高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)-動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、高考英語(yǔ)（通用版）一輪復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)題02 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語(yǔ)態(tài)【考綱解讀】動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)歷來(lái)是高考題中考查的重頭戲之一。2004年的15套高考題中就有41道題對(duì)該部分進(jìn)行考查，2005年的高考題中有37個(gè)單選題，2006年亦有38個(gè)且測(cè)試重點(diǎn)放在根據(jù)特定語(yǔ)言環(huán)境區(qū)別使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(過(guò)去時(shí))與現(xiàn)在(過(guò)去)進(jìn)行時(shí)；及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)用法；特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)的使用；結(jié)合所獲得的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)確定正確時(shí)態(tài)的能力等。綜上所述，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)在高考測(cè)試中的地位非常重要。因而考生在復(fù)習(xí)備考中必須對(duì)本專(zhuān)題引起足夠的重視?！局R(shí)要點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1.經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度

2、的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every.，sometimes,on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.我每天早上七點(diǎn)離家去學(xué)校。2.客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。The earth moves around the sun.地球圍著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國(guó)的東方。3.表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)?。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Columbus proved that th

3、e earth is round.哥倫布證明地球是圓的。4.現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.現(xiàn)在我往杯子里放糖。I am doing my homework now.我在做作業(yè)。第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me，I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法1.在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：

4、yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982等。Where did you go just now?剛才你去哪兒了？2.表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。When I was a child，I often played football in the street.我小的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常在街上踢足球。3.句型：It is time for sb.to do sth.“到時(shí)間了”“該了”It is time sb.did sth.“時(shí)間已遲了”“早該了”It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺(jué)了。

5、It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。would (had)rather sb.did sth.表示“寧愿某人做某事”4.wish，wonder，think，hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.她已不在人間。Christine has been an invalid all her life.她現(xiàn)在還活著。Mrs.Darby lived

6、 in Kentucky for seven years.達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去。注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng)詞want，hope，wonder，think，intend 等。Did you want anything else?您還要點(diǎn)別的嗎？情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could，wouldCould you lend me your bike?能借用一下你的自行車(chē)嗎？5.used to/be used to1)used to+do：“過(guò)去常?！北硎具^(guò)去習(xí)慣性

7、的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.母親以前沒(méi)有這么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.Scart過(guò)去常常散步。2)be used to+doing： 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。Scarf is used to taking a walk.Scart現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步。三、一般將來(lái)時(shí)1.shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱(chēng)，在征求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱(chēng)。Which paragraph shall I read first？我應(yīng)該先讀哪一段？2

8、.be going to+不定式，表示將來(lái)。1)主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?明天你打算干什么？2)計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。The play is going to be produced next month.這部戲預(yù)計(jì)要下個(gè)月拍。3)有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds，there is going to be a storm.看那烏云，要來(lái)暴風(fēng)雨了。4)be+不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們打算下周六討

9、論這個(gè)報(bào)告。5)be about to+不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.他正打算動(dòng)身去北京。注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow，next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。3.be going to/will用于條件句時(shí)， be going to表將來(lái)will表意愿If you are going to make a journey，youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你打算去旅行，最好盡快準(zhǔn)備好。Now if you will take off

10、 your clothes，we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.如果你愿意脫下身上穿的衣服，我們就可以在鏡子前給你試穿一下新衣服。4.be to和be going tobe to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主觀安排)5.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)1)下列動(dòng)詞：come，go，arrive，

11、leave，start，begin，return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車(chē)明早六點(diǎn)發(fā)車(chē)。2)倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.車(chē)來(lái)了。There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come)，ask him to wait for me.比爾來(lái)了后，讓他等我。Ill write to you

12、as soon as I arrive there.我一到那兒就給你寫(xiě)信。4)在動(dòng)詞hope，take care that，make sure that等后邊。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開(kāi)房間前一定要確保窗戶(hù)都關(guān)上了。6.用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)意為：“意圖”“打算”“安排”常用于人。常用詞為 come，go，start，arrive，leave，stay等。Im leaving tomorrow.我打算明天動(dòng)身。Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在

13、這兒住到下周嗎？四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有了解。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has)+過(guò)去分詞。1.比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1)過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2)過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live，teach，learn，work，study，know。過(guò)去時(shí)

