智力資本【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文文獻譯文標題:智力資本資料來源：www 點 dtic 點 mil 作者：clint b-fondo, darren b-white1. 重視人力資木的歷史人的價值是由什么衡量的?將容易衡量的財富和具有無形價值的人類相比 較的觀點是很吸引人，但是卻難以捉摸。近些年對這個課題的廣泛傳播的興趣可 能會誤導人們得出錯誤的結論，認為這個課題上的問題和理論都是新的。但并不 是這樣的。1691年,william petty就提出勞動應包括在估計的國民財富中。他利 用人力資木的概念來解釋不同的經(jīng)濟條件和現(xiàn)象的經(jīng)濟效應，包括移民的經(jīng)濟 影響，在戰(zhàn)爭中毀滅掉的人力的價值，以及英國的權利(w

2、ykstra,1971)等。根據(jù) 市場利息率來把工資薪金永久的資木化來評估人力資木的股票價值，其中的工 資薪金是由國民收入減去財產(chǎn)性收入得到的。(wykstra,1971)。該方法不僅是最 早的一種用來估計人力資木價值的，同時也展現(xiàn)了非凡的持久力。在1776年，adam smith在國富論 什么有可能是現(xiàn)代社會經(jīng)濟中最基 木的工作中廣泛的討論了勞動力的價值。他達到了給北美人力指定一個確切的 價值(smith,1991)o他也清楚地表明一個區(qū)域的人力資木價值不等于另一個區(qū)的 人力資木價值，并指出在工業(yè)化的英格蘭養(yǎng)育一個小孩會耗盡一個家庭的所有 資源;而在北美農(nóng)業(yè)化社會中，一個大家庭標志著財富創(chuàng)造

3、能力的顯著增加 (smith,1991)owilliam farr在1853年使用了一種類似于petty的方法來評估人力資木價 值。他試圖通過估計未來所有的收入的方法來確定人力資木的凈現(xiàn)值，利用精算 近似未來的盈利。fair宣稱“替代現(xiàn)有的英國所得稅制度，包括財產(chǎn)稅產(chǎn)權資木化 的價值組成的盈利能力"(wykstra, 1971) °從歷史上看，唯一的競爭理論一肓是人類價值評估方法是ernst engel在 1883年提出的產(chǎn)出成木法。engel承認petty的看法，不過認為該方法對于更有 級別的思想有著不足的地方。然而，由于他們的養(yǎng)育成木來自他們的父母,它可能 是估算和作為

4、衡量他們今后為社會創(chuàng)造貨幣價值的一種方法7wykstra,1971)oengel根據(jù)年齡和職業(yè)等級構建了估計一個人價值的數(shù)學公式。他的努力 備受肯定，尤其是被dublin和lotka,他們是20世紀30年代的人壽保險高管，他 們使用一個復雜的公式來確定人們應該購買多少人壽保1( wykstra, 1971)o從人力資木價值的評估到知識資木管理的飛躍是最近的事了?！爸R資木的 觀念是由經(jīng)濟學家john kenneth galbraith思首次提出的，他在1969年給他同 事，另一名經(jīng)濟學家michael kalecki基的信屮寫到:我想知道，你是否了解有多 少人在過去的幾十年中擁有你提供的智1力

5、資本” (bontis,2000)othomas stewart,于1991年在一個被冠名為“頭腦風暴”的財富雜志具有開 創(chuàng)性的封面故事屮，被認為是一個新的世界主要力量的知識資本家 (bontis,2000)o特別是他的文章也曾幫助leif edison在斯坎迪亞的事業(yè)。在文 章發(fā)布的幾個月后,stewart接至lj 了 leif edison的電話，他正從瑞典的辦公室前往 紐約。他想會面并討論這個知識資本的課題。在我的辦公室里他遞給我一張名 片,上面寫著leif edison ,知識資本主管。我被震驚了。leif解釋說他參加了 careened,斯坎迪亞的保險和金融服務部門主管的工作面試，而

