總復(fù)習(xí)英語基礎(chǔ)語法

1、高三英語總復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)語法(一)（一）詞類名稱英文名稱及縮寫用途例詞1.名詞noun(n.)表示人或事物的名稱love, table2.代詞pronoun(pron.)代替名詞、數(shù)詞等we, it3.數(shù)詞numeral(num.)表示數(shù)目或順序three, fourth4.冠詞article(art.)用在名詞前，用以說明其意義a, an, the5.形容詞adjective(adj.)表示人或事物的特征red, nice6.副詞adverb(adv.)修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞，表示其特征around, quickly7.動詞verb(v.)表示動作或狀態(tài)go, advise8.介詞preposit

2、ion(prep.)用在名詞、代詞前面，說明它與別的詞之間的關(guān)系in, beside9.連詞conjunction(conj.)用來連接詞與詞或句與句so, but10.感嘆詞interjection(int.)表示說話時的感情或語氣how, well（二）句子成分主謂賓（表）定狀補(bǔ)句子是由詞組成的，但詞有時還不是句子成分，詞只是構(gòu)成句子成分的基本材料。句子成分是由一個單詞或詞組根據(jù)在句中的功用來劃分的。句子的成分有：（一）主語（Subject）：主語是一句話的主體，是說話人要說明的對象或是動作的發(fā)出者。主語一般放在句首。（二）謂語（Predicate）：謂語用來說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)。謂語放在

3、主語之后。、（三）表語（Predicative）：表語用來說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)。表語放在系動詞之后。（四）賓語（Object）：賓語是及物動詞所表示的動作對象，或是介詞所支配的對象。賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞之后。（五）定語（Attribute）：定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的成分。定語多放在名詞之前，也有放在名詞之后的。（六）補(bǔ)足語（Complement）：補(bǔ)足語包括賓語補(bǔ)足語（賓補(bǔ)）與主語補(bǔ)足語（主補(bǔ)），表示賓/主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)。補(bǔ)足語一般放在賓/主語之后。（七）狀語（Adverbial）：狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。狀語可用來表示時間、地點、方式、原因、目的、條件、讓步等

4、。狀語的位置一般在句首或句尾，有時在動詞前后。（八）同位語（Apposition）：同位語對主語或賓語和表語加以補(bǔ)充說明，一般放在主、賓、表語之后，并用逗號隔開。（九）句子的獨(dú)立成分（Absolute Construction）：在句子里面插入一個詞或詞組，既不是主語、謂語、賓語、表語和狀語，又和這些成分沒有語法關(guān)系，這個詞或詞組叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分。獨(dú)立成分有感嘆詞、稱呼語和插入語等。例如：1）Oh, its you! 呵，是你?。ǜ袊@詞）2）Well, what do you mean, young man?我說，你是什么意思，年輕人？（感嘆詞、稱呼語）（三）詞類與句子成分（一）用作主語的詞

5、有：名詞、代詞和數(shù)詞。例如：1）Work starts at seven. 7點鐘開始工作。（名詞）2）This is our classroom. 這是我們的教室。（代詞）3）The first of October is our National Day.10月1日是國慶節(jié)。（數(shù)詞）（二）用作謂語的詞只有動詞。例如：1）The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。2）He is a student.她是一個學(xué)生。（三）用作表語的詞有：名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞和副詞。例如：1）Today is Sunday.今天是星期日。（名詞）2）That radio is min

6、e.那個收音機(jī)是我的。（代詞）3）She is happy.她很幸福。（形容詞）4）I am twenty this year.我今年20歲。（數(shù)詞）5）Time is up.時間到了。（副詞）（四）用作賓語的詞有：名詞、代詞和數(shù)詞。例如：1）We grow vegetables in our garden.我們在園子里種菜。（名詞）2）I dont like them.我不喜歡他們。（代詞）3）She wants four.她要4個。（數(shù)詞）（五）用作定語的詞有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞。例如：a paper tiger 紙老虎（名詞） a young man一個年輕人（形容詞）my

