畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-六角盒蓋塑件設(shè)計(jì)其制造模具

1、.1 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)說(shuō)明書根據(jù)六角盒蓋塑件設(shè)計(jì)其制造模具，塑件圖11所示。圖表 塑件要求圖2 塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析1.塑件的幾何形狀分析 熟讀塑件的圖樣，在頭腦中建立清晰的塑件三維形狀，復(fù)雜的塑件可通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)三維建?；蛳鹌つ嘀颇５仁侄螏妥±斫馄鋷缀伍_關(guān)人。六角盒蓋的三維圖如圖如圖21所示。 、 圖 21 六角盒蓋三維圖2塑料材料的成型特性分析塑件的材料采用工程塑料ABS,屬熱塑性塑料，是由丙烯腈,丁二烯和苯乙烯組成的三不共聚物.由于丙烯腈的腈基極性較強(qiáng),所以沖擊強(qiáng)度,拉伸強(qiáng)度及塑料件的表面硬度較好. ABS樹脂為淺黃色粒狀或珠狀樹脂, 為非結(jié)晶型聚合物，熔融溫度217-237,熱分解溫度為250以上

2、,無(wú)毒,無(wú)味,具有優(yōu)良的綜合物理-力學(xué)性能,優(yōu)異的低溫抗沖擊性能,尺寸穩(wěn)定性,電性能,耐磨性,抗化學(xué)藥品性,染色性,成型加工和機(jī)械加工較好. ABS樹脂耐水,無(wú)機(jī)鹽,堿和酸類,不溶于大部分酸類溶劑,而容易溶于醛酮,脂和某些氯化氫中.ABS樹脂熱變形溫度較低,不透明,可燃,耐侯性較差，在紫外線作用下易發(fā)硬變脆。成型特點(diǎn)1) ABS在升溫時(shí)粘度增高，所以成型壓力較高，塑料上的脫模斜度宜取2以上。2) 易產(chǎn)生熔接痕，模具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)注意盡量減小澆注系統(tǒng)對(duì)料流的阻力；3) 模具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要注意澆注系統(tǒng)，選擇好進(jìn)料口位置、形式。推出力過(guò)大或機(jī)械加工時(shí)塑件表面呈現(xiàn)“白色”痕跡（但在熱水中加熱可消失）。4) 在正常

3、的成型條件下，壁厚、熔料溫度及收縮率影響極小。要求塑件精度高時(shí)，模具溫度可控制在5060度，要求塑件光澤和耐熱時(shí)，應(yīng)控制在6080度。5) 吸濕性強(qiáng)，含水量應(yīng)小于0.3%，必須充分干燥，要求表面光澤的塑件應(yīng)要求長(zhǎng)時(shí)間預(yù)熱干燥。6) 流動(dòng)性中等，溢邊料0.04 mm左右（流動(dòng)性比聚苯乙烯，AS差，但比聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯好）。7) 比熱容較低,在料筒中塑化效率高,在模具中凝固較快,成型周期短,可在柱塞式或螺桿式臥式注射機(jī)上成形.3.塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析（1）塑件的尺寸精度分析該塑件所有尺寸均沒(méi)有標(biāo)注尺寸公差，可視為自由尺寸，由設(shè)計(jì)要求按MT7查取公差。下表所列為塑件主要尺寸的公差要求。部位尺寸尺寸

4、公差孔間距尺寸35171550孔尺寸614外形尺寸2107（2）塑件的表面質(zhì)量分析該塑件表面沒(méi)有很高的要求，在一般情況下，要求塑件光潔，不允許有成型斑點(diǎn)和熔接痕，表面粗糙度為Rs，對(duì)外表面可以取3.2m；對(duì)內(nèi)表面的Rs可以取1.6m。（3）塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析從圖紙上看，該塑件外形為六角盒蓋，圓角過(guò)渡，壁厚均勻。塑件型腔長(zhǎng)寬中等，深度較淺，有尺寸不等的孔，分別是6、14.盒蓋周身有圓角R7過(guò)渡。拔模斜度為2.可以采用注塑成型加工。4塑件的生產(chǎn)批量塑件的生產(chǎn)類型對(duì)注塑模具的結(jié)構(gòu)、注塑模具材料使用均有重要的影響。在大批量生產(chǎn)中，由于注塑模具價(jià)格在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用中所占比例較小，提高生產(chǎn)率和注塑模具壽命

