傲慢與偏見會話分析

1、傲慢與偏見會話分析contentsabstract in english.iabstract in chinese.chapter 1 introduction.31.1 research questions.31.2 significance of the study.31.3 thesis organization .41.4 research methodology.41.5 collection of data5chapter 2 literature review.6chapter 3 theoretical framework.73.1grice's cooperative

2、 principle73.1.1 the four conversational maxims.73.1.2 flouting the maxim.73.1.2.1 flouts exploiting the maxim of quality73.2.2.2 flouts exploiting the maxim of quantity.73.2.2.3 flouts exploiting the maxim of relevance.83.2.3.4 flouts exploiting the maxim of manner.83.2 brown and levinsons politene

3、ss theory93.2.1 the notion of face.93.2.2 face threatening acts.103.2.3 super strategies for performing the fta.103.3 summary.11chapter 4 case analysis: pride and prejudice.124.1 brief introduction to pride and prejudice.124.2 conversational analysis in pride and prejudice.124.2.1 violation of the q

4、uality maxim in pride and prejudice124.2.1.1 irony.134.2.1.2 denying144.2.1.3 metaphor.154.2.1.4 rhetorical question.164.2.2 violation of the quantity maxim in pride and prejudice.174.2.2.1 overstatemen174.2.2.2 understatement 184.2.3 violation of the relevance maxim in pride and prejudice.194.2.4 v

5、iolation of the manner maxim in pride and prejudice.224.2.4.1 being ambiguous or vague.224.2.4.2 being out of order234.2.4.3 being incomplete and using ellipsis.244.3 summary.24chapter 5 conclusion.265.1 general summarymajor findings of the study.265.2 contributions of the study.265.3 limitations of

6、 the study 27references.28acknowledgements.29chapter 1 introductionjane austin, a english female writer in the romanticism age, has created 6 works, each of which is a huge success. she is distinguished for her marital views, treatment of character, the exquisite humour, narrative method and irony.

7、the topic of feminism, religion as well as politics are also involved in the works.pride and prejudice, according to her sister cassandras letter, is jane austins favourite work. for centuries, millions of people are fascinated by its lovely and moving love story, interesting characters, and humor.

8、the conversations in pride and prejudice, noted for the employment of irony and satire, attract great interests and scrutiny. jane austen ia a master in dealing with dialogues. “she is one of the greatest,one of the most accurate writers of dialogue of her own or any age,” as dr.chapman claims (lasc

9、elles,1995:96; qtd. from yang liu 2003). these dialogues are perceived from the aspect of stylistics, history or philosophy. compared with these conventional approaches, linguistics approach is still in its early stage. thus, attempts in this thesis aims to make a full understanding of the character

10、izations through conversational analysis. 1.1 research questionsbased on the theoretical models and with the analysis of conversations in pride and prejudice, the present study intends to figure out the answers to the following questions:(1)what maxims in grices cooperative principle are violated?(2

11、)why are maxims in pride and prejudice violated?(3)what are the functions of these strategies for performing the fta?1.2 significance of the studyconversations, even in daily life, is a kind of art, not to mention in literature works. when people talk with each other, they tend to execute in a smoot

12、h way and cooperation is the basis of successful conversations. however, in daily life, the phenomena of violating maxims of cooperative priciples occurs at a high frequency. most of the time, its for the sake of “face”. through inference, the hearer can inteprate the implicatures and by making use

13、of cummunication strategies, the risk of face loss is lower with less conflicts and relations between the speakers and hearers can be maintained.1.3 thesis organizationchapter one includes a brief introduction to the thesis topic, the language data, research methodology and the organization of the t

14、hesis.chapter two is devoted to literature review. it reviews what the previous study have done on the prominent novel.chapter three is the theoretical framework, with the emphasis being placed on grice's cp and the implicature theory as well as brown and levinson's politeness theory, the ft

15、as.chapter four is committed to the conversational analysis in pride and prejudice. conversations that flout the cp and do the fta indirectly are under investigation from the approach of the cp, brown and levinsons politeness theory. the last chapter is the conclusion. a general summary is made and

16、followed by the possible theoretical and practical significance with limitations. 1.4 research methodologythe qualitative method is adopted in this study and the procedures are as follows:(1)to read the novel pride and prejudice as well as watch the movie at the same time, paying special attentions

17、to conversations;(2)to extract interesting dialogues especially those with rhetorical devices from the novel;(3)to classify all these conversations into four categories according to the violations of cooperative principles;(4)to analyze how the maxims are violated;(5)to demonstrate the reasons of vi

