漫威電影 對等翻譯(1)

1、東北師范大學(xué)人文學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文A Study on the Application of Equivalence Theory in the English-Chinese Translation of Marvel Films Script從對等理論角度淺談漫威電影臺詞英漢翻譯學(xué)生姓名：指導(dǎo)教師：崔 丹 所在院系：英語學(xué)院 所學(xué)專業(yè)年級：2007級英語教育中國·長春2011年5月3Table of ContentsAbstract (English).摘要（漢語）.1. Introduction .1 1.1 The Objective and Methodology of St

2、udy.1 1.2 The Marvel Films.1 1.2.1 The Necessity of Marvel Films in American culture.1 1.2.2 The Features of Marvel Films.1 1.3 Thesis Structure.22. Literature Review.2 2.1The English-Chinese Translation.2 2.2 The Equivalence Theory.4 2.2.2 The definition of Formal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalenc

3、e.4 2.2.3 Nida's Functional Equivalence.5 2.2.4 The Other Relative Theories.63.The Script Translation of Marvel Films.64.The Application of Equivalence Theory in the English-Chinese Translation of Marvel Films Script.7 4.1The Examples Equivalence Theory of Marvel Films Script.74.1.1 Equivalence

4、in Language .74.1.2 Equivalence in Style.94.1.3 Equivalence in Culture .114.2 The Difficulties in the Application.124.3 The Suggestion on the Application.134.3.1 Be Faithful to the Original Content.134.3.2 Handle Culture Correctly .13Conclusion.14ReferencesAbstractWith the deepening of globalization

5、, more and more foreign films get into the Chinese general publics vision. Regarding how to help the Chinese understand Marvel films and understand exotic customs and culture, we need to turn to solving through script translations. Due to the limitation of time and space as well as cultural differen

6、ces, there exist many difficulties in script translation. Many scholars have explored the strategies for script translation.There are also some specific translation methods from different angles, such as Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence Theory and Relevance Theory. Based on Nidas Functional Equ

7、ivalence Theory, this thesis aims to analyze script translation on a series of American Marvel Films from the following three aspects: language, style and culture. Script translation should follow the three principles of language equivalence, style equivalence and cultural equivalence, dealing with

8、language and culture translation in the specific context. Besides, it is hoped that the translation strategies can be helpful to the practice of script translation.Key words: Functional equivalence;Marvel films;Script translation 摘 要 隨著全球化的不斷深入，越來越多的國外電影進(jìn)入中國民眾的視野。如何讓中國人看懂這些電影，了解他國的風(fēng)俗和文化，是劇本臺詞翻譯需要解決的

9、問題。由于時(shí)空限制以及文化不同，劇本臺詞翻譯也存在很多困難。不少學(xué)者從不同視角來探究臺詞翻譯策略和具體翻譯方法，如目的論、功能對等理論、關(guān)聯(lián)理論等。 本文嘗試運(yùn)用奈達(dá)的功能對等理論對美國漫威系列電影中的臺詞翻譯從語言、風(fēng)格、文化三個(gè)方面研究。臺詞翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循語言對等、風(fēng)格對等、文化對等三個(gè)原則，盡可能保留原劇所傳遞的幽默元素，處理好特定語境下的語言與文化翻譯。此外，希望本研究能對臺詞翻譯的實(shí)踐有所啟示。關(guān)鍵詞：功能對等理論;漫威電影;臺詞翻譯16 A Study on the Application of Equivalence Theory in the English-Chinese Tr

10、anslation of Marvel Films ScriptIntroduction 1.1The Objective and Methodology of Study This paper is carried out under the guidance of functional equivalence theory to analyze some selected translation version of scripts, and then related strategies have been proposed to fulfill an efficient transla

11、tion. The data relevant to the study is chosen from the books on script translation and writing produced by authors from China and abroad. In addition, the data collected focuses on those which are most commonly circulated in our daily life.1.2The Marvel Films1.2.1 The Necessity of Marvel Films in A

12、merican culture Along with the accelerating process of globalization, the cultural communication between Chinese and Western countries is becoming more and more frequently. Within this context, a large number of western films and television works are flooding into China, and gradually become an impo

13、rtant window for our audience to understand the exotic culture. However, compared with the traditional “dubbed film”, the original sound films and TV plays bears the characters of the fast propagate speed, and retaining of the original films information more truthful and natural and other advantages

14、 to show foreign culture, which are highly favored by the audience. However, because of the limitations and barriers of language, the majority of the audience cannot directly enjoy the foreign movies for the time being, so the subtitles translation work of the films and televisions is particularly i