5、問(wèn)題比較突出，所以可以考慮使用自動(dòng)化程度較高、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、精度壽命高的模具。如果小批量生產(chǎn)，則應(yīng)盡量采用結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、制造容易的注塑模具，以降低注塑模具的成本。該模具雖未給出具體批量要求，但根據(jù)具體情況可知塑件為大批量生產(chǎn)，可以采用一模多腔、快速脫模以及成型周期不宜太長(zhǎng)的模具，同時(shí)模具造價(jià)要適當(dāng)控制。5.初選注塑機(jī)（1）計(jì)算塑件體積或重量通過(guò)三維造型可獲得六角盒蓋的體積V= 8.06 厘米3。ABS的密度為1.03 g/cm3,所以塑件質(zhì)量W=1.03*8.06=8.3g 。（2）型腔數(shù)目確定的卻定考慮到塑件尺寸，模具尺寸的大小關(guān)系，以及制造費(fèi)用和各種成本費(fèi)等因素，定位一模兩腔。由于選擇的是一模兩腔

6、，故采用直線對(duì)稱排列。（3）確定注射成型的工藝參數(shù)根據(jù)該塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和ABS的成型性能，查有關(guān)資料初步確定塑件的注射成型工藝參數(shù)，見(jiàn)下表。表格 ABS成型工藝參數(shù)工藝參數(shù)內(nèi)容工藝參數(shù)內(nèi)容預(yù)熱和干燥溫度 8090C成型時(shí)間注射時(shí)間35 s時(shí)間 2h保壓時(shí)間1530s料筒溫度/C后180200冷卻時(shí)間1530s中21023 0成型周期4070s前200210螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速(t/min)3060噴嘴溫度/C180190C后處理方法紅外線燈烘箱模具溫度/C5070溫度/C70注射壓力/MP7090時(shí)間/h24（4）確定模具溫度及冷卻方式ABS為非結(jié)晶型塑料，流動(dòng)性中等，壁厚一般，因此在保證順利脫模的前提下

7、應(yīng)盡可能降低模溫，以縮短時(shí)間，從而提高生產(chǎn)率。所以模具應(yīng)考慮采用適當(dāng)?shù)难h(huán)水冷卻，成型模具溫度控制在6080度。（5）確定成型設(shè)備由于塑件采用注塑成型加工，使用一模兩腔分布，因此可計(jì)算出一次注射成型過(guò)程所用塑料為：W2w+w廢料2*8.3+8.3*0.218.26g。根據(jù)上一次注射量的分析以及考慮到塑料品種、塑件結(jié)構(gòu)、生產(chǎn)批量及注射工藝參數(shù)、注射模具尺寸大小等因素，參考設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)，初選SZ125630型螺桿式注射機(jī)（經(jīng)后面注射機(jī)的校核，SZ125630型螺桿式注射機(jī)能滿足鎖模力、安裝尺寸與開模行程等各項(xiàng)要求，故最終選定SZ125630型螺桿式注射機(jī)）。記錄下SZ125630型螺桿式注射機(jī)的主要技

8、術(shù)參數(shù)，見(jiàn)下表。表格 SZ125630主要參數(shù)序號(hào)主要技術(shù)參數(shù)參數(shù)數(shù)值1額定注射量cm31252鎖模力/KN6303注射壓力/MP1204最大注射面積/ cm23205動(dòng)、定模模板最大安裝尺寸/mm*mm370*3206最大模具厚度/mm3007最小模具厚度/mm1508模板最大行程/mm2709噴嘴前端球面半徑/mm1510噴嘴孔直徑/mm411定位圈直徑/mm125 3 分型面及澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)1分型面的選擇 不論塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)如何以及用何種設(shè)計(jì)方法，都必須首先確定分型面，因?yàn)槟＞呓Y(jié)構(gòu)很大程度上取決于分型面的選擇。為保證塑件能順利分型，分型面應(yīng)首先考慮選擇在外形最大輪廓處。如下圖所示，在滿足下圖

