修辭手法在寫作中的應(yīng)用

1、修辭手法在英文寫作中的運(yùn)用教學(xué)目標(biāo)：讓學(xué)生體會(huì)修辭手法在寫作中的妙用，教學(xué)步驟：Step I Lead -in一篇文章通常可分為三個(gè)部分，即開頭、正文和結(jié)尾。這三個(gè)部分安排是否得體，直接影響到文章的質(zhì)量。文章的開頭一般來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)盡量做到開門見山，用簡(jiǎn)單明白的敘述引出文章的話題，使讀者了解文章要談?wù)撌裁?，一下于引起讀者的興趣。作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種：1開門見山，揭示主題文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation '我怎樣度假）的開頭是：1 Spent my last vacati on happily 下面是題為"Hones

2、ty"（談?wù)\實(shí)）一文中的開頭：Honesty is one of the best virtues An honest man is always trusted and respected . On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar", and is looked upon by honest people .2 .交代人物、事情、時(shí)間或環(huán)境開頭在文章的開頭，先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan"（去金山旅游）的開頭：The day

3、 before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回憶性的開頭用回憶的方法來(lái)開頭。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"（泰山游）的開頭是：I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as

4、 if it were yesterday.4 .概括性的開頭即對(duì)要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個(gè)概括性的介紹。如“ The Happi ness of Readi ngBooks "讀書的快樂(lè)）的開頭：People ofte n say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable tha n anything else, because books give us kno wledge and kno wled

5、ge gives us power.5.介紹環(huán)境式的開頭即開頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident '一場(chǎng)事故）的開頭是：It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was n early empty. I was on my way back to school. Sudde nly, a speedi ng car came round the corner.6 .交待寫作目的的開頭。在文章的一開頭就交待寫作目

6、的，如通過(guò)文章要表?yè)P(yáng)誰(shuí)，批評(píng)誰(shuí)，或說(shuō)明一個(gè)什么問(wèn)題等。如"Pollution Control"（ 控制污染）的開頭：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英語(yǔ)作文的文章的結(jié)尾 文章結(jié)尾的作用是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表達(dá)得更加深刻。文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見的有以下幾種：1 首尾呼應(yīng)，畫龍點(diǎn)睛在文章的結(jié)尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點(diǎn)明主題，深化主題，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget

7、 Her"（ 我忘不了她）的結(jié)尾：After her death, I felt as if somethi ng were miss ing in my life. I was sad over her pass ingaway, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at hav ing give n her life for the ben efit of the people.2 .重復(fù)主題句結(jié)尾回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。如“ I Love My HomeTown ”我愛家鄉(xiāng)）的結(jié)尾：I lov

8、e my home tow n, and I love its people. They too have cha nged. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherla nd.3.自然結(jié)尾隨著文章的結(jié)束，文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如"Fishing釣魚）的結(jié)尾：I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river b

9、ank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.4 含蓄性的結(jié)尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點(diǎn)明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考。如“ A Day ofHarvesting 收割的日子）的結(jié)尾：Evening came before we realized it. We put dow n our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.5 用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義

10、卻是肯定的，并具有特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者深思。如"ShouldWe Learn to Do Housework?"（我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù) ？）的結(jié)尾。Everyone should lear n to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?6 .指明方向，激勵(lì)讀者結(jié)尾表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望，或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。如“Let's Go in for Sports 讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)）的結(jié)尾：As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not o

11、nly make people live happily but also help people to lear n virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.文章的結(jié)尾沒有一定的模式，可以根據(jù)表達(dá)主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般的習(xí)慣是，一些記敘文和描寫文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法；但說(shuō)理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說(shuō)明文和議論文則往往都有結(jié)束語(yǔ)，以便使文章首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整step II英文寫作中詞語(yǔ)的選擇1 詞語(yǔ)選擇的重要性在The Right Word at t

12、he Right Time 的 序言”中，編者對(duì)詞語(yǔ)選用的重要性作了一個(gè)很好的比喻： “ Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothingfor the occasion :it is a courtesy to others , and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in theeyes of the world."顯然，說(shuō)話或?qū)懳恼聲r(shí)用詞適當(dāng)比穿著適當(dāng)難度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要