7、book我的書（代詞） three years 3年（數(shù)詞）the year before 上一年（副詞多后置）（副詞）（六）用作補(bǔ)足語的常為名詞和形容詞。例如：1）We named him Tom.我們給他取名為湯姆。（名詞）2）They consider her wrong.他們認(rèn)為她是錯的。（形容詞）（七）用作狀語的詞有名詞和副詞。例如：1）They worked all day yesterday.他們昨天工作了一整天。（名詞）2）Clearly you are right.顯然你是對的。（副詞）（八）用作同位語的多為名詞。例如：Li Ming, our class monitor,

8、is a good student.李明，即我們班長，是個好學(xué)生。（四）英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和種類 句子是一個語言單位，它由詞按語法規(guī)律構(gòu)成，表示一個完整獨(dú)立的思想。句首第一個字母要大寫，句末要加上句號、問號或感嘆號。句子按使用目的可分為四類：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句；按結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為三類：簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。一、英語的幾種基本句型簡單句：如果句子只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子各個成分都只由單詞或短語表示，它就是簡單句： She arrived quite early. Shall I turn on the TV? 有時兩個或更多的主語共用一個謂語，兩個或更多的謂語共用一個主語，有時甚至有兩個

9、主語和兩個謂語，這樣的句子仍然是簡單句： He and his father are both teachers. The boy jumped out of bed, dressed hurriedly and ran downstairs. The teachers and the students all liked the places and wanted to stay there a little longer. 簡單句有下列幾種基本結(jié)構(gòu)： a)“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)(SVC) He is a teacher. The milk turns sour. 常用系動詞有以下五類： (1) “

10、be”動詞: is ,am, are, was, were, has been, have been. (2)“變得，成為”: become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn. (3)“保持狀態(tài)”: continue, keep, lie, remain, stay, stand. (4)“好像、看起來”: appear, seem, look.(5)“感覺”: feel, smell, sound, taste. 翻譯下面的句子：（1）他的解釋聽起來合情合理。（2）石頭摸起來很涼。用動詞填空：(1)His face-_red with anger.(2)Dont

11、 eat too much, or youll _fat.(3)Something has _ wrong with the clock.(4)Youll _ sun burnt if you stay in the sun too long.(5)Shes already thirty-seven, but _single.(6)She was so tired that she _ fast asleep. b)“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)（SV） Time and tide wait for nobodyHe has gone to do some shopping翻譯下面的句子：（1）他死了三年了。（

12、2）這部電影演了兩小時。（3）我們停下來休息一會兒。（4）孩子們手拿鮮花跑了過來。 c)“主謂賓”結(jié)構(gòu)（SVO） I know Mr Zhang. They have finished their homework. 這種句型可以變?yōu)楸粍泳洌?The man opened the door.The door was opened (by the man).翻譯下面的句子：（1）沒有人能回答這個問題。（2）她在鏡子中看到自己。（3）我忘了關(guān)窗子當(dāng)我離開時。 d)“主謂間賓直賓”結(jié)構(gòu)（SVIODO） She gave me a pen.（She gave a pen to me.） My moth

13、er will buy me a book.（My mother will buy a book for me.） I wish to ask you a favour.（I wish to ask a favour of you. ） 這類句子變被動時可以用直賓作被動句的主語也可以用間賓作被動句的主語。但直賓作被動句的主語時，間賓前要加上介詞to或for:The teacher gave Mary a book.Mary was given a book.A book was given to Mary.The nurse cooked the patient some noodles.So

14、me noodles were cooked for the patient. 翻譯下面的句子：（1）你能為我抽出5分鐘時間嗎？（2）請出示你的通行證。（3）做早操對你有好處。 e)“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)（SVOOC） 這種句型中，賓語補(bǔ)足語是用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的身份、特征、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)或是賓語的動作的。常見的賓補(bǔ)有：名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式或分詞。We made her monitor. We always find her sad. Dont let the dog in. I suppose him in the classroom. My teacher asked me to a