9、的三個(gè)方案中，方案A的塑件開模后留在定模一側(cè)，塑件不易取出，頂出機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜；方案B會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響塑件外觀的飛邊，且飛邊不易清除；方案C不但保證了塑件取出方便，且毛刺飛邊的清除也比較容易，因此選擇方案C。圖表 分型面選擇圖2.澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)澆注系統(tǒng)由主流道、分流道、澆口、冷料穴四個(gè)部分組成。考慮到塑件有外觀要求，外表面不允許有成型斑點(diǎn)和熔接痕，以及一模兩腔的布置、ABS對(duì)剪切速率較為敏感等因素，澆口設(shè)計(jì)采用方便加工修整、凝料去除容易且不會(huì)在塑件外壁留下痕跡的側(cè)澆口，模具采用單分型面結(jié)構(gòu)兩板模，模具成本容易控制在合理的范圍內(nèi)。澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)如圖所示。（1） 主流道與定位圈的設(shè)計(jì) 主流道與注射機(jī)的高溫

10、噴嘴反復(fù)接觸碰撞，故應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)成獨(dú)立可拆卸更換的澆口套，采用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材制作，并經(jīng)過(guò)處理提高硬度，定位圈與澆口套分開設(shè)計(jì)， 查資料得到SZ125630型注射機(jī)與噴嘴的有關(guān)尺寸：噴嘴前端球面半徑SR。=15mm，噴嘴孔直徑d。=4mm，定位圈直徑為125mm。為保障模具主流道與噴嘴的緊密接觸，避免溢料，主流道與噴嘴的關(guān)系為：SR= SR。+（12），d=d。+0.5。因此，取主流道球面半徑SR=16mm(取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值)，主流道的小端直徑d=4.5mm。 為了便于將凝料從主流道拔出，應(yīng)將主流道設(shè)計(jì)成圓錐形，其斜度為2°4°，取4度。計(jì)算其大端直徑約為8.5；同時(shí)為了使溶料順利進(jìn)入分流道，在

11、主流道出料端設(shè)計(jì)R2的圓弧過(guò)渡。 定位圈是安裝模具時(shí)做定位用的，查資料得SYZ-300型螺桿式注射機(jī)的定位圈直徑為125；一般定位圈高出定模座板表面510.由于澆口套與定位圈均屬于注射模具的通用件，所以設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)盡量采用推薦尺寸的澆口套和定位圈。（2） 分流道的設(shè)計(jì)分流道的截面形狀有圓形、半圓形、梯形、U形、正方形、正六邊形等。從增大傳熱面積考慮，截面最好采用正方形；從減少散熱面積考慮，截面最好采用圓形；從壓力損失上考慮，截面亦最好采用圓形。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明，對(duì)多數(shù)塑料來(lái)說(shuō)，分流道在56mm以下時(shí)，對(duì)流動(dòng)性影響較大，但直徑在8mm以上時(shí)，對(duì)流動(dòng)性的影響不大。常用塑料的分流道直徑可參考表塑料品種分流道直徑

12、/mm塑料品種分流道直徑/mmABS、AS聚甲醛丙烯酸酯耐沖擊丙烯酸脂尼龍6聚酸碳酯4.89.53.29.58.09.58.012.71.69.54.89.5聚丙烯聚乙烯聚苯醚聚苯乙烯聚氯乙烯4.89.51.69.56.49.53.29.53.29.5分流道的表面不要求很光滑，粗糙度一般達(dá)Ra3.21.6即可，因?yàn)榉至鞯赖谋砻嫔圆还饣湍苁谷哿系睦鋮s皮層固定，有利于保溫。 分流道有時(shí)只開設(shè)在動(dòng)?；蚨２糠?，有時(shí)則動(dòng)模、定模都能開設(shè)分流道，這取決于模具結(jié)構(gòu)、塑料特性及加工能力。動(dòng)定模都開設(shè)分流道時(shí)，對(duì)塑料流動(dòng)有利，多用于流動(dòng)性較差的塑料，但要求模具加工精度較高，對(duì)中性強(qiáng)。一般的分流道多設(shè)在模具的