6、且也把“頭腦風 暴”的文章給他看，面試時說“這就是你的公司應該做的，管理你的知識資本" careened就同意了,說：“那么由你來做。"(stewart, 1997)。2. 定義知識資本管理知識資本成為成功經(jīng)營企業(yè)日益重要的一部分,但如何定義知識資本 是一項艱巨的命題。對該術語日益廣泛地被使用表明工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)決定了管理這些 資產(chǎn)和競爭力優(yōu)勢創(chuàng)造z間有著某種聯(lián)系。許多相關文獻屮確實存在多種有關 知識資本的描述很具體，并且被人們應用于具體的公司屮。斯坎迪亞保險集團，總部設在瑞典斯德哥爾摩，是管理學領域的先鋒,他們介 紹了知識資本是企業(yè)市場價值里的一個內(nèi)在組成部分。人力資本是定義為知

7、識、 技能、能力相結合，有能力的員工可以為公司提升競爭優(yōu)勢做出貢獻。它還包括 公司的價值、文化和哲學觀等。人力資本區(qū)別于結構資本的地方在，它是無法被 公司擁有的。結構資本是由組織的其他能力組成的每一件事來支持那些員工，換句話說, 就是員工冋家后留在辦公室的一切東西,結構資本也提供客戶資金、與重要客戶 發(fā)展出的關系。不同于人力資本，結構資本可以被擁有，從而可以從一名雇員轉 移到另一個雇員那里。在斯坎迪亞公司的經(jīng)營哲學屮知識資本等于人力資本和 結構資本的總和。根據(jù)edison和malone (1997)的觀點，知識資本包含了應用的 經(jīng)驗，組織技術、客戶關系和專業(yè)技能，這些都能給斯坎迪亞公司提供競爭

8、優(yōu)勢 的市場。3. 測量知識資本(1).為什么要測量知識資本如果管理知識資本是一種相對較新的事物，那么為什么我們看到越來越多 的私營公司和公共機構都對這個主題感興趣?答案就在于這些公司和機構能從 測量和管理知識資本屮獲得些什么?？倆,經(jīng)濟從制造型轉變成一個以信息為 基礎的一個系統(tǒng)、知識資本的管理可以幫助提高效率并改善了生產(chǎn)力。為了要 促進和維持在市場上的競爭優(yōu)勢，許多公司正在探索如何管理知識資本,因為它 能改良未被利用的人力資源的過程和治理。(2).測量知識資本估計在某個機構的知識資本的價值是一個非常困難的命題。知識資本根據(jù) 所在位置的不同而變化，如adam smith所討論的一樣。因此，開發(fā)

9、一個比較全面 的工具來測量知識資本價值是有問題的。對該課題文獻上的綜合研究得出的結 論是:在一個機構的知識資本，尤其是在固定的時間間隔，它可以作為一種有效的 管理工具，但是如果試圖用來比較兩個機構，其至類似的機構的吋候就沒有用了。 盡管事實是測量知識資本是一個非常困難的命題，世界各地的私營企業(yè)和公共 企業(yè)在測量知識資本上花越來越多的資源來努力發(fā)展和管理方法。過去的10-15年中，許多系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)被設計了測量和管理知識資本。各式各樣 的方法可分為四個主要的方法(pike,2004)o它們是： .直接計量智力資本法(dic):用評估不同部分的價值來估算每美元無形 資產(chǎn)的價值。通過確定各組成部分，他們就

10、可以直接被計量，不論是單獨計量 或是被看成一個整體計量。 .市值計算法(mcm):計算公司市場價值和它的股東股權價值的差額作 為其知識資本的價值。 .資本回報法(roa):段時間公司的平均回報率被分為公司的平均有形 資產(chǎn)，結果就是一個公司的資產(chǎn)回報與它的行業(yè)平均值的比較的差額乘以公司 平均無形資產(chǎn)來計算出每年的知識資本平均收益。用平均的收益除以每年的平 均資本成本或一個利率估計價值創(chuàng)造的無形資產(chǎn)或知識資本。 .記分法(sc):知識資本的各種構成因素，確定指標，進而生成報告或圖表。 記分法與直接計量法類似;除了知識資本的美元價值沒有被評估，綜合指數(shù)可能 產(chǎn)生也可能不會產(chǎn)生。4. 總結它可能不能像