15、nswer the question. I saw some farmers working in the fields. I had my eyes examined yesterday. 這類句子變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，主動句中的賓補(bǔ)也就成為主補(bǔ)了： They elected him chairman of the meeting. He was elected chairman of the meeting. 如果這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語是不定式、 動名詞或從句， 需要用it做形式賓語而將賓語后置： I think it my duty to help the poor.He felt it import

16、ant that they should keep calm.、S+V+O+不定式練習(xí)：(1)Mrs smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to drive B.to never to drive C.never driving D.never drive(2) She was said _ a fairy one day.A. to meet B.having met C.to have met D.meeting(3)They all felt the plan _.A. to be unwise B.be unwise C

17、. being unwise D.is unwise(4)The boy doesnt have to made _.he always works hard.A.to learn B. learn C.to have learned D.be learned(5)The government calls on us _ our production.A.to increase B.increase C.increasing D.increased漢譯英：（1）你應(yīng)該禁止他這樣做。（2）我應(yīng)邀參加了他的生日晚會。（3）他被認(rèn)為偷了這塊表。（4）我們正等待著你的到來。（5）我相信他是清白的。（6

18、）人們經(jīng)常聽到他唱這只歌。、S+V+O+名詞練習(xí)（1）He was elected _ president of the company.A. a B.the C.× D.an譯：（1）他們把邁克稱為幸運(yùn)兒。（2）在1861年，林肯當(dāng)選為美國總統(tǒng)。（3）學(xué)生認(rèn)都認(rèn)為他個好老師。、S+V+O+adj.譯：（1）我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個人很難對付。（2）他們把墻刷成白色。（3）如果誰放了我，我會讓他成為世界上最富有的人。（4）噪音能使人發(fā)狂。、S+V+O+adv.、S+V+O+prep phrass譯：（1）他急急忙忙趕到那兒，發(fā)現(xiàn)他們都出去了。（2）我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在樓上讀書。（3）他喜歡把一切都弄得井井有

19、條。（4）醒來時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。、S+V+O+分詞練習(xí)：(1)The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off.A. to have stolen B.to be stealing C.to steal D.stealing(2)The rider had his horse _ in the horseracing.A.killed B.killing C.kill D.to kill(3)When he hurried home, he found his wife _ and his valuable things _.A

20、.crying B.cried, stolen C.crying, stolen D.crying, to be stolen f) “There be”結(jié)構(gòu) There is no “Mr Smith” here.There are many students in the cinema now.There be + 結(jié)構(gòu)There happen/ seem to be There + Vi + (vi: come, go ,lie, live, stand, grow等)練習(xí)：(1) I dont want _ any misunderstanding between us two fri

21、ends.A. to have B.there to be C.there being D.having(2)There _ a shop in that small village.A. said to have B.was said to be C.there being D.having(3)There _ shouts for help from the river.A. came B.had C.appeared D.observed譯：（1）房間里有一個桌子和兩個椅子。（2）這兒過去有一家戲院。（3）我的表似乎有毛病。（4）據(jù)報道那個城市發(fā)生了地震。（5）門前有棵大樹。（6）希臘有

22、一個叫亞里士多德的思想家。 并列句：如果一個句子中包含有兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一個并列連詞來連接，或是使用分號分隔開。常見的并列連詞有:and, but, or, so, for, while, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also, notbut, both.and. 等。 The scenery was beautiful and the visitors were very pleased. Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. Dont call me “Profes

23、sor”, for I dont like it. We must redouble our efforts, or we'll never be able to catch up with others. Hurry up; its getting late. （主從）復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句中包含有兩個或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中的一個（或更多的）主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一（些）成分，如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語等。充當(dāng)一個句子的成分的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱為從句。由于在句中的作用不同，從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句、狀語從句和同位語從句等。從句與主句間用從屬連詞連接起來。常見的從屬連

