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1、課程名稱:臨床麻醉學(xué)教材名稱:臨床麻醉學(xué)授課時(shí)間: 授課對(duì)象:麻醉專業(yè)教學(xué)內(nèi)容:全身麻醉期間嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的防治計(jì)劃學(xué)時(shí):8學(xué)時(shí)重點(diǎn):呼吸道梗阻的幾種類型及其處理措施;呼吸抑制的原因及處理措施;低血壓與高血壓的產(chǎn)生原因及防止;引起心肌缺血的原因及防止;術(shù)中知曉及預(yù)防;蘇醒延遲的原因及治療難點(diǎn): 心肌供血的生理知識(shí)、體溫調(diào)節(jié)教學(xué)目的:掌握呼吸道梗阻、呼吸抑制、低血壓與高血壓、心肌缺血、術(shù)中知曉及蘇醒延遲的原因和治療;熟悉低溫與體溫升高的原因及處理,咳嗽、呃逆、術(shù)后嘔吐、及惡性高熱的原因及防治;了解心肌供血的生理知識(shí),體溫調(diào)節(jié),術(shù)后肺感染的原因、表現(xiàn)及治療教學(xué)方法:?jiǎn)l(fā)式教學(xué)、理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際教具(掛圖幻

2、燈投影及cai等):cai課件新內(nèi)容新知識(shí)(注明來源及所占比例):心肌缺血的原因、診斷及處理,術(shù)中知曉的原因及預(yù)防,惡性高熱的誘因、診斷及處理;氣道高反應(yīng)性策略。來源于anesthesia、占10%外語關(guān)鍵詞:general anesthesia、complications、respiratory obstruction、regurgitation and aspiration、hypertension、hypotension、awarenss、myocardic ischemia、laryngospasm and bronchospasm、malignant hyperthermia、hyp

3、othermia參考資料:現(xiàn)代麻醉學(xué)第三版、anesthesia(miller第六版)、國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)麻醉學(xué)分冊(cè)、內(nèi)科學(xué)課 堂 設(shè) 計(jì):導(dǎo)課、介紹重點(diǎn) 10 設(shè)問、講解舌后墜 10分泌物、膿痰、血液、異物阻塞氣道 5 cai、講解、舉例反流與誤吸 15 cai、講解、舉例插管位置異常、管腔阻塞、麻醉機(jī)故障 5 cai、講解、舉例氣管受壓 5 cai、講解、舉例口咽腔炎性病變、喉腫物、過敏性喉水腫 5 cai、講解、舉例喉痙攣 10 cai、講解、舉例支氣管痙攣 10 cai、講解、舉例中樞及外周性呼吸抑制 15 cai、講解、舉例呼吸抑制的呼吸管理 10 cai、講解、舉例低血壓的概念及原因 15

4、cai、講解、舉例低血壓的預(yù)防 15 cai、講解、舉例低血壓的措施 10 cai、講解、高血壓的原因、預(yù)防及措施 20 cai、講解、舉例心肌缺血的有關(guān)生理知識(shí) 15 cai、講解、心肌缺血的診斷方法 5 cai、講解、麻醉期間引起心肌缺血的原因及防治 20 cai、講解、舉例機(jī)體的產(chǎn)熱、散熱及體溫調(diào)節(jié) 15 cai、講解、低體溫 20 cai、講解、舉例體溫升高 15 cai、講解、舉例術(shù)中知曉 15 cai、講解、舉例蘇醒延遲的原因 20 cai、講解、舉例蘇醒延遲的治療 15 cai、講解、舉例咳嗽 15 cai、講解、舉例呃逆 5 cai、講解、舉例術(shù)后嘔吐 10 cai、講解、舉例

5、術(shù)后肺感染的原因及臨床表現(xiàn) 20 cai、講解、舉例術(shù)后肺感染的診斷及治療 15 cai、講解、惡性高熱的原因及臨床表現(xiàn) 20 cai、講解、舉例惡性高熱的治療 10 cai、講解、總結(jié) 5 板書教 學(xué) 過 程:chapter 14prevention and treatment of serious complications during general anesthesiaintroduction:complications of anesthesia involve three aspects:patient's condition;diathesis of anestheti

6、st;influence and fault of anesthetics、anesthetic apparatus and correlated instrument respiratory obstruction(呼吸道梗阻)一、glossocoma(舌后墜):最常見1aetiology(病因?qū)W):2liability factor(易患因素):justo major of corpus linguae(舌體過大)、short and stout(矮胖)、short neck(頸短)、lymphadenosis of throat posterior wal、hypertrophy of

