2012考研英語真題及答案(物理)

1、物理學(xué)2012 考研英語（一）真題及答案section i use of english directions: read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points.) the ethical judgments of the supreme court justices have become an important issue recently. the court cannot _1_ it

2、s legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial. justice antonin scalia, for example, appeared at political events. that kind of activity makes it le

3、ss likely that the court s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. at the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. this and other similar cases _8_the

4、question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. the framers of the constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. they gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. our legal

5、system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. when the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapabl

6、y political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. the justices must _18_ doubts about the court s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. that would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing a

7、s law. 1. aemphasize bmaintain cmodify d recognize 2. awhen blest cbefore d unless 3. arestored bweakened cestablished d eliminated 4. achallenged bcompromised csuspected d accepted 5. aadvanced bcaught cbound dfounded 6. aresistant bsubject cimmune dprone 7. aresorts bsticks cloads dapplies 8. aeva

8、de braise cdeny dsettle 9. aline bbarrier csimilarity dconflict 10. aby bas cthough dtowards 11. aso bsince cprovided dthough 12. aserve bsatisfy cupset dreplace 13. aconfirm bexpress ccultivate doffer 14. aguarded bfollowed cstudied dtied 15. aconcepts btheories cdivisions dconceptions 16. aexclude

9、s bquestions cshapes dcontrols 17. adismissed breleased cranked ddistorted 18. asuppress bexploit caddress dignore 19. aaccessible bamiable cagreeable daccountable 20. aby all mesns batall costs cin a word das a result section ii reading comprehension part a directions: read the following four texts

10、. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points) text 1 come on everybodys doing it. that whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. it usually leads to no goo

11、d-drinking, drugs and casual sex. but in her new book join the club, tina rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possib

12、ly the word. rosenberg, the recipient of a pulitzer prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: in south carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called rage against the haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. in south africa, an hiv-prevention initiative known as lovelife

13、recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. the idea seems promising ，and rosenberg is a perceptive observer. her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed under

14、standing of psychology.”dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled a

15、t applying peer pressure. but on the general effectiveness of the social cure, rosenberg is less persuasive. join the club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. the most glaring flaw of the socia

16、l cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. rage against the haze failed once state funding was cut. evidence that the lovelife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. an em

17、erging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. this is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and b

18、ureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. it s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. the tactic never really works. and that s the problem with a social cure engineered from the

19、outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 21. according to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as a a supplement to the social cure b a stimulus to group dynamics c an obstacle to school progress d a cause of undesirable behaviors 22. rosenberg hol

20、ds that public advocates should a recruit professional advertisers b learn from advertisers experience c stay away from commercial advertisers d recognize the limitations of advertisements 23. in the authors view, rosenberg s book fails to a adequately probe social and biological factors b effective

21、ly evade the flaws of the social cure c illustrate the functions of state funding dproduce a long-lasting social effect 24. paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors a is harmful to our networks of friends b will mislead behavioral studies c occurs without our realizing it d can produce negat

22、ive health habits 25. the author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is a harmful b desirable c profound d questionable text 2 a deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when entergy is involved. the company, a major energy supplier in new england, provoked justified outrage in

23、 vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate

24、effort to keep its vermont yankee nuclear power plant running. it s a stunning move. the conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought vermonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in vernon. as a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to s

25、eek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. in 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to vermont legislature s approval. then, too, the company went along. either entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or

26、 it simply didn t foresee what would happen next. a string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both vermont yankee s safety and entergys management especially after the company

27、made misleading statements about the pipe. enraged by entergys behavior, the vermont senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulat

28、ory power over nuclear issues. the legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the supreme court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. certainly, there are

29、 valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. but had entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. the company seems to have concluded that its reputation in vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going

30、 to war with the state. but there should be consequences. permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. entergy runs 11 other reactors in the united states, including pilgrim nuclear station in plymouth. pledging to run pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it

31、 open for another 20 years. but as the nuclear regulatory commission (nrc) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from entergy are worth. 26. the phrase “reneging on ”(line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to a condemning. b reaffirming. c dishonoring. d securing. 27.

