GRE高頻閱讀課件

1、目錄Passage1.2Passage2.5Passage3.6Passage4.7Passage5.9Passage6.10Passage7.13Passage8.14Passage9.17Passage10.19Passage11.21Passage12.23Passage13.25Passage14.26Passage15.28Passage16.29Passage17.30Passage18.30Passage19.32Passage20.33Passage21.36Passage22.37做前仔細(xì)閱讀說明：上課將按照這個(gè)順序進(jìn)行講解先按照如下順序做長文章： 5,8,9,12,14,1

2、6,20,1,4,再按照如下順序做短文章：2,3,5,10,11,19,21,22邏輯題最后按從前到后的順序作哦；答案顯示方法：如果你在電腦上練習(xí)：windows 系統(tǒng)：Ctrl+Shift+8；Mac系統(tǒng)：Command+8Passage1.Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing, consequent

3、ly, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter (particulate matter: 顆粒物質(zhì)), and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons (hydrocarbon：n.烴, 碳?xì)浠衔? from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growi

4、ng realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of (short of: adv.缺乏,只要沒有) a massive shift away from (away from: 遠(yuǎn)離) the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas,

5、 liquefied petroleum gas (liquefied petroleum gas: n.液化石油氣a compressed gas that consists of flammable hydrocarbons (as propane and butane) and is used especially as fuel or as raw material for chemical synthesis), ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules

6、are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bo

7、nds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natu

8、ral gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiencyand liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels

9、: they have a higher energy content (energy content: 能含量； 內(nèi)能) per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of

10、 its attractive features. Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline

11、clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank

12、 would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that me

13、thanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with DA. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problemB. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a pro

14、blemC. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problemD. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to itE. outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan2. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to oc

15、cur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because BA. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbonsB. the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactionsC. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structureD. gasoline is composed of small molecules.

16、E. gasoline is a carbon-based fuel3. The passage suggests which of the following about air pollution? AA. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.B. Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle

17、emits have been largely unsuccessful.C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.E. Reductions in pollutants emitted by individu

18、al vehicles have been offset by increases in pollution from sources other than gasoline-fueled vehicles.4. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the passage? CA. Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the

19、 towns tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.B. Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.C. Although a towns citizens reduce their individual use of water, the tow

20、ns water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.D. Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.E. Although

21、 a country reduces the speed limit on its national highways, the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.5. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol? EA. It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B. It could be prov

22、ided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distribution system.C. It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.D. Its use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible.E. Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.6. It can be inferred from the passage tha

23、t a vehicle specifically designed to use methanol for fuel would EA. be somewhat lighter in total body weight than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasolineB. be more expensive to operate than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasolineC. have a larger and more powerful engine than a conventional

24、vehicle fueled with gasolineD. have a larger and heavier fuel tank than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanolE. average more miles per gallon than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanol7. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methan

25、ol in the last paragraph as AA. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics argumentsC. misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD. inaccurate because it ignores consumers concernsE. invalid because it reflects the p

26、ersonal bias of the critics盡管最近幾年中已目睹了各別的機(jī)動車輛有害污染物質(zhì)的大量減少，但這類機(jī)動車輛的數(shù)量卻有增無減。因此，美國100多個(gè)城市仍存在著超過法定限度的一氧化碳、微粒物質(zhì)、以及臭氧（由涉及車輛廢氣中碳?xì)浠衔锏墓饣磻?yīng)所致）含量。人們?nèi)遮厪?qiáng)烈地意識到，要取得車輛尾氣排放的進(jìn)一步減少，唯一有效的手段除了大規(guī)模擺脫私人轎車是不再使用傳統(tǒng)的柴油機(jī)燃產(chǎn)和汽油，而代之發(fā)燃燒得更為干凈的燃料，例如壓縮天然氣、液化石油氣、乙醇、或甲醇。所有這些可供選擇的替代手段均是碳基（carbonbased）燃料，其分子要比汽油的分子來得更小，更簡單。這些分子要比汽油燃燒得更為干凈

27、，部分程度上是因?yàn)樗鼈兙哂袨閿?shù)較少的（即使真有的話）碳碳鍵，并且它們即使真的會釋放出碳?xì)浠衔?，亦不太可能會產(chǎn)生臭氧。較大分子的燃燒，由于具有多重碳碳鍵，涉及到一系列更為復(fù)雜的反應(yīng)。這些反應(yīng)會增加不完全燃燒的可能性，并更有可能將未被燃燒的和光化活躍的碳?xì)浠衔镝屓氲酱髿庵小牧硪环矫鎭碚f，可供選擇的替代燃料也有其缺陷。壓縮天然氣將要求車輛備有一整套笨重的燃料箱這在車輛的表現(xiàn)和燃料效率方面不啻是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的不利因素。而液化石油氣所面臨的是根本上的供應(yīng)量限制。從另一方面來看，乙醇和甲醇具有某些優(yōu)于碳基替代燃料的重要有利因素：它們每一容量中具有更高的能量含量，并幾乎不需要在現(xiàn)存的配送發(fā)動機(jī)燃料的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中

