Chapter 1.Introduction of Linguistics

1、Mama Apes gibber.Ducks quack.Cats mew ( purr)Pigeon cooPigs grunt.Frogs croak.模仿金屬/動(dòng)作發(fā)出的聲音：clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tackSn-1) breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort2)quick separation or movement: snip, snap, snatch3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoopSl-1) slippe

2、ry: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slang, sly, sloppy, slovenlySk-: 與表面接觸：skate, skim, skin, skid-ump: 表示圓形體：plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, lump/h/表示猛烈使勁時(shí)的氣喘聲：heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等Wh-表示“劇烈”的擬聲詞：Wham(砰), whang（重?fù)袈暎? whop（打擊聲）,

3、wheez（呼哧呼哧）, whicker（嘶鳴聲）, whinny (馬嘶), whomp（撞擊聲）, whoop（喘氣聲）But the vast majority of the words in all languages are non-onomatopoeic: The connection between their form and their meaning is arbitrary in that, given the form, it is impossible to predict the meaning and, given the meaning, it is impo

4、ssible to predict the form.Scores of soundsHundreds of morphemesHundreds of thousands of wordsAstronomical number of sentences語(yǔ)言的雙重性表現(xiàn)在兩語(yǔ)言的雙重性表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：個(gè)方面： 1. 用自身無(wú)意義的用自身無(wú)意義的 語(yǔ)音構(gòu)成語(yǔ)音構(gòu)成 有意義的有意義的語(yǔ)言單位語(yǔ)言單位 2. 用小單位構(gòu)成大用小單位構(gòu)成大單位單位Metafunctions元功能元功能Ideational 概念功能Interpersonal人際功能 Textual語(yǔ)篇功能PhoneticsPhonology morphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsMacrolinguisticsDescriptiveprescriptiveprescriptivedescriptiveinterpretiveSign/signeSignifier/signifiantSignified/ signifiSound-imageLinguistic formConceptMeaning the thing indicated by the signifier e.g. This is not a love story. T