15、mportant.1.2.2 The Features of Marvel Films Marvel Films have been warmly welcomed and hotly pursued since its introduction into our country. Based on unique drawn and prominent personalities and hilarious humorous language, it has attracted more and more Chinese audience, which deservedly has becom

16、e the most popular and favorite sitcom of the world. Regarding to the success, it is the joint efforts of the creation and artistic charm of the work itself and the love of humor of human. Besides, it is also inseparable from the success of audiovisual translators work. Firstly, movie titles must be

17、 concise. No matter what type of a movie is, as the first channel to understand the movie for audience, it is usually only a few words. “Conciseness " is a prominent feature of movie titles. A long movie title not only lost the character of titles, but also makes it difficult to be remembered b

18、y the audience. Secondly, movie titles must be easy to be understood. The movie, as a mass media, faces a large number of audiences who are different in age, occupation and education degree, so the titles of movies must be easy to be understood. Finally, movie titles must be vivid, attractive, able

19、to attract the audience's eye, and can also give the audience a sense of beauty. The movie is a special art form of cultural products. The existence of the movie must be able to reflect its people's way of thinking and cultural values. Different language determines the different ways of thin

20、king, behavior and language expression of different peoples. Some English movie titles come from the legend of its culture or the adaptation of English idioms. As a kind of industry, there is no doubt that the final purpose of a movie is to obtain commercial profit. Thats why film investors try ever

21、y way to attract peoples eyes. They rack their brains to seek the high competitiveness of the movie market and put a lot of manpower, material and financial resource from scripting, filming to showing. All of these investments must be rewarded from the box office and finally obtain high profits. The

22、refore, movie titles have the commercial feature inevitably. Just for the sake of high benefits from their investment, they didnt even care much about whether the translation of movie titles has deviated from the theme of the movies. Most of the time, those improper translations are beyond the under

23、standings of the majority of the audiences. So, even the national conditions have been taken into consideration, it is necessary to find a junction between the market and art. The translation of movie titles should pay attention to both the art value and the response of the market. 1.3 The structure

24、 of this thesis Based on this situation, this paper intends to explore the translation of script translation under Functional Equivalence Theory so as to propose some suggestions for the practice of subtitle translation, with a case study of Marvel Films subtitle translation examples. This thesis co

25、nsists of four parts. For the first part, it comes to an introduction of the research background, the purpose of the research as well as the significance of it. Besides, the methodology that the writer adopts is also introduced. Part two is concerned with an overview of the theory framework of funct

26、ional equivalence, from the perspective of its origin, development and rules. Part three is the main body of this paper, which analyzes films script in the light of functional equivalence theory and some respective strategies will be put forward in this part. The final part draws a natural conclusio

27、n based on the above elaboration and proposes some recommendations for further study.2 Literature Review In order to have a better analysis of the script translation in Marvel films, this essay is based on the results of researches before and specific script,as well as translation strategies.2.1The

28、English-Chinese TranslationOver a period of several decades, the translation between Chinese and English has kept emerging endlessly and quickly with Chinas entry into the worlds cultures, which has exerted a significant impact on the mutual communication between China and other foreign countries. A

29、t the same time, with the continuous rising of Chinas international status, the study of the English-Chinese translation of film script with strong Chinese connotations plays an ever-increasing role in English teaching as well as academic studies both at home and abroad. A proper translation of film

30、 script is especially significant in the cross-cultural communication.Talking about film English, a great quantity of researches have done in this field. As a matter of fact, film English falls into the category of ESP (English for Specific Purpose). They are so different in stylistic features that

31、they require different translation strategies respectively. In the past few decades, a number of achievements have been made in the field of the translation of film English, it is widely recognized that there are still problems, ranging from the ignorance of context and inflexibility and Chinglish.

32、Therefore, there is still a long way to go on English film translation. The adequacy of translations has traditionally been judged on the basis of the correspondence in lexicon and grammar between the source and target languages. The correspondence has frequently been stated in terms of "equiva

33、lence", even though the term equivalence is often not used. There is, however, a serious problem involved in discussing the adequacy of translated text primarily in terms of discourse structures. Translating means communicating, and this process depends on what is received by persons hearing or

34、 reading a translation. Judging the validity of a translation cannot stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meanings, grammatical classes, and rhetorical devices. What is important is the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text. Accordingly, it is e

35、ssential that functional equivalence be stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text.2.2 The Equivalence Theory 2.2.1 The definition of Formal Equivalence and Dynamic EquivalenceThe different