11、量化無形資產(chǎn)那樣的方式量化知識資本來讓我們比較的機構 z間資產(chǎn)的價值，但對于跟蹤和管理這些資產(chǎn)是重要的。越來越以知識為基礎的 健全的管理才是真正好的管理。測量知識資本的真正價值是基于知識資本管理 作為一種手段，增加競爭優(yōu)勢或關聯(lián)。在美國和世界各地許多公司發(fā)現(xiàn)測量和管 理知識資本可以提升他們的競爭優(yōu)勢。政府實體部門如果能運用同樣的概念地 話，他們與可以期望獲得相同的效益。政府機構的不同在于,他們是為了提高關聯(lián) 副利潤。四個測量知識資本的主要方法(市值，記分卡、資產(chǎn)收益率和直接計量 法)都有各白的優(yōu)勢和劣勢。總體而言，記分卡方法似乎是政府實體部門最合適 的方法，并且斯坎迪亞導航器的修改版本也許是政

12、府機構的跟蹤和管理所使用 的最好的方法，并且能幫助提高他們知識資本的相關性。任何國防部的管理者 努力來改善他們的管理方法必然會在一定程度上影響他們的關聯(lián)性，而管理知 識資本就能實現(xiàn)這個目標。除了管理知識資本帶來的固有的優(yōu)點外，許多知識資 本的指揮官今天很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)，該方法利用已經(jīng)在追蹤、提供監(jiān)測、以及其他地 方。如果一個適當?shù)墓ぷ饔脕砉芾磉@些資產(chǎn)，而不單單是發(fā)展一個相關水平上 的模型，可能會產(chǎn)生更多的真實利益。不然可能會浪費更多可以被利用的更好 的寶貴資源。外文文獻原文title: intellectual capitalmaterial source:www 點 dtic 點 milauth

13、or: clint b-fondo, darren b-white1. the history of valuing human capitalwhat is the value of a human being ? the idea of comparing measurable wealth to the intangible value of a human being is attractive, but elusive .the recent widespread interest in the subject could lead to the erroneous conclusi

14、on that the question and theories on the subject are new. they are not jn 1691, sir william petty postulated that labor should be included in any estimate of national wealth. he used the concept of human capital to explain various economic conditions and phenomenon, including the economic effects of

15、 england (wykstra, 1971). petty estimated the value of the stock of human capital by capitalizing the wage bill to perpetuity ,at the market interest rate ;the wage bill he determined by deducting property income from national income ! (wykstra, 1971). not only was this method one of the first used

16、to estimate the value of human capital, it is a method that has displayed exceptional staying power.in 1776 adam smith discussed the value of labor extensively in what is perhaps the seminal work on economics in modern times, the wealth of nations. he went as far as to assign an exact value to a hum

17、an in north america(loo) (smith j 991)he also clearly demonstrated that the value of human capital in one area is not equal to the value of human capital in another; pointing out that while having children in industrialized england would drain the resources of a family; a large family in the largely

18、 agrarian society of north america marked an increased capacity for wealth creation (smith, 1991).william farr used a method similar to petty ' s to value human capital in 1853.he attempted to determine the net present value of a human by estimating all future income, using actuarial tables to a

19、pproximate future earnings. farr “advocate the substitution for the existing english income tax system of a property tax that would include property consisting of the capitalized value of earning capacity" (wykstra,1971).historically, the only competing theory for human value estimation has bee

20、n the cost-of -production method put forth by ernst engel in 1883. engel acknowledged pattys view, but decided that the method was inadequate to estimate the value of a superior mind/' since, however, there rearing was a cost to their parents; it might be estimated and taken as a measure of thei

21、r monetary value to society (wykstra, 1971)engel developed a mathematical formula for estimating the value of a person, based on age and class level. his efforts were continuously refined, most notably by dublin and lotka, life-insurance executives in the 1930s, who used a complex formula to determi

22、ne how much life insurance a man should carry (wykstra, 1971)the leap from the valuation of human capital to the management of intellectual capital is more recent, “the notions of intellectual capital were first advanced by economist john kenneth galbraith who wrote the following to fellow economist

23、 michael kalecki in 1969: i wonder if you realize how much those of us the world around have owed to the intellectual capital you have provided over these last decades"(bontis,2000)thomas stewart, in a ground-breaking cover-story in 1991 fortune magazine entitled "brainpower, is credited w

24、ith providing the main impetus for a new world of intellectual capitalists (bontis, 2000). in particular, his article helped launch the career of leif edison at scandia. a few months after publishing the article, stewart received a call from edison who was coming to new york from his office in swede

