Chapter 2 The Sources of the English Vocabulary(1)

1、Chapter 2The Sources of the English Vocabulary（1）Contentn2-1 What is Etymology?n2-2 The Indo-European Familyn2-3 The History Of the English Languagen2-4 Some Characteristics of Old /Middle /Modern Englishn2-5 Some Combining Forms Used in Modern EnglishThe stories of two words nDaphne(月桂): the river

2、gods daughternCollege: col+lege2.1.1 What is Etymology?nEtymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings.(P13)2.1.2 The English People and the English LanguagepeopletimelanguageCelts/Britons(-55B.C):CelticRoman Conquest(55B.C.-410A.D.)Latinthe Angles, Saxon and Jutes(5th

3、century-1066)their dialects merged into a single language-Anglo-Saxon/Old English(P14)2.1.3 Classification of Languages 1. Typological Classification (類型分類法類型分類法)(語法的構(gòu)造特點(diǎn)語法的構(gòu)造特點(diǎn))Synthetic language (綜合語綜合語)shows the relation of words by inflection.Analytic language (分析語分析語) indicates the relation of

4、words in a sentence by word order.2. Genetic Classification (譜系分類法譜系分類法)（語言的共同來源和親屬關(guān)系）（語言的共同來源和親屬關(guān)系）Sino-Tibetan(藏漢語系), Indo-European.(印歐語系), Semito-Hamitic （閃含語系), Bantu（班圖語系), Uralic（烏拉爾語語系), Altaic （阿爾泰語系）, etc.nIt is estimated that there are about 5000 languages all over the world, which can be

5、grouped into about 300 language families, such as 漢藏語系(Sino-Tibetan)、印歐語系(Indo-European)、閃含語系(Semito-Hamitic)、班圖語系(Bantu)、烏拉爾語系(Uralic)、阿爾泰語系(Altaic)、馬來-波利尼西亞語系(Malayo-Polynesian)、印第安語系(Indian)等 and so on. nChinese - Sino-Tibetan Family, nEnglish - Indo-European Family. Main language families 2.2 In

6、do-European familyIndo-Iranian group(印伊語族印伊語族): Persian(波斯語), Sanskrit(梵文), Hindi(印地語). Urdu(烏爾都語), Bengali(孟加拉語的)Armenian（亞美尼亞語族（亞美尼亞語族): ArmenianSlavic（斯拉夫語族）（斯拉夫語族）: Russian, polishHellenic（希臘語族）（希臘語族）: Modern GreekItalic（意大利語族）（意大利語族）: Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, RomanianCeltic（

7、凱爾特語族）（凱爾特語族）: Gaelic (蓋爾語), Welsh, Briton (不列顛)Albanian（阿爾巴尼語族）（阿爾巴尼語族）: Modern AlbanianGermanic（日耳曼語族）（日耳曼語族）: English, German, Dutch, Yiddish（意第緒語）, the Scandinavian languages（斯堪的納維亞語）Germanic Group West GermanicNorth GermanicEast GermanicEnglishFrisianGermanYiddishDutchAfrikaansSwedishDanishNorw

8、egianIcelandicGothicVandalBurgundian2.3 The history of the English languageClassificationsTimeThe Old English (450-1150)The Middle English (1150-1500)The Modern English (1500-present)Characteristics of Old English(450-1150)Major historical eventstimelanguageRoman Conquest(55B.C.-410A.D.)Latinthe con

9、quest and settlement by the Angles, Saxon and Jutes(410A.D.-1066)Anglo-Saxon/Old English replaced Celtic(P15)the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests(790)ScandinavianNorman Conquest(1066)much of the English words were replaced by words from French and Latin. 85% of the Old English were no longer in

10、use.(P17)nfeatures of the Old English:(1) a mixed language: be based on Anglo-Saxon/Old English but also adopted Latin, Scandinavian and French.(2) a highly inflected language(a synthetic language): four cases; three gender.(P19)e.g. (1) Nero interfecit Agrippinam.=Agrippinam interfecit Nero. (Nero

11、killed Agrippina)(2) woman(陽性) child （中性） wife（中性）Characteristics of Middle English(1150-1500)Major historical eventstime languageNorman Conquest (1066-1500)French, Latinnfeatures of the Old English:(1) many English words were lost but thousands of French and Latin words were borrowed. (P20)(2) in g

12、rammar, English has changed from a higly inflected language to an analytic language.(P20) grammatical gender was completely replaced by the natural gender.Early Modern English Period (1500-1700)major eventstime influenceRenaissance(1500-1700)(1) a lot of Latin and Greek words entered into English vo

13、cabulary.Late Modern English Period(1700-present)major eventstime influencethe publication in 1755 of A Dictionary of the English Language18th centurya time of stabilizing and purifying the English languagethe territorial expansion of the English Empires19th-20th centurya lot of foreign words were b

14、orrowedthe great development of science and technologyafter WWIImany news words appeared in every field. 2.4 Some Combining Forms used in Modern English(1) -Meter: device of measuring something by means of it to form a word（“表現(xiàn)出某種程度或傾向（的人）”或者“能測(cè)量某種特殊量的儀器”）three variants: -ometer; -imeter; -meterbaro