13、一邊。有時(shí)要加設(shè)分流道拉料桿或頂出桿，以便流道料的脫模。 分流道的布局取決于型腔的布局，型腔于分流道的布置原則是排列緊湊，縮小模具尺寸，分流道的長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)盡量短，鎖模力應(yīng)力求平衡，布置形式應(yīng)力求平衡進(jìn)料。（但也有非平衡式進(jìn)料的） 根據(jù)以上的結(jié)果，考慮到型腔的布局、澆口的位置，本模具分流道的設(shè)計(jì)見(jiàn)圖。采用半圓形截面分流道，平衡進(jìn)料。由于塑料ABS的流動(dòng)性中等，分流道的直徑取8mm。（3）澆口的設(shè)計(jì) 澆口位置的選擇應(yīng)遵循以下原則：a) 澆口位置距型腔各個(gè)部位的距離應(yīng)盡量一致，并使起流程最短。b) 澆口的位置應(yīng)保證塑料流入型腔時(shí)，對(duì)著型腔中寬暢、厚壁部位，以便塑料順利地流入。c) 避免塑料在流入型腔時(shí)直

14、沖型腔壁、型心或鑲件，使塑料能盡快流入到型腔各部位，并避免型心或嵌件變形。d) 盡量避免使制品產(chǎn)生熔接痕,或使其熔接痕產(chǎn)生在制品不需要的部位。e) 澆口位置及其流入方向，應(yīng)使塑料在流入型腔時(shí)，能沿著型腔平行方向均勻地流入，并有利于型腔內(nèi)氣體排出。f) 澆口位置應(yīng)在制品最易清除的部位，同時(shí)，盡可能不影響制品的外觀。 側(cè)澆口厚度一般取11.4，寬度為（310）a，長(zhǎng)度為0.7-2。根據(jù)塑件的外觀要求及型腔分布情況，選用如圖所示的側(cè)澆口。（4）冷料穴的設(shè)計(jì) 采用倒錐形冷料穴，如圖，將其設(shè)置在主流道的末端，既起到冷料穴的作用，又兼起開模分型時(shí)將凝料從主流道中拉出留在動(dòng)模一側(cè)，稍做側(cè)向移動(dòng)便可取出凝料的

15、作用。4 模具設(shè)計(jì)方案論證1型腔布置 對(duì)于一模多件的模具型腔布置，在保證澆注系統(tǒng)分流道的流程短、模具結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、模具能正常工作的前提下，盡可能使模具型腔對(duì)稱、均衡、取件方便。本塑件的模具采用一模兩腔，型腔平衡布置在型腔板兩側(cè)。2成型零件的結(jié)構(gòu)確定 成型零件直接與高溫高壓的塑料接觸，它的質(zhì)量直接影響塑件的質(zhì)量。該塑件的材料為ABS工程塑料，對(duì)表面粗糙度和精度的要求較高，因此要求成型零件有足夠的強(qiáng)度、剛度、硬度和耐磨性，應(yīng)選用優(yōu)質(zhì)模具鋼制作，還應(yīng)該進(jìn)行熱處理以使其具備5055HRC硬度。（1）凹模（型腔）設(shè)計(jì) 采用整體嵌入式凹模，放在定模板一側(cè)，主要是從節(jié)省優(yōu)質(zhì)模具鋼材料、方便熱處理、方便日后的更換

16、維修等方面考慮的。 注意：凹模鑲塊的尺寸大小設(shè)計(jì)除了要考慮壁厚的剛度和強(qiáng)度校核外，還要留有足夠的冷卻水道位置。（2）凸模（型芯）設(shè)計(jì) 型芯結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)采用組合式，可節(jié)省貴重模具鋼，減少加工工作量。成型塑件內(nèi)壁的大型芯裝在動(dòng)模板上，成型14、6孔的小型芯裝在大型芯上，方便型芯的制作安裝、塑件的飛邊去除以及塑件內(nèi)部冷卻水道的排布。3導(dǎo)向定位機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 由于塑件基本對(duì)稱且無(wú)單向側(cè)壓力，所以采用直導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)向便可滿足合模導(dǎo)向及閉模后的定位，另外采用中托絲來(lái)導(dǎo)正回針。 注意：導(dǎo)柱要比主型芯高出68.4推出機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 根據(jù)六角形塑料蓋的形狀特點(diǎn)，確定模具型腔在定模一側(cè)，模具型芯在動(dòng)模一側(cè)。塑件成型開模后，塑件與型芯