18、olations.1.5 collection of dataall the examples in the case study are extracted from the conversations in the jane austins novel pride and prejudice. and all these conversations are classified into four categories according to the violations of cooperative principles.chapter 2 literature reviewpride

19、 and prejudice has gained wide readership and many people are fasicinated about it since its publication in 1813, its reputation in critical realm proceeds grudgingly and slowly. the early reviews only rest on” the loveliness of the characterization and the vigor of the writing in pride and prejudic

20、e”(southam,1968:6 qtd. from yang liu 2004).they offer readers merely outlines of the love story and character accounts.the criticism on jane austens novels makes considerable progress with the publication of the memoir of jane austen in 1870 by her nephew austen-leigh. the interests in jane austen a

21、re awakened and serious discussion about the fiction is launched. some experts made technical analysis about the fiction art: narrative, characters, plot etc. in the middle 1940s, the ironic implication of the dialogues which reflect and define the characters in pride and prejudice begins by reuben

22、a.brower. since then, many linguists have analyzed pride and prejudice from the perspective of pragmatics and expects to make possible contributions.chapter 3 theoretical framework:3.1grice's cooperative principlegrice(1975) propose the coopreative principle with the idea that people cooperate w

23、ith each other in conversations and the theory runs as follows: make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. grice suggests that in conversational interaction people work on the assump

24、tion that speakers and hearers comply with the rules the cp defines in order to have a meaningful conversation, unless they receive the opposite indications. the cp has observed one regularity in conversation and is used to explain the generation and interpretation of conversational implicature (tho

25、mas 1995:62).3.1.1 the four conversational maximsthe cooperative principles include the following four maxims:the maxim of quality:1) do not say what you believe to be false.2) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.the maxim of quantity:1) make your contribution as informative as is r

26、equired for the current purpose of the exchange2) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.the maxim of relation:make your contributions be relevant.the maxim of manner:1) avoid obscurity of expression.2) avoid ambiguity3) be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity).4) be orderly.(y

27、ang zhong 2006:98-99)3.1.2 flouting the maximin conversions, people are supposed to obey the above rules. however, more often than not, these maxims are violated and people tend to bahave in a non-cooperative way. thus, the implicit, non-conventional meanings are generated. 3.1.2.1 flouts exploiting

28、 the maxim of qualitywhen a speaker says something that is false or for which he lacks adequate evidence, he flouts the maxim of quality. here is an example:example :jane: sam has betray you.jack: he is a good friend.evidently, jack is saying something obviously false so he is flouting the maxim of

29、quality. because a person cant be in favor of someone who has ever betrayed him.3.1.3.2 flouts exploiting the maxim of quantitywhen a speaker offers more or less information than the situation requires, he flouts the maxim of quantity. here is an example:example :jack: are you going to spend this we

30、ekend with me?jane: im leaving for a northen city with my mother.in this case, the maxim of quantity is violated because the information jane provides is not informative though the sentence seems to be long enough. jane doesnt answer jack directly whether she is going to spend the weekend with him o

31、r not. from the conversational implication, jack can easily understand the truth that jane doesn't want to be with him.3.1.2.3 flouts exploiting the maxim of relevancethe maxim of relation is exploited by making a response which is completely irrelevant to the subject or the goal of the conversa

32、tion. take a look at the following example:father: have you done your homework?daughter: wow, the tv opera is fantastic!the daughter has made a reply that seems unrelated to the question. she takes anvantage of the maxim of relevance and implies she wouldt like to be disturbed at the moment or she b

33、others to hear the word “homework”.3.1.3.4 flouts exploiting the maxim of mannerthe maxim of manner is flouted by speaking redundantly, unclearly or disorderly. look at the following example:dad: lets get the kid something to eat.mom: okay, but i veto i-c-e c-r-e-a-m! (levinson 2001:104).obviously,

34、mom infringes the maxim of manner by spelling out the word “ice-cream” in an effort not to have ice-creams in presence of the children. the dad can derived the possible interpretation from certain context.3.2 brown and levinsons politeness theorygrices theory paints a really rosy picture about conve

35、rsation and human relations. however, the reality is tough and there are a multitude of conditions which people dont cooperate. grice's cooperative princlples is in a weak position to illustrate why people are so often flouting the maxims and indirectly convey what they really mean.among various

36、 reasons, grice points out that a clash of maxims may lead to a compromise by holding one maxim while giving up another.the desire to make one's language interesting and increase its force may also lead to indirectness employment (thomas 1995:145).the pragmatic interest in the communication of i

37、ndirect speech acts, in particular, as well as the interest in the social-relation aspect of and situational constraints on information change, more generally, are at the basis of an intereat in the face and politeness phenomena. one entrance to the study of politeness phenomena can indeed be built

