托福閱讀專題——插入題(五)

1、Insert Text Question123IntroductionTipsClue 1指代關(guān)系4Clue 2邏輯關(guān)系5Clue 3結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系Introduction 設(shè)置在文章的倒數(shù)第二題 出題會確保不會因為這個缺失的句子而影響到全文的大意，缺少的這個句子是可有可無的 出題原理：指代線索/邏輯線索/組織結(jié)構(gòu)和語義線索Tipsv做句子插入題必須先讀句子而非先讀段落v找線索詞并積極對插入句上下文做預(yù)測 v從第一個小黑方塊前一句話開始讀，逐一代入進(jìn)行驗證 v插入句必須滿足前后兩條線索，先前再后。（先用前線索再看后線索） Some companies in the power industry ar

2、e aware of this wider possibility and are planning sizable wind-farm projects in states other than California. 有些能源行業(yè)的公司意識到了這個更大的可能性，正在計劃在美國除了加州以外的州建立大型的風(fēng)力發(fā)電站項目。 Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, mos

3、t grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the states electricity, enough to meet the residential needs

4、 of a city as large as San Francisco). In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three statesNorth Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas. Clue 1指代關(guān)系 指代詞（the, this, these, their，such, another, other, they, it）必然有所指代 指代詞后邊若有名詞短語，則向前尋找名詞

5、短語的同義改寫，指代詞必然有所指代 小黑方塊附近出現(xiàn)指代詞，則注意是否有所指代，若無指代，插入句往往放在代詞前的方塊 插入句中出現(xiàn)插入語或從句，重點讀主干 定冠詞the 用于重復(fù)上文提到的事物 What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early yearsAdults memories of the next few years also tend to be scantyMost peo

6、ple remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive，such as being hospitalized or a siblings birth. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings. Cases in

7、which many species become extinct within a geologically short interval of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (around 250 million

8、 years ago). The Permian event has attracted much less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In general, it is believed that these two extinctio

9、ns resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow to Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did

10、 not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home. French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britains superior s

11、ea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. Several factors affect tidal ranges, including abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure or prolonged periods

12、 of extreme high or low pressure. They are also influenced by the density and volume of seawater, variations in ocean-current velocities, earthquakes, and the growing or shrinking of the worlds glaciers. In fact, any of these factors alone can alter sea level. The greater and more rapid the change o

13、f water level, the greater the erosive effect of the tidal action, and thus in the amount of material transported and deposited on the shore. Storm surges, such as the heaping up of ocean water by hurricane winds, are yet another factor. We all know that many more people today are right-handed than

14、left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been

15、stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward

16、 might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant. The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which

17、 hand was dominant.Clue 2邏輯關(guān)系 常見邏輯關(guān)系：并列、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、比較并列、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、比較 并列遞進(jìn)：furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally, first, second, third., not only. but also 轉(zhuǎn)折：although, conversely, however,instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while 因果：t

18、herefore, so, as a result, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence 比較： in contrast, on the contraryClue 2邏輯關(guān)系 插入句或黑方塊附近出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折對比標(biāo)識詞時：轉(zhuǎn)折句中的主語前邊可能提到過 插入句或黑方塊附近出現(xiàn)表示原因結(jié)果/總結(jié)結(jié)論標(biāo)識詞時：排除段首位置，注意因果邏輯關(guān)系/總結(jié)結(jié)論句中的元素，必與上一句有所對應(yīng) The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been at

19、tempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incent

20、ive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire regions water supplies. In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose scheme

21、s have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural

22、 products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. But even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer. The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with

23、no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another

24、explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings

25、, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. Therefore, i

26、f the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.Clue 3結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系 西方人的思維 總分結(jié)構(gòu)來論證觀點 總分結(jié)構(gòu)本質(zhì)：先論點，后論證 Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantas

27、y than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be ad

28、ept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract childrens attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with al

29、most nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appea

30、ls to psychological states or associations.Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy.Clue 3結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系 分類列舉式段落概述部分概述部分作為插入句：概述一般位于段首位置 采用分類列舉式的段落/文章通常以 （數(shù)詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù)）的形式出現(xiàn) 概述的標(biāo)示詞：reasons, groups, parts, types, sorts, ways, approaches, features 分類列舉式段落列舉部分列舉部分作為插入句（插入句中出現(xiàn)fur

31、thermore, moreover, in addition, besides, also）：引出段落中一個新的方面，放在對應(yīng)語句之前；插入句中的主語前邊可能提到過。 The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser extent,

32、the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even hi