【英語學(xué)習(xí)】Language and Cog

1、整理課件Lecture 6Language and Cognition整理課件lWhat is cognition?lthe acquisition of knowledge through perception and experience, the organization of knowledge into mental structures;lthe conscious or unconscious interpretation of experiences on the basis of previously stored knowledge and mental operation

2、s. In short, cognition is the way we think!整理課件lWhat is the focus？lPsycholinguistics lCognitive Linguistics整理課件1. psycholinguisticslPsycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind. lIt also studies language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition

3、and biological foundations of language整理課件Psycholinguistics belongs to Macrolinguistics3.Anthropological linguistics4.Computational Linguistics整理課件1.1 Main features of Psycholinguisticsl An inter-disciplinary Science整理課件lA Process-orientated Science 整理課件lA Cognitive Science Linguistic performance :

4、5 aspects Linguistic: Phonological Grammatical Lexical Cognitive: Conceptual knowledge Systems of beliefs e.g. Mary and John saw the mountains while they were flying the CaliforniaSo : communication is an inferential as well as decoding model整理課件1.2 Why linguistics and psychology can work together?

5、Psychology Linguisticsl - -l (1) Be puzzledl by some issues Memory, Language structure, learning, language acquisition, perception, history l (2) model Processing Grammarl (performance): (competence):l (Often learning (Often assumedl is central) to be innate)l (3) Collect data Experiment, Native spe

6、aker intuitions, observational descriptivel l (4) Interpret results Cause-and-effect, Simplicity,l statistics argumentl Empiricism Rationalism整理課件 l Both believe in the mind (as abstraction of action of the brain)l Both ling & psych view themselves as grounded in biologyl Linguists see the study

7、 of language acquisition as key to central mystery; Psychologists see development of language as important window into the big question of development in generall Most importantly, both model the mind with information processing models The main four reasons整理課件1.3 A Brief History of Psycholinguistic

8、sl Early Psycholinguistics (1879the early 1900s) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)l Behaviorism and Verbal Behavior (1920s1950s) Psychology and linguistics “divorced”l Later Psycholinguistics (1950s) Noam Chomskyl Current Directions More diverse 整理課件 1.4 Main contents of psycholinguisticslLanguage Acquisiti

9、on (will be discussed later) lLanguage ComprehensionlLanguage Production (will be discussed later) 整理課件1.5 Staring point: Neurolinguistics lHow the structure of brain influences language learning?lIs there a language area in the brain?lDamage to the brain will affect language ability?整理課件Brain mecha

10、nisms and language lLanguage behavior, like all behaviors, is meditated by brain structures, but because language is extremely subtle and multifaceted, it has a particularly complex representation in the brain.lDifferent language skills are represented in different parts of the brain. 整理課件Outline of

11、 human brainlCortex (腦皮層)levolutionarily later lsupports higher brain functions, including language lthin, folded sheet on surface of brain lHemispheresl2 sides of brain: roughly symmetrical 整理課件lThe cortex is divided into lobes: frontal額葉 temporal枕葉 parietal 頂葉 occipital lobes后葉lMicrostructures: ne

12、urons, networks 10 billion neurons in human brain 整理課件Cortex: lobeslFrontal lobelanguage productionlParietal lobecontrolling facial and speech muscleslTemporal lobeprocessing auditory languagelOccipital lobevisible processing processing of written language整理課件整理課件整理課件Lateralization of language proce

13、ssesl There has been a great deal of interest in the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain in recent decades, and part of that interest extends to the lateralization of language functioning l Lateralization refers to the tendency for a given psychological function to be served by

14、one hemisphere, with the other hemisphere either incapable or less capable of performing the function. 整理課件Brain Lateralization Left Brain FunctionsNumber skillsWritten languageReasoningSpoken language ScienceRight-hand controlRight Brain FunctionsInsight3-D formsArt awarenessImaginationMusic awaren

15、essLeft-hand control整理課件Brocas AphasialIdentified 1861 by Paul Broca, a Parisian neurologist lPatient Tan: intelligent, good language comprehension, severe deficit in speech production lDied soon afterwards: brain showed selective damage at junction of frontal, parietal, temporal lobes, left hemisph

16、ere 整理課件Typical clinical symptoms of Brocas aphasial Yes . Monday . Dad, and Dad . hospital, and . Wednesday, Wednesday, nine oclock and . Thursday, ten oclock . doctors, two, two . doctors and . teeth, yah. And a doctor . girl, and gums, and I. l Me . build-ing . chairs, no, no cab-in-ets. One, saw

17、 . then, cutting wood . working . 整理課件Wernickes AphasialIdentified 1873 by Carl Wernicke, eminent German neurologist lPatient with reasonably good speech, very poor language comprehension lDied soon afterwards: brain showed selective damage in rear parietal/temporal region, left hemisphere 整理課件Typic

18、al symptoms of Wernickes aphasicsExaminer: What kind of work have you done? Patient: We, the kids, all of us, and I, we were working for a long time in the . you know . its the kind of space, I mean place rear to the spedawn . Examiner: Excuse me, but I wanted to know what work you have been doing.