17、一起留在動(dòng)模一側(cè)。其推出機(jī)構(gòu)可采用推件板或推桿推出。其中推件板推出結(jié)構(gòu)可靠、頂出力均勻，不影響塑件的外觀質(zhì)量。而推桿推出時(shí)會(huì)在塑件內(nèi)部型腔上留下頂出痕跡，受力不均。所以采用推件板推出機(jī)構(gòu)。為了避免推件板孔的內(nèi)表面與型芯圓柱面的摩擦，導(dǎo)致型芯擦傷，將推件板的內(nèi)孔與型芯成型面以下的配合段做成單邊斜度510度的錐面，該錐面不僅有效避免了擦傷，且能準(zhǔn)確定位推件板，避免了該處的飛邊溢料。5冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 該塑件采用大批量生產(chǎn)，應(yīng)盡量縮短成型周期，提高生產(chǎn)率；因此，該模具的凹模冷卻是在定模上開出冷卻水道，采用冷卻水進(jìn)行循環(huán)冷卻型腔；而型芯的冷卻則采用內(nèi)部加裝銅管噴流冷卻的主式，其進(jìn)水孔開在支撐板上，冷卻通路

18、的設(shè)計(jì)如圖： 型芯冷卻圖 型腔冷卻圖5 主要零部件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算1.成型零件的成型尺寸 該塑件的成型零件尺寸均按平均值計(jì)算，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求ABS的收縮率為0.5，根據(jù)塑件尺寸公差要求，模具制造公差取，成型零件尺寸計(jì)算見(jiàn)下表。圖表 塑件尺寸圖表格 成型零件尺寸計(jì)算類別塑件尺寸計(jì)算公式工作尺寸型腔尺寸型腔高度型芯尺寸型芯高度中心距2.模具型腔壁厚的確定 塑料模具型腔在成型過(guò)程中受到熔體的高壓作用，應(yīng)有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度，本模具的凹模采用的是整體嵌人式，在此可用采用經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式來(lái)確定型腔側(cè)壁厚度S和型腔底板厚度T。當(dāng)遇到模具為一出一個(gè)產(chǎn)品時(shí)。確定內(nèi)模仁大?。寒a(chǎn)品最邊緣到模仁邊w=20-50mm,小產(chǎn)品取小值，大

19、產(chǎn)品取大值。則（模仁長(zhǎng)）=2w+A,W（模仁寬）2w+L,所得的值最后需取整數(shù)。最好后面取.即最后位數(shù)小于去掉取，大于加上取.根據(jù)型腔分布情況：W20，L4*20+2*64208，W=20*2+64=104.對(duì)于確定前模仁厚度：h25-70mm,則（前模仁厚）h+B(前模仁最高點(diǎn)),值小產(chǎn)品取小值，大產(chǎn)品取大值。所得到的值最后如確定模仁長(zhǎng)寬一樣取整數(shù)?？紤]到塑件高度及冷卻水道的安排：H10+2535.固型腔板的尺寸為L(zhǎng)*W*H:208*104*35標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架的確定 綜合考慮本塑件采用一模兩腔平衡布置、側(cè)澆口一次分型結(jié)構(gòu)、型腔的壁厚要求、塑件的尺寸大小、冷卻水道的布置多項(xiàng)因素，估算型腔模板的概略尺

20、寸，選取龍記標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架BI2030A35B30C70.6 成型設(shè)備的校核計(jì)算1.模具閉合高度的確定組成模具閉合高度的模板及其他零件的尺寸有：定模座板為H125；型腔板為H235；推件板為H320；型芯固定板為H430；支撐板為H530；墊鐵為H670；動(dòng)模座板為H725；則模具的閉合高度為HH1+H2+H3+H4+H5+H6+H7=25+35+20+30+30+70+25=235mm2.注射量的校核（略）3.鎖模力的校核鎖模力是指注射機(jī)的合模機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)模具所能施加的最大夾緊力。注射機(jī)鎖模力的校核關(guān)系式為 FKPA式中F注射機(jī)鎖模力，查塑料模設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)附錄表8得SZ125-630形螺桿式注射機(jī)的鎖模力為