24、詞有that，who，whom，whose，whoever, whomever，which，whichever，what，whatever，where，wherever，when，whenever，how，why，because，if，whether，after，before，unless.名詞性從句：a)主語從句：What I want to emphasize is this. b)賓語從句：We should never pretend to know what we dont know. c)表語從句：That is exactly what I am planning to do.d

25、)同位語從句：Soon came the news that the Germany had declared war on Russia.形容詞性從句： e)定語從句：We are looking forward to the day when we will meet again.副詞性從句： f)狀語從句：Turn off the light before you leave the room.注意：（1）在一個句子中，謂語動詞是核心，句子中必須有謂語動詞。一般而言，一個英語句子中若沒有謂語動詞，這個句子是錯誤的。（2）在一個句子中，若有兩個或兩個以上的謂語動詞（除并列謂語動詞之外）時，

26、此句為并列句或主從復(fù)合句，在主從復(fù)合句或并列句中必須有連詞（有時連詞可以省略），一個連詞只管一個謂語動詞，即在并列句和主從復(fù)合句中，有一個動詞不需連詞管，其余動詞必須有連詞管。英語的兩個句子間一定要有連詞（有時連詞可?。┿暯印Ｔ谝粋€句子中若有兩個動詞，且無連詞時，其中一個動詞必須用非謂語動詞；在一個句子中若有兩個動詞，有連詞且連詞后無主語時，連詞后動詞用非謂語動詞.二. 句子按使用目的可分為四類：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句；祈使句結(jié)構(gòu)：表示請求，命令等語氣的句子叫祈使句，祈使句的主語，即聽話者常被省略，但有時為了明確強(qiáng)調(diào)對象，也可以帶主語。Practise speaking English

27、 Everyday.Mary, you clean the blackboard.感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)：How happy we are to see you today!What an interesting role she played!疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：1.一般疑問句(1)Are you interested in the classic music ?(2)Can you guess who will disagree with this statement?2.特殊疑問句(1)Who are responsible for the companys advertisement?(2)What do

28、es Pizza look like ?3.選擇疑問句(1) Does you sister work in a factory or in a company ?(2) Do you expect the price to rise or to fall ?4.反義疑問句(1) He didnt attend the meeting, did he ?(2) The students wont go to the concert, will they ? 中學(xué)英語教材出現(xiàn)頻率較高的句型歸納祈使句或名詞短語and/or結(jié)果分句：eg：Make up your mind, and youll s

29、ucceed in time.èIf you make up your mind , youll succeed in time.Hurry up, or youll miss the train.èIf you dont hurry up, youll miss the train.One more word, and Ill knock you flat.èIf you say one more word, Ill knock you flat.There be no need (for sb.) to do sth.èIt be unnecessa

30、ry (for sb.) to do sth.eg：Theres no need for you to worry about his safety.èIts unnecessary for you to worry about his safetyIt be a pity/ a shame / no wonder/ a good thing等名詞 that 從句（連詞that可省略）eg: Its a pity (that ) we cant go climbing tomorrow.類似：It seems/ appears (that) 從句eg: It seemed (that

31、 ) he had heard of it before.There benoV-ing（It be impossible to do sth.）eg: There is no knowing when we shall meet again.èIts impossible to know when we shall meet again.There is no stopping him.èIts impossible to stop him.It is / has been一段時間since短語或從句Sb. has done sth. since短語或從句eg: Its/

32、 has been 10 years since Tom left here.èTom left here 10 years ago.èTom has been away from here for 10 years.èTom has been away from here since 10 years agoèTen years has passed since Tom left here.但要特別注意since從句動詞若為持續(xù)性動詞時的特殊情況eg: Its 10 years since Tom lived here.èIts 10 yea

33、rs since Tom left here.但：Its 10 years since Tom has lived here.èTom has lived here for 10 years.èTom has lived here since 10 years ago.èIts 10 years ever since Tom (has )lived here.It be ones turn to do sth. 該輪到某人干某事sb. takes turns to do sth. / (at) doing sth.某人輪流干某事eg: Its my turn to