28、作太大的變更。乙醇普遍用作汽油的補(bǔ)充物，但目前它的價(jià)格是甲醇的二倍，而就甲醇來說，低成本是它吸引人的特點(diǎn)之一。然則，甲醇最吸引人的特點(diǎn)是，它能將形成臭氧的車輛尾氣這一最嚴(yán)重的城市空氣污染物數(shù)量降低90%。與其它任何可供選擇的替代燃料一樣，甲醇也不乏其批評者。然而，在部分批評都以“汽油系列”車輛的使用為基礎(chǔ)，而這些車輛卻不包含由于甲醇的使用而得以成為可能的最簡單的設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)。誠然，舉例來說，一特定容量的甲醇僅可提供汽油和柴油燃料所能提供的能量的約一半；在其它條件相等的情況下，燃料箱將不得不做得稍大加稍沉些。然則，既然在甲醇為燃料的車輛可被設(shè)計(jì)成比以甲醇為燃料的“汽油系列”車輛更省油得多，故它們所需

29、的燃料相對較少。車輛一旦包含由于甲醇的使用而得以成為可行的僅僅是最簡單的引擎改進(jìn)，將仍能對迅速減輕城市空氣污染作出貢獻(xiàn)。Passage2. Since the 1970s, archaeological sites in China's Yangtze River region have yielded evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies that predate signs of rice cultivation elsewhere in East Asia by a thousand years. Before this

30、 evidence was discovered, it had generally been assumed that rice farming began farther to the south. This scenario was based both on the geographic range of wild or free-living rice, which was not thought to extend as far north as the Yangtze, and on archaeological records of very early domestic ri

31、ce from Southeast Asia and India (now known to be not so old as first reported). Proponents of the southern-origin theory point out that early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were already highly developed and that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation is missing. They argue that

32、the first hunter-gatherers to develop rice agriculture must have done so in this southern zone, within the apparent present-day geographic range of wild rice.Yet while most strands of wild rice reported in a 1984 survey were concentrated to the south of the Yangtze drainage, two northern outlier pop

33、ulations were also discovered in provinces along the middle and lower Yangtze, evidence that the Yangtze wetlands may fall within both the present-day and the historical geographic ranges of rice's wild ancestor.1. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine the conclusion that

34、 the author makes based on the 1984 survey? CA. Areas south of the Yangtze basin currently have less wild-rice habitat than they once did.B. Surveys since 1984 have shown wild rice populations along the upper Yangtze as well as along the middle and lower Yangtze.C. The populations of wild rice along

35、 the Yangtze represent strains of wild rice that migrated to the north relatively recently.D. Early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were not as highly developed as archaeologists once thought.E. In East Asia, the historical geographic range of wild rice was more extensive than the present-d

36、ay geographic range is.2. Based on the passage, skeptics of the idea that rice cultivation began in the Yangtze River region can point to which of the following for support? BA. Lack of evidence supporting the existence of rice-farming societies along the Yangtze at an early dateB. Lack of evidence

37、regarding the initial stages of rice cultivation in the Yangtze regionC. Recent discoveries pertaining to the historical geographic range of rice's wild ancestorD. New information regarding the dates of very early domestic rice from Southeast AsiaE. New theories pertaining to how hunter-gatherer

38、s first developed rice agriculture in East Asia3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the “southern-origin theory”? DA. The theory is based on an unconventional understanding of how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture.B. The theory fails to take into account t

39、he apparent fact that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation in the north is missing.C. The theory was developed primarily in response to a 1984 survey of wild rice's geographic range.D. Reassessment of the dates of some archaeological evidence has undermined support for the theory.E.

40、Evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies in the Yangtze region provides support for the theory.自從20世紀(jì)70年代，中國長江流域的考古學(xué)遺址就已經(jīng)給出了一些關(guān)于復(fù)雜的大米種植社會的證據(jù)，這些社會要比東亞其他地方種植大米的跡象早了1000多年。在這個(gè)證據(jù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前，人們普遍認(rèn)為大米種植開始于更遠(yuǎn)的南方地區(qū)。這一假設(shè)既是基于野生或獨(dú)立生存的大米的地理分布范圍人們不認(rèn)為這一范圍能向北延伸到長江又是基于關(guān)于東南亞和印度早期培植的大米的歷史記錄。大米起源于南部理論的支持者指出長江流域早期的種植