32、by entering into the 2002 agreement, entergy intended to a obtain protection from vermont regulators. b seek favor from the federal legislature. c acquire an extension of its business license . d get permission to purchase a power plant. 28. according to paragraph 4, entergy seems to have problems w

33、ith its a managerial practices. b technical innovativeness. c financial goals. d business vision 29. in the authors view, the vermont case will test a entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promises. b the mature of states patchwork regulations. c the federal authority over nuclear issues . d the lim

34、its of states power over nuclear issues. 30. it can be inferred from the last paragraph that a entergy s business elsewhere might be affected. b the authority of the nrc will be defied. c entergy will withdraw its plymouth application. d vermonts reputation might be damaged. text 3 in the idealized

35、version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. but in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. we aim to be object

36、ive, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. consequently, discovery claim

37、s should be thought of as protoscience. similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. but it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. this is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher s me, here, now

38、becomes the community s anyone, anywhere, anytime. objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. but, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. within the complex social

39、structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and p

40、ossibly accompanying technology. as a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual s discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery. two paradoxes

41、exist throughout this credibility process. first, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. the goal is new-search, not re-search. not

42、surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. nobel laureate and physiologist al

43、bert azent-gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” but thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be acc

44、epted and appreciated. in the end, credibility “happens ”to a discovery claim a process that corresponds to what philosopher annette baier has described as the commons of the mind. “we reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason. ”31.

45、according to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its a uncertainty and complexity. b misconception and deceptiveness. c logicality and objectivity. d systematicness and regularity. 32. it can be inferred from paragraph 2 that credibility process requires a strict inspec

46、tion. bshared efforts. c individual wisdom. dpersistent innovation. 33.paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it a has attracted the attention of the general public. bhas been examined by the scientific community. c has received recognition from editors and reviewers. dhas b

47、een frequently quoted by peer scientists. 34. albert szent-gy?rgyi would most likely agree that a scientific claims will survive challenges. bdiscoveries today inspire future research. c efforts to make discoveries are justified. dscientific work calls for a critical mind. 35.which of the following

48、would be the best title of the test? a novelty as an engine of scientific development. bcollective scrutiny in scientific discovery. c evolution of credibility in doing science. dchallenge to credibility at the gate to science. text 4 if the trade unionist jimmy hoffa were alive today, he would prob

49、ably represent civil servant. when hoffas teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten american government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. in 2009 the number of unionists in america s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. in britain, more than ha

50、lf of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. there are three reasons for the public-sector unionsthriving. first, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. a quarter of americ

51、a s public-sector workers have a university degree. third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. some of their ties go back a long way. britain s labor party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. its current leader, ed miliband, owes his position to votes from publ

52、ic-sector unions. at the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. mark baldassare of the public policy institute of california points out that much of the state s budget is patrolled by unions. the teachers unions keep an eye on schools, the ccpoa on prisons and a variety of labor grou

53、ps on health care. in many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. but the real gains come in benefits and work practices. politicians have repeatedly “backloaded ” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and espec

54、ially pensions that are already generous. reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, te

55、achers unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. as the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. in wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against scott walker, the hardline republican governor. but many with

56、in the public sector suffer under the current system, too. john donahue at harvards kennedy school points out that the norms of culture in western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. the only american public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year

57、 are university sports coaches and the president of the united states. bankers fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for america. 36. it can be learned from the first paragraph that a teamsters still

58、 have a large body of members. b jimmy hoffa used to work as a civil servant. c unions have enlarged their public-sector membership. dthe government has improved its relationship with unionists. 37. which of the following is true of paragraph 2? a public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

59、b education is required for public-sector union membership. c labor party has long been fighting against public-sector unions. dpublic-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions. 38. it can be learned from paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is a illegally secured. b indirectl

60、y augmented. c excessively increased. dfairly adjusted. 39. the example of the unions in wisconsin shows that unions aoften run against the current political system. bcan change people s political attitudes. cmay be a barrier to public-sector reforms. dare dominant in the government. 40. john donahu