7、tonsils(扁桃體肥大)3clinical features(表現(xiàn)): 4management(措施):side lying(側(cè)臥)、head hypsokinesis(頭后仰)、lift submaxilla(托下頜)、oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal parichnos二、airway obstruction by secretion、purulent sputum、blood and foreign object1aetiology:inhalation of stimulant anesthetic,bronchiectasis(支氣管擴(kuò)張)、pul

8、monary abscess(肺膿腫)、pulmonary tuberculous cavity(肺結(jié)核空洞),operation of cavum nasopharyngeum(鼻咽腔)、oral cavity(口腔)、harelip(唇裂)手術(shù),desquamation of tooth or artifcal teeth(牙或義齒脫落)2management:sufficient belladonna premedication(術(shù)前足量顛茄類藥),intubation,suck respiratory tract,pull out dentium vacillatia or artif

9、cal teet三、regurgitation and aspiration(反流與誤吸):mortality 50%75%1aetiology:anticholinergic agent(抗膽堿藥)、morphine、general anaesthetics、muscle relaxant2clinical features:bronchospasm(支氣管痙攣),tachypnea and dyspnea(呼吸急促、困難),moist rales(濕羅音),sever hypoxia(嚴(yán)重缺氧)3management:(1)fasting(禁食、水):adult:8h before ane

10、sthesiachildren:< 6m - milk and solid diet(4h),liquid(2h)636m - milk and solid diet(6h),liquid(3h)> 36m - milk and solid diet(8h),liquid(3h)(2)preoperative administration of an h2-receptor antagonist,such as cimetidine or ranitidine to decrease further secretion of additional acid.(3)applicati

11、on of gastric decompression by a wide-bore nasogastric tube; preparing for suction (4)full stomach/high level ileus:awake intubation whenever possible.(5)use of rapid - sequence induction and intubation without positive - pressure ventilation before intubation.(6)application of cricoid compression t

12、o control regurgitation of gastric contents.(7)extubation only when the patient is fully awake.(8)aspiration:head down position,suck vomitusbronchial antispasmodic and antibioticsrespiration supportlavage of trachea using 0.9%nacl四、malposition of catheter(插管位置異常)、ostruction of lumina(管腔堵塞)、anaesheti

13、c machine failure(麻醉機(jī)故障)1aetiology:catheter twist、block by sputum、corrugated tube twist、malfunction of respiration valve2management:examine position of catheter、respiratory sound,breathing circuit、respiration valve五、trachea compression(氣管受壓)1aetiology:tumour、mediastinum and edema calidum of neck or

14、mediastinum2management:六、inflamm affection of pharyngo-oral cavity(口咽腔炎癥病變)、larynx tumer(喉腫物)、allergia laryngeal oedema(過敏性喉水腫)1aetiology:tumour、mediastinum and edema calidum of neck or mediastinum2management:七、laryngospasm and bronchospasm(喉痙攣與支氣管痙攣):(一)laryngospasm:1aetiology:pharyngeal vagus nerv

15、e excitability(咽部迷走神經(jīng)興奮性)2evoked reasons:(1)hyoxemia、hypercapnia、secretion、oropharynx parichnos、laryngoscope、intubation(2)light anesthesia:3clinical features:4management:5prevention:avoid light anesthesia,avoid hypoxia and carbon dioxide accumulation(二)bronchospasm:1aetiology: (1)tracheal intubation

16、、aspiration、suck sputum(2)operation stimulate(3)thiopental sodium、morphine2clinical features:3management:respiratory depression一、central respiratory depression1aetiology:anesthetics、narcotic analgesics、hyperventilation、inflate lung unduly2management:(1)anesthetics reduce depth of anesthesia(2)narcot

17、ic analgesics naloxone(3)hyperventilation、inflate lung undulyvt二、peripheral respiratory depression1aetiology:muscle relaxant,hypopotassemia,general anaesthesia + epidural block2management:(1)muscle relaxantneostigmine bromide(2)hypopotassemiasupply potassium in time(3)spinal nerve blockwait三、respira

18、tion management1effective ventilation2select of ventilation mode:assistor respiration or controlled respirationhypotention and hypertension(低血壓與高血壓)一、hypotension1hypotension:> 20% or 80mmhg2aetiology:(1)anesthesia aspects:(2)operation aspects:(3)patient aspects:3prevention:(1)insufficient body fl

19、uidsufficiently supply(2)sever anaemia(3)sever mitral valve stenosis(4)myocardial ischemiamaintain blood pressure(5)myocardial infarction(6)congestive heart failure(7)°bbb、sick sinus syndromepacemaker(8)hypopotassemia(9)atrial fibrilation80120 bpm(10)using long-term corticosteroid4management:(1)reduce depth of anesthesia(2)transfusion,pro re nata ephedrine(3)sever coronary heart diseaseto support cardiac pump function(4)drag internal organssto

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