41、大米的社會已經(jīng)高度發(fā)達(dá)了而且大米種植的初期階段的證據(jù)是缺失的。他們爭論說發(fā)展了大米農(nóng)業(yè)的最早的狩獵收集者必然是在南部地區(qū)這樣做的，南部地區(qū)處于當(dāng)今野生大米的地理分布范圍之內(nèi)。然而，盡管1984年調(diào)查報(bào)告的大多數(shù)品種的野生大米集中于長江流域以南，有兩個(gè)北部的特例也在長江中下游的省份被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，這可以作為長江濕地是有可能處于當(dāng)今以及歷史上野生大米的地理分布范圍之內(nèi)的證據(jù)。Passage3.Many cultural anthropologists have come to reject the scientific framework of empiricism that dominated the

42、 field until the 1970s and now regard all scientific knowledge as socially constructed They argue that information about cultures during the empiricist era typically came from anthropologists who brought with them a prepackaged set of conscious and unconscious biases. Cultural anthropology, accordin

43、g to the post-1970s critique, is unavoidably subjective, and the anthropologist should be explicit in acknowledging that fact. Anthropology should stop striving to build a better database about cultural behavior and should turn to developing a more humanistic interpretation of cultures. The new fram

44、ework holds that it may be more enlightening to investigate the biases of earlier texts than to continue with empirical methodologies.7. The author implies which of the following about most cultural anthropologists working prior to the 1970s? A. They argued that scientific knowledge was socially con

45、structed. CB. They were explicit in acknowledging the biases inherent in scientific investigation.C. They regarded scientific knowledge as consisting of empirical truths.D. They shared the same conscious and unconscious biases.E. They acknowledged the need for a new scientific framework.8. According

46、 to the passage, “many cultural anthropologist” today would agree that anthropologists shouldA. build a better, less subjective database about cultural behavior DB. strive to improve the empirical methodologies used until the 1970sC. reject the notion that scientific knowledge is socially constructe

47、dD. turn to examining older anthropological texts for unacknowledged biasesE. integrate humanistic interpretations with empirical methodologiesPassage4.Despite winning several prestigious literary awards of the day, when it first appeared, Alice Walkers The Color Purple generated critical unease ove

48、r puzzling aspects of its compositions. In what, as one reviewer put it, was “clearly intended to be a realistic novel,” many reviewers perceived violations of the conventions of the realistic novel form, pointing out variously that late in the book, the narrator protagonist Celie and her friends ar

49、e propelled toward a happy ending with more velocity than credibility, that the letters from Nettie to her sister Celie intrude into the middle of the main action with little motivation or warrant, and that the device of Celies letters to God is especially unrealistic inasmuch as it forgoes the conc

50、retizing details that traditionally have given the epistolary novel (that is, a novel composed of letters) its peculiar verisimilitude: the ruses to enable mailing letters, the cache, and especially the letters received in return.Indeed, the violations of realistic convention are so flagrant that th

51、ey might well call into question whether The Color Purple is indeed intended to be a realistic novel, especially since there are indications that at least some of those aspects of the novel regarded by viewers as puzzling may constitutes its links to modes of writing other than Anglo-European ninete

52、enth-century realism. For example, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., has recently located the letters to God within an African American tradition deriving from slave narrative, a tradition in which the act of writing is linked to a powerful deity who “speaks” through scripture and bestows literacy as an act o

53、f grace. For Gates, the concern with finding a voice, which he sees as the defining feature of African American literature, links Celies letters with certain narrative aspects of Zora Neale Hurstons 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, the acknowledged predecessor of The Color Purple.Gatess para

54、digm suggests how misleading it may be to assume that mainstream realist criteria are appropriate for evaluating The Color Purple. But in his preoccupation with voice as a primary element unifying both the speaking subject and the text as a whole Gates does not elucidate many of the more conventiona

55、l structural features of Walkers novel. For instance, while the letters from Nettie clearly illustrate Netties acquisition of her own voice, Gatess focus on “voice” sheds little light on the place that these letters occupy in the narrative or on why the plot takes this sudden jump into geographicall

56、y and culturally removed surroundings. What is needed is an evaluative paradigm that, rather than obscuring such startling structural features (which may actually be explicitly intended to undermine traditional Anglo-European novelistic conventions), confronts them, thus illuminating the deliberatel

57、y provocative ways in which The Color Purple departs from the traditional models to which it has been compared.9. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the letters from Nettie to Celie? B A. They mark an unintended shift to geographicall

58、y and culturally removed surroundingsB. They may represent a conscious attempt to undermine certain novelistic conventionsC. They are more closely connected to the main action of the novel than is at first apparentD. They owe more to the tradition of the slave narrative than do Celies letters to GodE. They illustrate the traditional concretizing details of the epistolary novel form10. In the second paragraph, the author of the passage is primarily concerned with CA. examining the ways in which The Color Purple echoes its acknowledg