25、n at scandia. he wanted to meet and discuss the subject of ic. “in my office he handed me a business card. leif edison, it read, director, intellectual capital. i was floored. leif explained that he had been interviewing for a job with jan careened, head of scandia5s assurance and financial services

26、 division, and had shown" brainpower95 to him, saying this is what your company should do: manage intellectual capital careened agreed, and said: you do if" (stewart, 1997)2. defining intellectual capitalmanaging ic is an increasingly important part of running a successful business; yet de

27、fining it is a difficult proposition. the increasing use of the term suggests that industry has determined that some sort of correlation exists between the ability to manage these assets and the creation of competitive advantage. many descriptions of ic in the relevant literature are quite specific

28、and created by individuals for use within a specific industry or company.scandia, an insurance conglomerate based in stockholm .sweden, and leading pioneer in the area of knowledge management, describes ic as an integral part of the corporation' s market value.human capital is defined as the com

29、bined knowledge, skill, innovativeness, and ability of the companyz s individual employees that provide the company with a competitive advantage. it also includes the value, culture, and philosophy of the corporation. human capital is differentiated from structural capital in that it cannot be owned

30、 by the company.the structural capital is comprised of everything else of organizational capability that supports those employees productivity-in other words, everything that gets left behind at the office when employees go home structural capital also provides customer capital; the relationships de

31、veloped with key customers9 .unlike human capital, structural capital can be owned and thereby transferred from one employee to another. in the scandia philosophy, ic equals the sum of human and structural capital. according to edison and malone (1997), ic encompasses the applied experience, organiz

32、ational technology, customer relationships and professional skills that provide scandia with a competitive advantage in the market.3. measuring intellecutal capital(1) . why measure intellecutal capitalif the management of ic is a relatively new occurrence, why are we seeing an increase in the numbe

33、r of private firms and public institutions taking an interest in the subject? the answer lies in what these firms and institutions can gain from the measurement and management of ic- in a word economy that is transforming from a manufacturing based system into an information based one, ic management

34、 can lead to increased efficiency and improved proved productivity. in an effort to either foster or sustain a competitive advantage in the marketplace, many firms are exploring the management of ic because it can improve processes and harness underutilized human resources.(2) . measuring intellecut

35、al capitalestimating the value of ic at an institution is a very difficult proposition. ic varies in value from location, as discussed by adam smith; therefore developing a comprehensive tool for comparing the value of ic at various institutions is problematic a comprehensive examination of the lite

36、rature on the subject leads to the conclusion that the measurement of ic within an institution, especially at set intervals over some period, can prove to be an effective management tool; however, it is not helpful when attempting to compare two institutions, even similar institutions. despite the f

37、act that measuring ic is a very difficult proposition, private firms and public entities around the word are spending more and more resources to develop methods of measuring and managing ic.over the past 10-15years, many systems have been devised for measuring and managing ic. the various methods ca

38、n be categorized into four main methods (pike, 2004). they are: .direct intellectual capital methods (dic): estimate the dollar value of intangible assets by identifying its various components. once these components are identified, they can be directly evaluated, either individually or as an aggrega

39、ted coefficient. .market capitalization methods(mcm):calculate the difference between a companyz s market capitalization and its stockholders' equity as the value of its intellectual capital.©.return on assets methods (roa): average pre-tax earnings of a company for a period of time are div

40、ided by the average tangible assets of the company .the result is a company roa that is then compared with its industry average. the difference is multiplied by the companyf s average tangible assets to calculate an average annual earning from the ic. dividing the above-average earnings by the compa

41、ny' s average cost of capital or an interest rate creates an estimate of the value of its intangible assets or intellectual capital.©.scorecard methods (sc): the various components of ic are identified and indicators and indices are generated and reported in scorecards or as graphs. sc meth

42、ods are similar to dic methods; expect that no estimate is made of the dollar value of ic. a composite index may or may not produce.4. summarywhile it may not be possible to quantify intangibles like ic in ways that allow us to compare the value of the assets between one institution and another, it is nevertheless important to track and manage these assets within an institution. the deliberate management of knowledge assets in an economy that is becoming more and more knowledge based is sound managem