句子成分淺析

1、基本句型 一：S V (主+謂)主語(yǔ)：是一個(gè)句子的主題，是句子所述說(shuō)的主體，動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。主語(yǔ)一般在句首?？梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)的成分有名詞，主格代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞，從句等。謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，一般在主語(yǔ)之后。此句型的共同特點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)。但是加介詞有須有賓語(yǔ)。S(主語(yǔ))+Vi(謂語(yǔ))1. The sun is shining.2. The moon rose.3. Who cares?基本句型 二： S V O (主+謂+賓)此句型共同特點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思

2、完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。賓語(yǔ)位于及物動(dòng)詞之后。賓語(yǔ)在句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞的承受者，常由名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞擔(dān)任，置于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后.S(主)+Vt(謂)+O(賓)1. Who knows the answer?2. He has refused to help them.3. He enjoys reading.4. They ate what was left over.基本句型 三： S V P (主+系+表)連系動(dòng)詞: 不能獨(dú)立做謂語(yǔ)，必須跟表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。表語(yǔ): 表述主語(yǔ)的身份，狀態(tài)或特征，常由名詞或形容詞等擔(dān)任，置于聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞之后。(1) 表示特征或狀態(tài)： be

3、, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel, turn out, prove等。1) It sounds a good idea.2) This food tastes good.3) The door remained closed.(2) 表示持續(xù)： keep, remain, stay, lie, stand等。1) I hope you will keep fit.2) We can remain friends.3) Please stay seated.(3) 表示變化： become, go, get, grow, turn,

4、fall, come, run等。1) He went mad.2) His hair turned grey.3) I fell ill.基本句型 四： S +V +o+ O (主+謂+間賓+直賓)英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞需要有兩個(gè)同等的賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)與間接賓語(yǔ)。直接賓語(yǔ)一般指動(dòng)作的承受者，間接賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)作所指向的人或物(多指人)。前面的是間賓，后面的是直賓。S(主) Vt(謂) O(間賓) O(直賓)1. She ordered herself a new dress.2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.3. He brought you a dic

5、tionary.4. I showed him my pictures.若要先說(shuō)出直接賓語(yǔ)(事物)，后說(shuō)間接賓語(yǔ)(人)，則要借助于介詞to或for, 如：He brings cookies to me every day. = He brings me cookies every day.She made a beautiful dress for me. =She made me a beautiful dress.常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:借助to的動(dòng)詞：ask, bring, give, lend, hand, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, return, se

6、nd, show, teach, tell, write等。借助for的動(dòng)詞：buy, call, cook, choose, find, get, make, order, pay, sing, save等?；揪湫?五： S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))此句型的特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的行為、特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。S(主) V(謂) O(賓) C(賓補(bǔ))1. They appointed him manager.2. They painted the

7、 door green.3. They found the house deserted.4. What makes him think so?5. We saw him going out.6. He asked me to come back soon.但常用的英語(yǔ)句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(yǔ)(modifier)而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語(yǔ)可以是單詞，也可以是各種類型的短語(yǔ)(主要是介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ))。我們稱之為：定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)一、 定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用的表示。定語(yǔ)

8、通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，如：something、nothing，或不定式、分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)、從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則定語(yǔ)通常置后。副詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)須放在名詞之后。1. 形容詞作定語(yǔ)：The little boy needs a blue pen. 小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。2. 數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞：Two boys need two pens. 兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。3. 代詞或名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)：His name is Tom. 他的名字是湯姆。4. 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)：The boy in blue is Tom. 穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯

9、姆。5. 名詞作定語(yǔ)：There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。6. 副詞作定語(yǔ)：The best boy here is Tom. 這里最棒的男孩是Tom。7. 不定式作定語(yǔ)：Will you attend the meeting to be held tomorrow?8. 分詞(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)：The pen bought by her is made in China. 她買的筆是中國(guó)產(chǎn)的。9. 定語(yǔ)從句：There are five boys who will play the game. 參加游戲的男孩有五個(gè)

10、。二、狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，表示方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語(yǔ)在句子中的位置很靈活，常見(jiàn)情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞通常位于被修飾的詞之前;表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語(yǔ)一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)一般須在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)之前;一些表示不確定時(shí)間(如often)或程度(如almost)的副詞狀語(yǔ)通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。有時(shí)狀語(yǔ)在句中的某個(gè)位置會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成”男孩喊教室里的女孩”(此時(shí)in

11、 the classroom為girl的定語(yǔ))，也可以理解為“男孩在教室里喊女孩”，最好寫(xiě)作In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.副詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)：The boy needs a pen very much. 男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語(yǔ))The boy really needs a pen. 男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語(yǔ))The boy needs a pen now. =Now, the boy needs a pen. =The boy, now, needs a pen.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：In the classroom,

12、 the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天,教室里沒(méi)有學(xué)生.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))分詞(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)：He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態(tài))Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. (因?yàn)?受了驚嚇，他無(wú)聲地坐在那兒。(原因狀語(yǔ))不定式作狀語(yǔ)：The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支筆寫(xiě)家庭作業(yè)。(目的狀語(yǔ))

13、To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.名詞作狀語(yǔ)：Come this way! 走這條路!(方向狀語(yǔ))狀語(yǔ)從句：時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(because)、結(jié)果(suchthat)、目的(in order that)、比較(asas)、讓步(although)、條件(if)、方式(as 按照)三、同位語(yǔ)：同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分。We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批學(xué)生)We all

14、are students. (all是we的同位語(yǔ)，都指同樣的我們)四、插入語(yǔ)：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe等。The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)結(jié)束.五、分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。 否則應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。錯(cuò)句：Studying hard, your score will go up.正確：Studying hard, you will make your score go up.解析：錯(cuò)句中分詞studying沒(méi)有自帶邏輯主語(yǔ)，則其邏輯

15、主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，即your score 。顯然study的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是人，而不是your score分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可省略being, having beenGame (being) over, he went home.He stands there, book (being) in hand.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with, without引導(dǎo)，作狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。With+名詞/代詞+分詞/不定式/形容詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/副詞/名詞。With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon. 無(wú)事可做，他很快就睡著了。The teacher came in, with glasses

16、on his nose. 老師進(jìn)來(lái)了，戴著一付眼鏡。句子成分練習(xí)題(一). 指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.(二) 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞 I

17、 don't like the picture on the wall.A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. mee

18、ting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A.

19、We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How ma

20、ny new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave sc

21、hool. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) They use Mr, Mrs with

22、the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to d