.分析：produced by glands過(guò)去分詞，表被動(dòng)，作

27、后置定語(yǔ)，修飾scent;that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾scent，該從句中又有由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。譯文：雄鹿擦痕也有氣味，它是由雄鹿前額上的腺體分泌的，并在制造擦痕時(shí)涂抹到樹(shù)上的。5.The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed th

28、eir foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached.分析：句中的which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾study;該從句中又有個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)詞是that。括號(hào)的內(nèi)容是對(duì)olfactory communication的解釋說(shuō)明。譯文：嗅覺(jué)交流(利用氣味交流)在鹿群生活中的重要性在幾十年前一項(xiàng)對(duì)圈禁的成年雄鹿的研究中得到了驗(yàn)證。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，特別是接近秋天的時(shí)候，雄鹿將其前額在樹(shù)枝上蹭來(lái)蹭去。6.It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it

29、 moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction.分析：這句話是個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句，句中的it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that后面的內(nèi)容;that后面有個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是it moves.。譯文：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)白尾鹿制造擦痕時(shí)，它將其鹿茸和前額腺體在小樹(shù)上垂直磨蹭。7.Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area.分析：rather than并列連詞，意為“是.而不是.”它前后的成分在詞性上是一致的。being in the general vicinity現(xiàn)在分