14、常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come，go，leave，start，die，finish，become，get married等。I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了這部電影。（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。）I have seen this film.這部電影我看過(guò)了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）She has returned from Paris.她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。She returned yesterday.她昨天回來(lái)了。He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He has been a Lea

15、gue member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞如 yesterday，last，week，in 1960時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.2.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1)It is the first/second time.that.結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。It is the first time that I have visi

16、ted the city.這是我第一次參觀這座城市。2)This is the.that.結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is the best film that Ive (ever)seen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。This is the first time (that)Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I havent received his letter for a

17、lmost a month.3.比較since和forsince 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.我在這兒住了20多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我自出生就住在這兒。I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.我好久沒(méi)收到叔叔的信了。注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。I worked here for more than twenty years. 我在這里工作過(guò)20多

18、年。(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)I have worked here for many years.我在這里工作了多年了。(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)小竅門(mén)：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤用。湯姆學(xué)習(xí)俄語(yǔ)有3年了。(對(duì))Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago，and is still studying it now.Harry結(jié)婚6年了。(錯(cuò))Harry has got married for six yea

19、rs.=Harry began to get married six years ago，and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years.4.since的四種用法1) since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980，last month，half past six)。I have been here since 1989.我自1989年就在這兒。2)since+一段時(shí)間+agoI have b

20、een here since five months ago.自五個(gè)月前我就一直在這兒。3)since+從句Great changes have taken place since you left.自從你走后發(fā)生了很大的變化。4)It is+一段時(shí)間+since從句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.自從我考上研究生已有兩年了。5.延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。

21、(表結(jié)果)Ive known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till/until從句的差異延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做直到” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示“到，才”。He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)1.概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去其構(gòu)成是had+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。2.用法1)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中。She said (that)she had never been to P

22、aris.她說(shuō)她從來(lái)沒(méi)去過(guò)巴黎。2) 狀語(yǔ)從句在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。When the police arrived，the thieves had run away.等到警察來(lái)的時(shí)候，賊早已經(jīng)跑了。3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“原本，未能”。We had hoped that you would come，but you didnt.我們?cè)鞠Ｍ隳軄?lái)，但你卻沒(méi)來(lái)。3.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before，by，until ，when，afte

23、r，once，as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.他說(shuō)他以前學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)。By the time he was twelve，Edison had began to make a living by himself.等到愛(ài)迪生12歲那年，他早已學(xué)會(huì)自我謀生了。注意：hardly.when 就no sooner.than剛 就4.用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)1)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。When she saw the mouse，she screamed.看

24、到老鼠，她尖叫了起來(lái)。2)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。When I heard the news，I was very excited.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息時(shí)，我非常激動(dòng)。3)敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老師告訴過(guò)我們哥倫布在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。六、將來(lái)完成時(shí)1.構(gòu)成will have done sth.2.概念1)狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。2)動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的

25、動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或已獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚就20年了。You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天這個(gè)時(shí)候你就到了上海了。七、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：1.表示現(xiàn)在(指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。We are waiting for you.我們正在等你。2.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。Mr.Green is writing another novel.格林先生在寫(xiě)另一部小說(shuō)。(說(shuō)

26、話時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。)She is learning piano under Mr.Smith.她在跟史密斯先生學(xué)鋼琴。3.表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get，grow，become，turn，run，go，begin等。Its getting warmer and warmer.天越來(lái)越暖和了。4.與always，constantly，forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。You are always changing your mind.你總是改變主意。5.不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞1)事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞have，belong，possess，cost

27、，owe，exist，include，contain，matter，weigh，measure，continueI have two brothers.我有兩個(gè)哥哥。This house belongs to my sister.這房子是我姐姐的。2)心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞know，realize，think see，believe，suppose，imagine，agree，recognize，remember，want，need，forget，prefer，mean，understand，love，hateI need your help.我需要你的幫助。He loves her very muc

28、h.他非常愛(ài)她。3) 瞬間動(dòng)詞 accept，receive，complete，finish，give，allow，decide，refuseI accept your advice.我接受你的建議。4)系動(dòng)詞seem，remain，lie，see，hear，smell，feel，taste，get，become，turnYou seem a little tired.你看起來(lái)有點(diǎn)累。八、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3.常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this morning，the whole m

29、orning，all day yesterday，from nine to ten，last evening，when，whileIt was raining when they left the station. 他們離開(kāi)車(chē)站的時(shí)候，天正下著雨。九、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)1.概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。Shell be coming soon.她很快就會(huì)來(lái)了。注意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示“意志”，不能說(shuō) Ill be having a talk with her.2.常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Soon，tomorrow，this evening，on Sunday，by this t