36、iation of audience: prospective audiences are differed from both in decoding ability and in potential interest.There are no such things as "identical equivalents" in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the "closest natural equivalent". Here he identifies

37、two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal Equivalence(F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence(D-E). Formal Equivalence(F-E) focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Such translations then would be concerned with such correspondences as p

38、oetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. Such a formal orientation that typifies this type of structural equivalence is called a "gloss translation" in which the translator aims at reproducing as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the origi

39、nal.The principles governing an F-E translation would then be: reproduction of grammatical units; consistency in word usage; and meanings in terms of the source context.Dynamic Equivalence(D-E) on the other hand aims at complete "naturalness" of expression. A D-E translation is directed pr

40、imarily towards equivalence of response rather than equivalence of form. The relationship between the target language receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original (source language) receptors and the message.The principles governing a D-E translatio

41、n then would be: conformance of a translation to the receptor language and culture as a whole; and the translation must be in accordance with the context of the message which involves the stylistic selection and arrangement of message constituents.2.2.2 Nida's Functional Equivalence Functional e

42、quivalence theory was originally proposed and advocated by Eugene A. Nida who was a distinguished theorist and linguist in the field of translation in 1964. His works on translation has exerted a tremendous impact on translation research in western countries. Eugene A. Nida defines translation as re

43、production in the receptor language the closest and natural equivalent of the source-language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.Nidas three stage system of translation (from Nida and Taber 1969 P.33) A (source language) B (receptor language) (analyses) (interpretation) X tran

44、sfer YFigure 1Figure 1 shows a simplified form of translation process. As can be seen, Nidas translation process consists of three stages: 1) analysis of the source language text, 2) transfer of the source language text into the target language text, and 3) linguistically restructuring in the target

45、 language text.Functional equivalence is also known as dynamic equivalence, which is relative to formal equivalence. This theory underlines the functional equivalence of information other than the simple formal equivalence in rendering, and so as to keep functional equivalence between the meaning an

46、d style of the source language and that of the target language. According to Nida, functional equivalence is the “quality of a translation in which the meaning of the original text has been so transported into the receptors language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the o

47、riginal receptors.”(1969) In such a translation, one is not with matching the target language message with the source language message, but concerned with the dynamic relationship.The relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the origina

48、l receptor and message. In order to achieve a closest natural equivalence, the equivalence in meaning, style and culture must be fulfilled in the translation process.Traditional translation theories mainly focus on the linguistic comparison between the source language (SL) and target language (TL).

49、Compared with that, Functional Equivalence Theory put forward by Nida offers a new way to study translation. The Functional Equivalence Theory lifts the role of TL readers up to an paramount height, taking their linguistic habits and cognition and cultural background as well as their response to the

50、 translated text. Nida attempts to offer a new way to produce an equivalent, taking the relationship of the receptor to the text into account. 2.2.3 The Other Equivalence TheoriesFormal equivalence theory is a translation theory put forward by Eugene Nida. According to Nida, a formal-equivalence tra

51、nslation is basically source-oriented, i.e. it attempts to reveal as much as possible the content and formal of the source message. Thus, an Formal Equivalence(F-E) translation tries to reproduce several elements, including: grammatical units, the consistency in word usage and the meanings in terms

52、of the source context. First, in order to reproduce grammatical units, an Formal Equivalence(F-E) translation usually deals with nouns by nouns, verbs by verbs, keeping all phrases and sentences, and preserving all formal indicators, such as marks of punctuation and paragraph breaks. Second, in atte

53、mpting to reproduce consistency in word usage, an F-E translation often aims at so-called consistency of terminology, that is, it always renders a particular term in source-language document by a corresponding term in the receptor-language document. Such a principle may be pushed to an absurd extent

54、, with the result being relatively meaningless strings of words, However, a certain degree of concordance maybe highly desirable in certain types of Formal Equivalence(F-E) translation.Besides, an Formal Equivalence(F-E) translation may also use some brackets, parentheses, or even italics for words

55、added to make sense in the translation, but missing in the original texts. In general, in order to reproduce meanings in terms of the source context, an Formal Equivalence(F-E) translation normally attempts not to make adjustments in idioms, but rather to reproduce such expressions more or less lite

56、rally. 3 The Script Translation of Marvel Films The film is a kind of artistic form people love to see and hear.It is also the main channel of cultural transmission. Moreover, it has the influence that other forms of art do not have. On one hand, the world economic cooperation and cultural exchanges stimulating the development of the movie transl