主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

1、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換作者: admin來(lái)源: 網(wǎng)絡(luò)文章 時(shí)間: 2016-07-05英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：Many people speak English（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）English is spoken by many people（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 1被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成由于不及物動(dòng)詞不能帶賓語(yǔ)，故無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只有及物動(dòng)詞或相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其基本構(gòu)成方式是“助動(dòng)詞be過(guò)去分詞”。注意：“be過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)不一定都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有些動(dòng)詞（如 be，feel，look，seem等

2、）后面的過(guò)去分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，用作表語(yǔ)表示狀態(tài)。如：My bike is broken（我的自行車(chē)壞了。）The door is open（門(mén)開(kāi)了。） 2主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法1）將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意以下三個(gè)方面：將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)；將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為“be過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)改為介詞by之后的賓語(yǔ)，放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后（有時(shí)可省略）。2）含直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)有兩種情況：把間接賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)仍保留原位；把直接賓語(yǔ)改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前要加介詞to或 for。如：He gave the b

3、oy an appleThe boy was given an apple（或An apple was given to the boy）Her father bought her a presentShe was bought a present by her father（或A present was bought for her by her father）3）不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不定式前要加to。如：They watched the children sing that morningThe children were watched to sin

4、g that morning4）帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：We call him Xiao WangHe is called Xiao WangHe cut his hair shortHis hair was cut shortThey told him to help meHe was told to help me5）短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不可分割的整體，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要保持其完整性，介詞或副詞不可遺漏。如：We must take good care of the young treesThe young trees m

5、ust be taken good care of6）含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語(yǔ)，從句放在句子后面；也可采用另一種形式。可以這樣轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有know，say，believe，find，think，report等。如：People believe that he is illIt is believed that he is ill（或：He is believed to be ill） 3被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞by后的賓語(yǔ)改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)（或按題意要求確定主語(yǔ)），按照這個(gè)主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)以及原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

6、詞形式由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。注意在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中有的動(dòng)詞要求不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，此時(shí)要把被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的to去掉。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)用來(lái)作主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)。如：History is made by the people?The people make history 4不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1）某些表示“靜態(tài)”的及物動(dòng)詞（表示狀態(tài)而不是動(dòng)作，而且常常是不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞）如have，fit，suit，hold（容納），cost， suffer，last（持續(xù)）等不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：They have a nice car他們有一輛漂亮的汽車(chē)。My shoes don'

7、t fit me我的鞋不合適。My brain can't hold so much information at one time我的腦子一下子記不住這么多資料。How much What does it cost？這值多少錢(qián)？Our holiday lasts 10days我們的假期有十天。This food will last（them）（for）3days這食物足夠（他們）（吃）三天。2）不是所有帶介詞的動(dòng)詞都能用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。若是構(gòu)成成語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常有被動(dòng)態(tài)，若不構(gòu)成成語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則無(wú)被動(dòng)態(tài)。試比較：They arrived at a decision?A decision was ar

8、rived at他們作出了決定。They arrived at the station他們到達(dá)車(chē)站。（不說(shuō)：The station was arrived at）He looked into the question?The question was looked into他調(diào)查了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。3）動(dòng)詞leave（離開(kāi)），enter（進(jìn)入），join（參加）不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The car left the road and hit a tree車(chē)子離開(kāi)了道路，撞上了樹(shù)。4）某些及物動(dòng)詞可作不及物動(dòng)詞用，特別是后加副詞（如well， easily等）時(shí)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有被動(dòng)含義，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有se

9、ll，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record等。如：His new novel is selling well他的新小說(shuō)很暢銷(xiāo)。The cloth washes well這布很耐洗。This material won't wear這種材料不耐穿。His play won't act他的戲劇不會(huì)上演。The window won't shut這窗關(guān)不上。The door won't open這門(mén)打不開(kāi)。The door won't lock這門(mén)鎖不上。This poem reads well這首詩(shī)

