綜合英語 2_unit3_part1

1、 Lesson ThreeMore Crime and Less Punishment - I Contentn1. Word Studyn2. General Introductionn3. Writing Techniquesn4. Language and Style.1 . 1. approval 1. approvaln. the act of approving; an official approbation; sanction for sb.s approval 求某人指正求某人指正 give ones approval to 批準(zhǔn)批準(zhǔn) present sth. to sb.

2、for approval 把某事提交某人批準(zhǔn)把某事提交某人批準(zhǔn) submit sth. to sb. for approval 把某事提交某人批準(zhǔn)把某事提交某人批準(zhǔn) with/without approval of 經(jīng)經(jīng)/未經(jīng)未經(jīng)的批準(zhǔn)的批準(zhǔn)v. Approve Examples: Her father will never approve of her marriage to you. Congress approved the budget. mit v. a. to do, perform, or perpetrate b. to make known the views of (one

3、self) on an issue c. to consign for future use or reference or for preservationnExamples:nto commit a crime/an errornChairman refused to commit himself on the controversial subject before making due investigationsn3. . n3. convictnv. to find or prove (someone) guilty of an offense or crime, especial

4、ly by the verdict of a courtExamples:The jury convicted the defendant of manslaughter.He was convicted of murder.4. deterv. to prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubtExamples:Does negotiated disarmament deter war?Failure did not deter us from trying it again.n4. priorna. prec

5、eding in time or order b. preceding in importance or valuenExamples: I have a prior engagement and so cant go with you. This task is prior to all others. a prior consideration 優(yōu)先考慮優(yōu)先考慮 You must give this matter priorityn5. reject nv. to refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use ofnExamples:H

6、e rejected their invitation point-blank.reject an offer of help 拒絕別人提供的幫助拒絕別人提供的幫助reject an appeal 駁回上訴駁回上訴n6. householdna. a. connected with looking after a house and the people in it n b. commonly known; familiarn Examples:n household appliances 家用電器家用電器n Koda has become a household namen7. declin

7、env. a. to refuse politelyn b. to draw to a gradual close; to wane nExamples:I declined their offer of help.an empire that has declined 業(yè)已衰落的帝國業(yè)已衰落的帝國sink into a decline 開始衰落開始衰落, , 衰弱下去衰弱下去; ; 體力衰退體力衰退 (尤指因患肺病而衰弱尤指因患肺病而衰弱)on the decline 走下坡路走下坡路, , 在衰退中在衰退中the decline of life 晚年晚年, , 暮年暮年cf. declin

8、e, refuse, rejectndecline 較正式地、有禮貌地謝絕較正式地、有禮貌地謝絕He declined the nomination.nrefuse 是普通用語是普通用語: : 堅決、果斷或坦率地拒絕堅決、果斷或坦率地拒絕 He refused to take the money.nreject 以否定、敵對的態(tài)度當(dāng)面拒絕以否定、敵對的態(tài)度當(dāng)面拒絕They rejected damaged goods.Purpose of the textnThe essay does not attempt to deal with all the various aspects of th

9、e crime problem. Rather, it aims to persuade the readers that punishment does not deter crime, probably in reply to observations that harsh punishments should be enforced to reduce crime.Structure of the textn Part One: the first three paragraphs, introduction. The writer shows, with statistics, how

10、 serious the crime problem is in the US and introduces the central idea of his essay: punishment does not reduce crime.n Part two: (paras 4-9) the body of the essay, he goes on to analyze why punishment doesnt deter crime. He observes that with so many criminals to handle, the US criminal justice sy

11、stem is only able to lock up the most serious offenders; the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructionn Part three: the last paragraph, the conclusion. The central idea is restated in a more affirmative and emphatic way: getting tough with criminals is not the answer to the crime problem.n1

12、) Statistical InformationnThis is an argumentative of writing, in which the writer tries, using clear thinking and logic and logic, to convince readers of the soundness of his opinion: Punishment does not deter crime. In order to convince, a writer needs evidence; here, Moran chiefly uses statistica

13、l evidence, including exact statistical information (on the re-imprisonment of paroled criminals) and approximate statistics (on the crime rate of the US)2) AnalogynAnalogy is the comparison of two unlike things for the purpose of illustration. The comparison is possible because the two things have

14、sth. in common. In the fourth paragraph, the writer compares a criminals acceptance into a prison with the admission of a high-school graduate to a college. The similarity is both have to maintain certain standards, and the standards change according to the law of supply and demand (The more candida

15、tes there are, the higher the standards for acceptance.)3) Rhetorical QuestionsnThose are questions that do not expect an answer but express a strong feeling, opinion or impression. Three rhetorical questions are used in the 2nd paragraph as way of challenging readers, making them either agree with

16、the writer or think why they do not. Such questions achieve more effect than statements expressing the same ideas.4) Selective Use of RepetitionnRepetition is used for emphasis and expression of a strong feeling .In paragraph 6, the structure “Of the/ everyonly/about” is used five times for emphasis. Repetition of words and structures can be very useful if used careful