5-The Rise and Fall of theBritish Empire 大英帝國的興衰

1、Bill of Rights (1689)To exclude any Roman catholic from the succession;To confirm the principle of parliamentary supremacyTo guarantee free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Constitutional monarchy: a monarchy with powers limited by ParliamentThe Rise and Fall of the Br

2、itish Empire (1688 1990)Whigs and ToriesEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5The Whigs and the Tories were the earliest political parties in England whose names originated with the Glorious Revolution. Whigs = cattle drivers Tories = thugsWhigs and ToriesEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5Whigs opposed ab

3、solute monarchy supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists Tories supported hereditary monarchy reluctant to remove kingsWhigs and ToriesEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5In the mid-19th century the Whigs formed a coa1ition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tori

4、es were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.Whigs and ToriesThe Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 1990)Agricultural Changesin the Late 18th Century English Speaking Countries Unit 5Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were

5、 indeed so great that they merit the term “revolution”. Agricultural ChangesTraditional farming = open field village (dated to 5th Century)Villages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields which centred all the arable land. These fields were divided into strips shared out among the villagers. Eac

6、h familys land was scattered about, so good land was fairly distributed. Much was done on a community basis. One great field left “fallow” each year so that its soil recovered its richness after 2 years cultivation. This meant only 2/3 of the land was cultivated at any time. In addition to the field

7、s there were commons and wastelands used by all villagers to graze livestock. Open Field Village This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and subsistence farming before the modern industrial age. subsistence farming: Subsistence farming in agriculture is the gr

8、owth of crops predominantly for self consumption. Farmers focus on growing food and keeping animals to feed their families rather than growing crops for sale. This kind of farming reduces the cost and expenses of a household. Open Field VillageDrawbacksl. It wasted land because of fallow fields and

9、land for paths.2. It was wasteful of labour and time. 3. Livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. Winter feed was rarely enough, so animals were usually killed in autumn and their meat was salted.4. The open field system was a barrier to experiments. Open Field Village

10、In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, econom

11、ically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. EnclosureEnglis

12、h Speaking Countries Unit 5crop rotation (the successive planting of different crops on the same land to improve soil fertility and help control insects and diseases)land could be fully used while the cultivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter monthsAgricultural Chan

13、gesEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5artificial fertilizernew agricultural machinery (e. g. seed drill)made arable farming more efficient and more profitableselective breeding of cattle, sheep, horsesAnimals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before. Agricultural ChangesEnglish Speaking Coun

14、tries Unit 5The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke (1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George III was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nickname “Farmer George”.Agricultural Changes“Farmer George”George III the king

15、 who lost AmericaEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century when war against France meant high food priceswar was an incentive to landlords to enclose land. EnclosureEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5l. Farms became bigger an

16、d bigger units as the great bought up the small. 2. More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied.Results of Agricultural EnclosureEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 53. Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. T

17、hese peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World.Results of

18、 Agricultural EnclosureEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 54. A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult

19、to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agricultures new prosperity.Results of Agricultural EnclosureThe Rise and Fallof the British Empire (1688 1990)The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) English Speakin

20、g Countries Unit 5The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Industrial Revolution English Speaking Countries Unit 51. Britain was well placed g

21、eographically to participate in European and world trade.2. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming

22、 methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. Factors of Industrial Revolution English Speaking Countries Unit 53. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence

23、 over Government policy. 4. It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.Factors of Industrial RevolutionEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 55. Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water

24、 and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources. 6. British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.7. The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems. Factors of Industrial RevolutionEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 58. Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” he

25、lped.9. England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers. Factors of Industrial RevolutionEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 510. The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture

26、 made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry. Factors of Industrial RevolutionInventionsNameInventionDateJohn Kayflying shuttle飛梭1733James Hargreavesspinning jenny珍妮紡紗1766Richard ArkwrightWaterframe水

27、力紡紗1769Samuel CromptonMule騾機1779Edmund Cartwright power loom動力織機1784Thomas Newcomer steam engineEnd of 17th CenturyJames Wattsteam engine (modified)1765NameInvention DateResultAbraham DarbySmelting iron with coke instead of charcoal1709 Increased production of iron which was used for machinery, rail

28、ways and shippingHenry Court Puddling and rolling processes1784 Increased quantities of high-quality iron to replace wood and stoneEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; no other country was yet ready to compete wit

29、h her in industrial production. Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth. Impact of Industrial RevolutionEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5The north of England, until the 18th century a backward region, was now the most advanced in Britain; mechanization destroyed the livelihood

30、 of those who could not invest in it. Impact of Industrial RevolutionThe working men worked and lived in appalling conditions (e. g. the workers in factories were treated badly, working 15 hour days in poor light and deafening noise.). “Luddites” supposedly led by Ned Ludd attempted to destroy the h

31、ated machines, but were severely punished by the government. The Industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. Impact of Industrial Revolution Queen Victoria Alexandrina Victoria24 May 1819 22 January 1901 English Speaking Countries