30、ime，tomorrow，in two days，tomorrow eveningBy this time tomorrow，Ill be lying on the beach.明天這個(gè)時(shí)候，我正躺在沙灘上。十、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)when，while，before，after，till，once，as soon as，so long as，by the time，if，in case (that)，unless，even if，whether，the moment，the minute，the day，the year，immediate

31、lyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。2.表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來(lái)事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物館明天10點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)。(實(shí)際上每天如此。)十一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí)1.“書(shū)上說(shuō)”“報(bào)紙上說(shuō)”等。The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。2.敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。Napoleons army now advances and the great

32、battle begins.拿破侖的部隊(duì)沖上來(lái)了，戰(zhàn)斗打響了。十二、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)1.有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)：hear，tell，learn，write，understand，forget，know，find，say,rememberI hear (=have heard)he will go to London.I forget (=have forgotten)how old he is.2.句型“It is.since.”代替“It has been.since.”It is (=has been)five years since we last met.十三、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代

33、替進(jìn)行時(shí)1.句型：Here comes.； There goes.Look，here comes Mr.Li.看，李先生來(lái)了。十四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)1.表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?We are leaving soon.我們馬上就走。 2.漸變動(dòng)詞，如：get，run，grow，become，begin，dieHe is dying.他快要不行了。十五、時(shí)態(tài)一致1.如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí)，則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。At that time，people did not know t

34、hat the earth moves.在那時(shí)，人們不知道地球是運(yùn)動(dòng)的。He told me last week that he is eighteen.他上周告訴我他18歲了。2.賓語(yǔ)從句中的助動(dòng)詞ought，need，must，dare 時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。He thought that I need not tell you the truth.他原以為我沒(méi)有必要告訴你真相。十六、時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)every.，sometimes,at.，on Sunday一般過(guò)去時(shí)yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982，jus

35、t now一般將來(lái)時(shí)next.，tomorrow，in+時(shí)間現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)for，since，so far，ever，never，just，yet，till/until，up to now，in past years，always，recently過(guò)去完成時(shí)before，by，until，when，after，once，as soon as過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)this morning，the whole morning，all day，yesterday，from nine to ten last evening.when，while將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)soon，tomorrow，this evening，on Su

36、nday，by this time，tomorrow，in two days，tomorrow evening動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)一、分類(lèi)及定義語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1.若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加“to”。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞。feel，hear，help，listen to，look at，make，observe，see，notice，watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.老師把我趕出了教室。I was made to go out o

37、f the classroom (by the teacher).我被老師趕出了教室。2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.煤可以用來(lái)發(fā)電以供應(yīng)工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。二、功能及用法1.let 的用法1）當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可用不帶to 的不定式。They let the strange go.The strange was let go.他們讓那個(gè)陌生人走了。 2)若let 后賓補(bǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，let 通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而用allow或perm

38、it 代替。The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.I was allowed/permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.護(hù)士讓我去看望在醫(yī)院的同學(xué)。2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。My sister will be taken care of by grandma.我妹妹將由奶奶來(lái)照顧。Such a thing has never been heard of before.那種事情以前從來(lái)沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)。3.表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信” 的詞組be

39、lieve，consider，declare，expect，feel，report，say，see，suppose，think，understand It is said that.據(jù)說(shuō)It is reported that.據(jù)報(bào)道It is believed that.大家相信It is hoped that.大家希望It is well known that.眾所周知It is thought that.大家認(rèn)為It is suggested that.據(jù)建議It is taken granted that.被視為當(dāng)然It has been decided that.大家決定It must

40、 be remembered that.務(wù)必記住的是It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.據(jù)說(shuō)她周二動(dòng)身去武漢。4.不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1)不及物動(dòng)詞或某些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：appear，die disappear，end (vi.結(jié)束)，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，sit，spread，stand,break out，come true，fall asleep，keep silence，lose heart，take place比較： rise，fall，happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise，sea

41、t是及物動(dòng)詞。價(jià)格上漲了。(錯(cuò))The price has been risen. (對(duì))The price has risen.事故發(fā)生在上周。(錯(cuò))The accident was happened last week.(對(duì)) The accident happened last week.要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題惟有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。2)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)： fit，have，hold，marry，own，wish，cost，notice，watch agree with，a