21、630KN； K壓力損耗系數(shù)，一般取1.11.2； P型腔內(nèi)熔體的壓力，本塑件p=30MPa； A塑件及澆注系統(tǒng)在分型面上的投影面積之和，本模具。計(jì)算得故注射機(jī)的鎖模力足夠，滿足鎖模要求。4.安裝尺寸的校核 本模具采用的是型號(hào)為龍記標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架BI2030A35B30C70，模具的外形尺寸為200*300，模具閉合高度為H=H1+H2+H3+H4+H5+H6+H7=235mm,查資料得SZ125-630型注射機(jī)動(dòng)、定模模板最大安裝尺寸為320*370，允許模具的最小厚度H=150，最大厚度H=300，即模具的外形尺寸不超過(guò)注射機(jī)動(dòng)、定模模板最大安裝尺寸，模具閉合高度滿足H最小HH最大的安裝條件，故

22、該模具滿足SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)的安裝要求。5推出機(jī)構(gòu)的校核 各種型號(hào)注射機(jī)推出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置情況及推出距離等各不相同，設(shè)計(jì)模具時(shí)，必須了解注射機(jī)推出桿的直徑、推出形式（是中心推桿還是兩側(cè)雙桿推出）、最大推出距離及雙推中心桿距等，以確保模具推出機(jī)構(gòu)與注射機(jī)的推出機(jī)構(gòu)相適應(yīng)。 SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)的推出形式為中心及上、下兩側(cè)設(shè)有推桿（機(jī)械推出）。由于該模具推力不太大，在SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)上采用中心直徑為50頂桿推出，在動(dòng)模做板預(yù)留與之匹配的直徑為52頂出孔；塑件實(shí)際推出距離為20（10+10），滿足推出距離要求。6開模行程的校核 注射機(jī)的開模行程是有限的，取出制品

23、所需的開模距離必須小于注射機(jī)的最大開模距離，本模具為單分型面注射模具，SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)的最大開模行程與模厚無(wú)關(guān)，校核關(guān)系式為 SH+H+(510)式中S注射機(jī)的最大開模行程，查塑料模設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)附錄表8得SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)的最大開模行程S=340；H塑件脫模所需的推出距離，該塑件的脫模推出距離為57；H塑件的高度（不包括澆注系統(tǒng)高度），該塑件的高度為10；計(jì)算得H+H+(510)=55+40+10=105S=340此外，由于側(cè)抽芯距較短，無(wú)須通過(guò)增加開模距離來(lái)加大側(cè)抽芯距，SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)的開模行程足夠。以上分析證明，SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)能

24、滿足要求，故可以采用。根據(jù)校核結(jié)論，將SZ125-630型螺桿式注射機(jī)填入塑件的成型工藝卡中。您好，為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請(qǐng)您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest China's Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu's Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. T

25、he caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata

26、, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A smal

27、l art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 5

28、4-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. "I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early '80

29、s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn't help but sing the folk songs," Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. "The nomadic people were very excited ab

30、out our visits," Nasun recalls. "We didn't have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in." For him, the rewarding part about touring isn't just about sharing art with nomadic families but also

31、 about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as "red burgeon", and today's performers of the troupe still tour the region's villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singe

32、rs and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijing's Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. "Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me w

33、here I belonged," Nasun, the art troupe's president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China's Liaoning p

34、rovince, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also design

35、ed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe thre

36、e years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle."Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root," he says

37、. "Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled." The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Ch

38、inese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction pri

39、ce of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42

40、.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The

41、two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. "The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the

42、 long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. "Besides, the entry of new

43、 buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for th

44、e big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale

45、 rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition

46、 of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was suppo

47、sed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service

48、 headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in China's c

49、ultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more lei

50、surely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. What's lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art

51、 of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at what's to come and recapping the key points. This devic

52、e, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking bas

53、e, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. Th

54、e first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no er

55、ror that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the commonalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too grea

56、t. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall I put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has dep

57、arted from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay titled Self-Reliance. If you've not yet read it, I strongly encourage you to do so. In this essay, the venerable Emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding one's own path. He urges the reader to find rectit