34、 sweep the floor.The young pioneers took turns to care for the sick grandma.（They cared for the grandma in turn(s)/by turns）It be up to sb. to do sth. 該由某人負(fù)責(zé)干某事eg: You are our monitor. Its up to you to decide it.It will be 一段時間before從句（一般現(xiàn)在時）It was 一段時間before 從句（一般過去式）eg: It wont be long before we m

35、eet again.èWe will meet again before long(very soon)It wasnt long before the news spread.èThe news spread before long. (very soon)It is/will be the 序數(shù)詞time (that) 從句（現(xiàn)在完成時）It was the 序數(shù)詞time(that )從句（過去完成時）10Its high/about time(that)從句（一般過去式或shouldV.其中should不可省略）Its high time (that) Tom wa

36、s on duty/ should be on duty.（其中was不可改為were）11Sbe about to do sth.when并列分句（一般過去時態(tài)）Sbe doing sth.when并列分句（一般過去時態(tài)）eg: We were about to start off when it began to rain.I was watching TV at home when an unexpected guest arrived.12SVso adj./adv.或suchn.(that)從句（結(jié)果狀語）若將soadj./ adv.或suchn.提到主句之首用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：eg:

37、He was so frightened that he didnt say a word.èHe was so frightened as not to say a word.èSo frightened was he that he didnt say a word.13SVso/how /too/as adj.a/an單數(shù)名詞(as)其它eg: This is too difficult a book for me to read.How good a film it is !What a good film it is !Tom has as clever a si

38、ster as John (has).14sth.costssb.代價性名詞eg:This coat cost me 50 yuan.èI paid 50 yuan for this coat.èI spent 50 yuan on this coat.èI spent 50 yuan buying this coat.èI bought this coat for 50 yuan.The drivers carelessness cost him his life.（其中costcause the loss of 使.失去）15The more . ,

39、 the more . 句型（參看復(fù)合句學(xué)案）16比較級句型最高級含義用法歸納：SV比較級than any other 名詞單數(shù)SV比較級than any of the other 名詞復(fù)數(shù)SV比較級than any of the othersSV比較級than anything/anybody elseNone/Nobody/NothingVas/so adj./ adv.原級as從句none / nobody / nothingV比較級than從句eg:China has a larger population than any other country.China has a larg

40、er population than any of the other countries.China has a larger population than any of the others.China has a larger population than any country else.No country has as/so large a population as China.No country has a larger population than China.17倍數(shù)比較級句型歸納：Abe倍數(shù)詞比較級than Abe倍數(shù)詞asadj.as The size/leng

41、th /width /depth/ height of A be 倍數(shù)詞that of BAbe倍數(shù)詞the size/length/width/height/depth etc. of Beg:This building is 5 times higher than that one.This building is 6 times as high as that one.The height of this building is 6 times that of that one.This building is 6 times the height of that one.18詢問職業(yè)、

42、親屬關(guān)系、外貌、身體健康狀況、情緒等的表達(dá)句型歸納：（NMET出現(xiàn)較頻繁）問職業(yè)時常用“What +be +n./ pron.+ ? ” 問姓名、親屬關(guān)系時用“Who + be + n./ pron.+ ?”- Who is she ? - She is Kate Smith.-Who is the man ? - He is Johns uncle.問品性或個性時用“What + be + n. / pron.+ like(prep.) + ? ” -Whats the boys mother like? -She is a woman of strong character.問外貌、外表像

43、什么樣子時常用“What + be+ n. / pron. + like?” 或“What + 助動詞n./ pron. + look like?”- Whats the boy like? - He is like his father.- What does it look like ? - Its small and square.有時“How助動詞Slook?”也可以用來問外貌-How does he look ? - He looks to be a young man of twenty.問身體健康狀況時用“Howben./ pron. ?”問精神狀態(tài)或情緒時，用“How助動詞n. / pron.look ?”19含情態(tài)動詞can/could的常見固定結(jié)構(gòu)：cannot + V. + too + adj. / adv.cannot + be + over + adj.can never +V + tooca