42、rrive at/in，shake hands with，succeed in，suffer from，happen to，take part in，walk into，belong toYour story agrees with what had already been heard.你的故事跟我們聽(tīng)到的相符。3)系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： appear，be become，fall，feel，get，grow，keep，look，remain，seem，smell， sound，stay，taste，turnIt sounds good.這聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。4)帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞、反身代詞、相互代詞

43、，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： die，death，dream，live，lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨天晚上做了一個(gè)噩夢(mèng)。5)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。她喜歡游泳。(對(duì))She likes to swim.(錯(cuò))To swim is liked by her.5.主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1) wash，clean，cook，iron，look，cut，sell，read，wear，feel，draw，write，sell，drive.The book sells well.這本書(shū)銷(xiāo)路好。This knife cuts easily.這刀子很好用

44、。2)blame，let(出租)，remain，keep，rent，buildI was to blame for the accident.對(duì)于這起事故我應(yīng)受責(zé)備。Much work remains.還剩下好多活。3)在need，require，want，worth(形容詞)，deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired.這扇門(mén)需要修了。This room needs cleaning.這房間應(yīng)該打掃一下。This book is worth reading.這本書(shū)值得一讀。4)特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

45、：make sb.heard/understood(使別人能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/理解自己)have sth.done (要某人做某事)。6.被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義be determined，be pleased，be graduated (from)，be finished，be prepared (for)，be occupied (in)，get married He is graduated from a famous university.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。注意： 表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。He married a rich girl.他

46、娶了一個(gè)有錢(qián)的女孩。He got married to a rich girl.7.need/want/require/worth注意：當(dāng) need，want，require，worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)。Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。The book is worth reading.這本書(shū)值得一讀。【考點(diǎn)詮釋】考點(diǎn)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) （1）考查表示按時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件 例1Look at the timetable. Hurry up!

47、 Flight 1026 _ off at 18: 20. A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken 【解析】飛機(jī)起非的時(shí)間是時(shí)間表上的安排，所以無(wú)論將來(lái)什么時(shí)候發(fā)生都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案應(yīng)是A。 （2）考查表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況或狀態(tài) 例2 This machine _. It hasnt worked for years. A. didnt work B. wasnt working C. doesnt work D. isnt working 例3 The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here

48、 any more.A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. had lived D. doesnt live 【解析】句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故不住在這里也應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況，答案應(yīng)為D。 （3）考查表示普遍真理、事實(shí) 例4Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms. A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 【解析】盡管我

49、們橫渡太平洋是幾個(gè)月前的事情，但是海洋的名稱(chēng)是存在的事實(shí)，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案是B。 2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) （1）考查表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事 例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage. A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 【解析】句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，所以現(xiàn)在汽車(chē)正在被修理，故答案選C。 例6Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn

50、t stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning （3）考查表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、即將開(kāi)始或結(jié)束的動(dòng)作 常用的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。 例7Ladies and gentlemen, please fas

51、ten your seat belt. The plane _. A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off 1一般過(guò)去時(shí) 主要考查表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況 例8Its said that the early European playing-cards _ for entertainment and education. A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were designed 【解析】句中的th

52、e early說(shuō)明以前歐洲撲克牌的設(shè)計(jì)是為了娛樂(lè)和教育，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)說(shuō)明過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，答案是D。 例9My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _ there for a few months and then went to America. A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 【解析】此題中的two years ago說(shuō)明是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，所以答案是A。 2過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) （1）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)未完成 例1

53、0Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _ it this morning. A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done （2）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 例11What were you doing when Tony phoned you? I had just finished my work and _ take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting 【解析】“我”

54、剛剛完成手頭的工作，將要去洗澡，所以答案是D。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別如下： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：完成性 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：未完成 考點(diǎn)三、現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1現(xiàn)成完成時(shí) （1）考查表示所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果 例12Although medical science _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved 【

55、解析】盡管句中未出現(xiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，我們從句意可以判斷出醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)控制住了一些危險(xiǎn)的疾病，所以答案是B。 （2）考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作 例13My friend, who _ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served 【解析】此題中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)all his life 說(shuō)明我的朋友從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在一直在奧委會(huì)工作，答案應(yīng)是D。 例14My brother is an actor. He _ in several films so far. A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing 2現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 主要考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)