10、讀來(lái)很好。5）feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由實(shí)意動(dòng)詞演變而來(lái)的系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞作表語(yǔ)，不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Tell me if you feel cold你要是感到冷就告訴我。You're looking very unhappywhat's the matter？你看來(lái)很不高興怎么回事兒？The soup tastes wonderful這湯味道好極了。Those roses smell beautiful那些玫瑰好聞極了。She appears to be friendly她看上去很友好。6）賓語(yǔ)是不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí)，

11、不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Peter hoped to meet her彼得希望遇見(jiàn)她。Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter史密斯先生喜歡看他的女兒。7）賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)，不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：She can dress herself她可以自己穿衣服。We could hardly see each other in the fog在霧中我們彼此幾乎看不見(jiàn)。8）賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：They live a happy life他們過(guò)著幸福的生活。The girl dreamed a sweet dream 那女孩做了個(gè)甜美的夢(mèng)。9）

12、賓語(yǔ)帶有與主語(yǔ)有照應(yīng)關(guān)系的物主代詞時(shí)，不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The old man broke his（the old man's）legs那老人把自己的腿弄斷了。The girl shook her（the girl's）head那女孩搖了搖頭。 5某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如act，break，catch，cut，clean， drive，draw， let，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash，wear等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，其主動(dòng)形式常用來(lái)表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。另外，像 owe，beat，cook，bake

13、，print，build，make等，有時(shí)可以用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。如：This kind of radio doesn't sell well這種收音機(jī)不太暢銷(xiāo)。The shop opens at eight o'clock這個(gè)商店八點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)。The pipe does not draw well這煙斗不太通暢。These plays act wonderfully這些劇演得好。Kate's book reads like an interesting novel凱特的這本書(shū)讀起來(lái)像本有趣的小說(shuō)。注意：主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。

14、如：The door won't lock門(mén)鎖不上。（指門(mén)本身有毛?。㏕he door won't be locked門(mén)不會(huì)被鎖上。（指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門(mén)）His novels sell easily他的小說(shuō)銷(xiāo)路好。（指小說(shuō)本身內(nèi)容好）His novels are sold easily他的小說(shuō)容易銷(xiāo)售。（主要強(qiáng)調(diào)外界對(duì)小說(shuō)的需求量大） 6某些動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義1）在need，want，require，deserve和bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。如：The house needs repairing（to b

15、e repaired）這房子需要修理。My clothes need washing（to be washed）我的衣服需要洗了。2）形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。如：The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）這本畫(huà)冊(cè)很值得一讀。Such a man as MrSmith is not worth helping（Such a man as MrSmith is not worthy to

16、be helped）像史密斯先生那樣的人不值得幫助。This plan is not worth considering（This plan is not worthy to be considered）這個(gè)計(jì)劃不值得考慮。3）某些動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義a當(dāng)nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult， important，impossible，pleasant， interesting等形容詞后跟不定式作狀語(yǔ)，而句子的主語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。如：Japanese is not difficult to learn日語(yǔ)并不難學(xué)。

17、（指日語(yǔ)被學(xué)）The water is unfit to drink這水不適合喝。（指水被喝）The piece of music is pleasant to hear這首音樂(lè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)很悅耳。（指音樂(lè)被聽(tīng)）This book is easy to read這本書(shū)讀起來(lái)很容易。（指書(shū)被讀）b當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：I have a lot of work to do today我今天有很多工作要做。（work to do指被做的工作）He has three children to look after他有三個(gè)孩子要照看。（c

18、hildren to look after指孩子被照看）注意：如果以上句型用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式，其含義有所區(qū)別。如：I have some clothes to be washed我有些要洗的衣服。（衣服不是自己洗）c在there be句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)式，其含義沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別。如：There is a lot of homework to do（to be done）有很多家庭作業(yè)要做。There are some clothes to wash（to be washed）有些衣服要洗。4）由介詞for，on，above，under等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。如：His p