13、性。在我國(guó),古人寫文章時(shí)常為一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的選用具思苦想，因而有語(yǔ)不驚人死不休”的說(shuō)法。成語(yǔ)一字值千金”也說(shuō)明了選擇詞語(yǔ)的極端重要性。有時(shí)一字之差”造成令人遺憾的敗筆，或招致成千上萬(wàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。這些反面的教訓(xùn)也告訴我們必須重視詞語(yǔ)選用的問(wèn)題。2 詞語(yǔ)選擇的可能性實(shí)際上，我們每個(gè)人的腦子里都有了一個(gè)或大或小的詞庫(kù)，只要我們肯去發(fā)掘，往往可以得到更好的表達(dá)方式。這是我們做好詞語(yǔ)選用的主觀條件。從客觀條件廣看，我們有各種類型的詞典和參考書，只要我們平時(shí)多翻譯、多閱讀，寫作時(shí)勤查考，就會(huì)在詞語(yǔ)選用上不斷進(jìn)步。 當(dāng)然，一部好詞典也不會(huì)毫無(wú)缺點(diǎn)， 更難以面面俱到， 因此在這里我們應(yīng)牢牢記住著名英國(guó)作家、評(píng)論家和

14、辭書編纂家Johson的話：Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.3 詞語(yǔ)選擇的三項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)關(guān)于擇語(yǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，人們說(shuō)法不一，但準(zhǔn)確、鮮明、生動(dòng)三項(xiàng)原則是公認(rèn)的。當(dāng)然，某詞語(yǔ)用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地從詞語(yǔ)本身的含義上著眼，還要看其具體使用場(chǎng)合，包括同其他詞語(yǔ)搭配等。1) 擇語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確性準(zhǔn)確性，就是要根據(jù)使用場(chǎng)合選用確切的語(yǔ)言形式，正如有句英語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)所言：Do not write so that your words may

15、 be un detstood, but write so that your words must beun derstood.著名美國(guó)作家馬克？吐溫說(shuō)：用詞準(zhǔn)確與用詞幾乎準(zhǔn)確，這兩者之間的差異就如閃電與螢火蟲之間的差異。"(The differe nee betwee n the right word and the almost-right word is asgreat as that between lighting and the lighting bug .)為了擇語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確，必須熟悉詞語(yǔ)的多義性。例如depression對(duì)心理學(xué)家、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家或地質(zhì)學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，含義各不相同：H

16、e is in a state of deep depressi on as a result of his setback latest experime nt.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.反之，也常常有幾個(gè)詞語(yǔ)可以表示類似的含義，如心理學(xué)上的“depr

17、ession也能用melancholia ， the blues ， the dismal in the dumps ， low 等詞語(yǔ)表示。要做到準(zhǔn)確選擇，有必要注意詞語(yǔ)的兩種意義：基本意義”(denotation)和"引申意義"(co nn otatio n)。前者指該詞語(yǔ)的本身，或客觀的固有含義，后者指該詞語(yǔ)在一定搭配或上 下句中出現(xiàn)的其他意義，往往比較含蓄，帶有詞語(yǔ)使用者的主觀態(tài)度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顧客問(wèn)營(yíng)業(yè)員：“ May I have some thingcheaper?意思是希望要價(jià)錢便宜一點(diǎn)的，當(dāng)然并不是說(shuō)

18、質(zhì)量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用場(chǎng)合可引出低劣”、平庸”、吝嗇”、卑鄙”等多種意思，這類意思正是修辭上的敏感地帶”。選用詞語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確性還表現(xiàn)在區(qū)分表示大體/抽象含義的詞語(yǔ)和表示具體/特定含義的詞語(yǔ)上，需要根據(jù)不同的使用場(chǎng)合做出正確的選擇。抽象含義詞語(yǔ)和具體含義詞語(yǔ)不是兩個(gè)對(duì)立的家族，在一定的條件下可以轉(zhuǎn)化，如labor 一詞通常帶抽象含義，但并非一成不變。試比較：A) H on est labor creates wealth for the society.B) I n the GM con tract dispute, labor seeks a five-ce nt per hour wage in crease.上述A句中l(wèi)abor 一詞為抽象含