32、Unit 5Grandmother of Europe。維多利亞女王的后代很多都與歐洲各國的王室成員聯(lián)姻：維多利亞長公主成為德國腓特烈三世的皇后，她的一個兒子就是發(fā)動第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的德國皇帝威廉二世，一個女兒是希臘王后；第二個孩子是后來即位的英國國王愛德華七世，他的一個女兒是挪威國王哈康七世的王后；第三個孩子愛麗絲成為德國西南黑森親王路易四世的王妃，她的一個女兒是沙皇俄國末代沙皇尼古拉二世的皇后，另一個女兒是英國女王伊莉莎白二世丈夫菲利普親王的外祖母；另外三個女兒其中兩個是德國南部巴登堡和德國北部石勒蘇益格荷爾斯泰因親王的王妃。還有一個嫁給蘇格蘭的一位公爵，后來成為加拿大的總督。而兒子們則都是

33、娶了丹麥、俄國和德國各地的公主、郡主們?yōu)槠?。正因如此，維多利亞女王又被稱為歐洲的祖母。女王在世時，曾有一張和這些著名的孫子輩親戚們的全家福合影，更有趣的是第一次世界大戰(zhàn)實際是在這些親戚們之間打起來的。English Speaking Countries Unit 5A popular saying of the time was that the sun never set on the British Empire, which was so vast. The Victorian Age was marked by a great sense of confidence stemming

34、from the countrys supreme position in world affairs. English Speaking Countries Unit 5English Speaking Countries Unit 5English Speaking Countries Unit 5Her reign of 63 years and seven months, which had been longer than that of any other British monarch and the longest of any female monarch in histor

35、y, is known as the Victorian era. (Now Elizabeth II has broken her record.) It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanov

36、er. Her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father.Ehrenburg PalaceHall in Ehrenburg Victorian styleInterior DecorationRomanesque architecture The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 1990)The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)1. Power was m

37、onopolized by the aristocrats. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Lords had far more influence than it has today and the Commons were also really “gentry” on edge of aristocracy. Most important ministers were “peers” (aristocrats and bishops of Church). The Commons were elected only by a very small

38、proportion of the population. The vote was a privilege for a small number of male citizens. No females were allowed to vote in national elections before 1918. Members of Parliament were not paid.Reasons for Parliamentary Reform2. Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair. To

39、day the country is split into equal sized units for voting. In the 19th century there were county and borough seats. In counties all with property worth 40 shillings per annum could vote and 2 members of Parliament were elected. Borough voting rights varied. The system had not changed since it began

40、, yet location of most population had. Big new cities like Manchester had no seats. Some deserted Southern villages still had 2 each. The Southwest contributed a quarter of all members of Parliament. It was over represented.Reasons for Parliamentary Reform 3. There were also various so-called rotten

41、 or pocket boroughs. Rotten boroughs had been busy market towns, and now were deserted, but they could still elect MPs. In pocket boroughs, elections were not won by political views but by influence. At that time, there was no secret ba1lot. Votes were recorded in poll-books for all to see. Candidat

42、es could buy off or bully voters. So some voters were already so intimidated by the great local landowners that even before the election the seat was already “in his pocket”.Reasons for Parliamentary ReformChartist MeetingEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5 The Chartist Movement was an industrial work

43、ing class movement that took place in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Mens Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the Peoples Charter) in 1838.The Chartist Movement English Speaking Countries Un

44、it 51. The vote for all adult males2. Voting by secret ballot3. Equal electoral districts4. Abolition of property qualifications for MPs5. Payment of MPs6. Annual Parliaments, with a General Election every JunePeoples CharterEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5 Support for these 6 demands was loudly vo

45、iced at meetings held both by day and night all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press the Parliament to accept the 6 points. But the Parliament rejected them three times. In the end, the movement failed.The Chartist Movement English Speaking Count

46、ries Unit 5 Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist Movement English Speaking Countries Unit 5

47、 The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the 6th has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, poli

48、tically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement”. The Chartist Movement The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 1990)Colonial ExpansionEnglish Speaking Countries Unit 5 English colonial expansion began w i t h t h e c o l o n i z a t i o n o f Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britains co

49、ntrol of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. Colonial ExpansionBritish EmpireBritish EmpireThe Growth of DominionsCanadaEventTimeResultSeven Years

50、War between Britain & France1756-1763Canada ceded to BritainQuebec Act1774French rights guaranteedCanada Act1791Canada divided into Upper & Lower CanadasBritish North America Act1867Canada established as dominionThe Growth of DominionsAustraliaEventTimeResultAustralia discovered by Dutchearl

51、y 1600sBotany Bay discovered by James Cook1770East coast claimed for Britain, named New South WalesConvicts transported to Australia1788Free settlement1816Gold rushes1851-1892Commonwealth of Australia1901The Growth of DominionsNew ZealandEventTimeResultSettled by Maoris14th centurySighted by Abel Tasman1642Named for Netherlands province of ZeelandClaimed for England by James Cook1770sMis