38、around the observation that language user often depart from the conditions of optimal information exchange because a failure to do so would result in an amount of lost face(liu, kang and zhao 2009:49).brown and levinson have established the most influential theory about politeness in the book polite

39、ness: some universals in language usage. they point out that in general, people cooperate (and assume each others cooperation ) in maintaining face in interaction, such cooperation being based on the mutual vulnerability of face (brown and livenson, qtd. from chen xinren 2009:129).3.2.1 the notion o

40、f facethe concept “face” is borrowed from chinese culture and has something to do with the feeling of embarrassed and humiliated. brown and levinson (1978:62) define “face” as individuals self-worth or self-image,which can be maintained, damaged, or enhanced, through interaction with others, and fur

41、ther distinguish two kinds of face: positive facethe desire to be liked, approved, respected and appreciated by others, and negative facethe desire not to be imposed on in ones actions. in simple terms, negative face is the need to be independent and positive face is the need to be connected(yule 20

42、00:62).3.2.2 face threatening actsaccording to brown and levinson, some illocutionary acts speakers perform are face threatening acts (fta for short) because they run contrary to either their own face wants or those of their hearers. and the ftacan be categorized into four types:1) acts threatening

43、the hearers positive face by indicating the speakers lack of concern for the hearers self-image (e.g. disagreeing, criticism, accusations, insults, contradiction, boasts);2) acts threatening the hearers negative face by imposing on the hearer (e.g. requests, orders, offers, expressions of anger);3)

44、acts threatening speakers negative face (e.g. thanking, accepting offers, making unwilling promises);4) acts threatening speakers positive face (e.g. apologies, confessions, admissions of responsibility) (chen xinren 2009:130-31).in conversational interaction speakers are sensitive about each others

45、 face. in order not to threaten face or to reduce the degree of face damage, speakers may adopt certain strategies. these strategies are determined by the size of the fta. speakers can evaluate the size of the fta on the basis of the parameters of power (p), distance(d), and rating of imposition(r).

46、 the overall weightiness of the fta then in turn influences the strategies employed (thomas,1995:169).3.2.3 super strategies for performing the ftabrown and levinson point out that a speaker first has to decide whether to do the fta or not.if the speaker decides to perform the fta, he can have fours

47、trategies: (1)bold-on-record without any redress; (2) positive politeness with redress; (3)negative politeness with redress; (4)off-record politeness. the speaker can also choose not to do an fta at all if he considers it too face-threatening(chen xiaoquan 2004:23). under each category there is a li

48、st of strategies for performing different politeness, such as exaggeration, intensifying interest to hearer, giving hints, being ironic, usingm etaphors, using rhetorical questions and so on.3.3 summarythis chapter has introduced the theoretical framework which comprises grices cp and the conversati

49、onal maxims and brown and levinsons politeness theory and strategies for performing the fta,which will ground and facilitate the case analysis below.chapter 4 case analysis: pride and prejudice4.1 brief introduction to pride and prejudicepride and prejudice is the romantic story of young people, eli

50、zabeth bennet and william darcy, as well as jane bennet and mr. bingley. the novel takes place during the 1700s in the english county hertfordshire. it illustrates the diffuculty for women of that time, with little control over their own fortune or fate and how women in the 18th century went to grea

51、t lengths to attract husbands of good fortune.jane austen was an english women writer of the early 19th century , the romantic age. her novle has always been distinguished by excellent language, perfect dialogues and distinctive characters. as american critics edmund wilson(1944) commented, “there h

52、ave been several revolutions of taste during the last century and a quarter of english literature, and through them all perhaps only two reputations have never been affected by the shifts of fashion: shakespeares and jane austens” (littlewood 1998:3; qtd. from sun lifang 2008).under the pen of jane

53、austen, the conversations are witty, humurous deliberatly-organized and exquisite. besides, there emerged many conversational implicatures. thereforee, people have been fascinated about it and studies such as martial views, conversation arts and discourse analysis of conversations. in this chapter,

54、the discourse analysis of conversations of pride and prejudice will be studied. through which different characteristics of the figures will be demonstrated.4.2 discourse analysis of conversations in pride and prejudice4.2.1 violation of the quality maxim in pride and prejudicethe phenomena of violat

55、ion of the quality maxim can be seen in pride and prejudice in man places. most of them are employment of strategies for performing the face-threatening acts.4.2.1.1 irony irony is most important rhetorical device in jane austins pride and prejudice. instead of saying what the speaker really mean, he or she says the opposite, therefore, the speaker does the fta indirectly and direct conflicts are avoided.example1:“this was a lucky idea of mine, indeed!” said mrs.bennet more than once.“we