15、meter 氣壓計(jì)（baro 壓力+meter)thermometer 溫度計(jì)（thermo 熱+meter)diameter 直徑（dia 對(duì)面+meter-量到對(duì)面的線直徑）perimeter 周長(zhǎng)（peri 周圍+meter)drunk-o-meter：（交警用的）酒精度測(cè)試儀，醉度計(jì)；happy-o-meter：開心程度，幸福程度；weird-o-meter：被別人視為怪人的程度，變得怪癖的程度或傾向Exe.1.speedometer：速度計(jì)速度計(jì)2.hydrometer：液體比重計(jì)液體比重計(jì)3.hygrometer：濕度計(jì)濕度計(jì)4.calorimeter：量熱計(jì)量熱計(jì)5.voltam

16、eter：伏特計(jì)伏特計(jì)6.gravimeter：量力計(jì)量力計(jì)7.ammeter：安培計(jì)安培計(jì)8.truth-o-meter：說真話的程度，測(cè)謊儀；說真話的程度，測(cè)謊儀；9.punch-o-meter：沖力計(jì)，出拳力度測(cè)量?jī)x；沖力計(jì)，出拳力度測(cè)量?jī)x；10.stress-o-meter：應(yīng)力計(jì)應(yīng)力計(jì)/壓力計(jì)，抗壓程度測(cè)試儀；壓力計(jì)，抗壓程度測(cè)試儀；11.boy-o-meter：喜歡打望帥哥的女生，喜歡打量男生長(zhǎng)得帥不帥的女生；喜歡打望帥哥的女生，喜歡打量男生長(zhǎng)得帥不帥的女生；12.critic-o-meter：老喜歡批評(píng)別人的人，有批評(píng)別人傾向的人，愛拍磚的人；老喜歡批評(píng)別人的人，有批評(píng)別人傾向的

17、人，愛拍磚的人；13.gay-o-meter：有有g(shù)ay傾向的人，有傾向的人，有g(shù)ay傾向的傾向或程度傾向的傾向或程度；(2) Radio-nthere are three meanings:a radiant energy；radioactive, radiation；radio（放射性能量；放射；廣播）（放射性能量；放射；廣播） radiometer放射計(jì)放射計(jì), radiotherapy放射線療法放射線療法 radioisotope放射性同位素放射性同位素, radiology放射學(xué)放射學(xué) radio broadcast無線電廣播無線電廣播, radiojournalism廣播新聞學(xué)廣播

18、新聞學(xué)(3) Psycho- (1) of the mind, mental；of the brain（心理的；精神的）（心理的；精神的） psychoanalysis心理分析心理分析 psychology心理學(xué)心理學(xué) psychosurgery精神外科學(xué)精神外科學(xué) psychodrama心理劇心理劇 psychotherapy心理療法心理療法(4) Iso-nequal, alike （相等的，同樣的）（相等的，同樣的） isobar等壓線等壓線 isometric等距線等距線 isosceles二等邊的，等腰的二等邊的，等腰的(5) Hydro-(1) water ;hydrogen (水

19、; 氫) Fire Hydrant 消防栓消防栓 hydroelectric水力發(fā)電的水力發(fā)電的 hydrology水文學(xué)水文學(xué) hydroplane水上飛機(jī)水上飛機(jī) hydrocarbon碳?xì)浠衔锾細(xì)浠衔?hydrochloric鹽酸的鹽酸的 hydrochlorofluorocarbon氫氯氟烴氫氯氟烴(6) -Athon/ -thon (P36)nany prolonged or extended activity, event, etc. of a special kind, usually involving endurance. abstracted from the word

20、 marathon: (持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的活動(dòng)持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的活動(dòng))nwalkathon步行馬拉松步行馬拉松ntalkathon冗長(zhǎng)的演講冗長(zhǎng)的演講ntelethon (為慈善事業(yè)籌集資金而播出的為慈善事業(yè)籌集資金而播出的)長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)電視節(jié)目長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)電視節(jié)目nbikethon自行車賽自行車賽nworkathon緊鑼密鼓的工作緊鑼密鼓的工作(7) -Logy (P36)(1) the study or science of (2) speech, expression or discussion(3) collection （學(xué)科；演講；文集）（學(xué)科；演講；文集） biology生物學(xué)生物學(xué) ecolo

21、gy生態(tài)學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué) eulogy頌詞頌詞, tautology重言；累贅重言；累贅 anthology選集、文選選集、文選(8) Hygro-(P36)nwet, moist, moisture (濕的，有水氣的濕的，有水氣的) hygrograph自動(dòng)濕度記錄器自動(dòng)濕度記錄器 hygrology 濕度學(xué)濕度學(xué) hygrometer 濕度計(jì)濕度計(jì)(9) Hypno- (P37)nsleep (睡覺睡覺)hypnosis 催眠狀態(tài)催眠狀態(tài)hypnotherapy催眠術(shù)療法催眠術(shù)療法(10) Micro- (P37)nsmall, very small (小的，微型的小的，微型的) microcomputer微機(jī) microdot以電子處理的縮小影印文件 microenterprise微型企業(yè) micromanage微管理 microprocesso