19、Patient: If you had said that, we had said that, poomer, near the fortunate, porpunate, tamppoo, all around the fourth of martz. Oh, I get all confused. 整理課件Conclusion on major aphasiaslBrocas aphasia results from damage to a region in the left hemisphere near the motor cortex運(yùn)動皮質(zhì) and leads to defic

20、its in language production and syntactic analysis.言語產(chǎn)生和語法分析lWernickes aphasia is due to injury to an area adjacent to the auditory cortex 聽覺皮質(zhì)in the left hemisphere and is associated with deficits in comprehensions and semantic organization. 言語理解和語義組織整理課件Language processinglThis area examines how di

21、fferent aspects of language are processed.lHere well briefly discuss word recognition and sentence processing.整理課件Word RecognitionlHow do people identify what words they hear? How do they keep them separate from other words?lThe Cohort theory（交股理論）: lThis involves narrowing the range of possible wor

22、ds.lIf a word begins with s, then you eliminate all words beginning with other sounds, then the next sound eliminates more chances, etc.!整理課件Other factors in word recognitionlFrequency effect (more frequent words easier to recognize)lContext effect (words that fit the context are easier)Semantic ass

23、ociation: if you hear “dog” then words like “bone” etc are easier to recognize整理課件Sentence ProcessinglA listener has to figure out the structure of the sentence as it is heard. This is known as “on-line processing” or “on-line parsing.”lParticularly problematic cases:lAmbiguous sentenceslGarden Path

24、 sentences: The car raced around the corner fell on its side.整理課件Sentence processinglAmbiguity The spy saw the cop with a binoculars The spy saw the cop with a binoculars整理課件lGarden-path sentence（花園路徑句） 1. The car raced around the corner NP fell on its side. 2. The complex NP houses married and sing

25、le students and their families. 3.小王研究魯迅的文章 小王研究魯迅的文章發(fā)表了。 4.我們學(xué)習(xí)文件的內(nèi)容 我們學(xué)習(xí)文件的內(nèi)容更豐富了。整理課件Discourse processinglSchema Theory（圖式理論）（圖式理論） mental structures acquired through many experiences with an event or in routine social situations. They are modified by experiences. This concept is not only used fo

26、r studying discourse comprehension, but any situation where people are absorbing complex information.整理課件e.g.story: setting, beginning, development, outcomeBackground knowledge a reader or listener brings to the text and is usually culture-specific.整理課件l Example of Schema With hocked gems financing

27、him, our hero bravely defied all scornful laughter that tried to prevent his scheme. “ Your eyes deceive”, he had said, “ an egg not a table correctly typifies this unexplored planet.” Now three sturdy sisters sought proof , forging along sometimes through calm vastness, yet more often over turbulen

28、t peaks and valleys. Days became weeks as many doubts spread fearful rumors about the edge. At last from nowhere welcome winged creatures appeared signifying momentous success.”整理課件2. cognitive linguistics2.1 what is it? the scientific study of language in relation to human cognition; or the scienti

29、fic study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think.整理課件2.2 What does it concern? lCategorization（already discussed）lImage schemas lConceptual Metaphor lConceptual MetonymylConceptual Blending Theory整理課件2.3 Image-schemasl Image schemas are simple structures that constantly

30、recur in our everyday bodily experience (containers, paths, links, forces, balances) and in various orientations and relations (up-down, front-back, part-whole, centre-periphery, etc.). 在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ眢w經(jīng)驗中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)、相對簡單的結(jié)在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ眢w經(jīng)驗中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)、相對簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)以及各種方位關(guān)系構(gòu)以及各種方位關(guān)系整理課件e.g. container schema(容器圖式容器圖式)A containment schem

31、a is an image schema that involves a physical or metaphorical- boundary ,enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume. l He left out some minor details when he retold the story.1) Thank you for hearing me out.整理課件2.4 Conceptual metaphorslmetaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual dom

32、ain in terms of another conceptual domain .lfirst extensively explored by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in Metaphors We Live By. 整理課件lClassification of metaphorslAccording to degree of conventionalization conventional (規(guī)約隱喻) novel （新鮮隱喻）Conventional (dead) metaphor: those which have been accepted b

33、y most language users and become part of daily communication. E.g. Green green hand, green Christmas, green house, green-eyed整理課件Novel metaphors: those newly created by language users, usu. In literary works. E.g. e.g. 菜鳥 雷人 walking to your heart.整理課件(2) According to difference in source domainSpati

34、al metaphor(方位隱喻): constructed according to spatial orientation. e.g. Up or down; In or out; Front or back; On or offThey are used to express abstract concepts: emotion, spirit, health, quantity, social status, income, etc.整理課件e.g. happy is up, sad is down; more is up, less is down etc. lIm feeling

35、up. lThat boosted my spirits. lIm feeling down. lI fell into a depression. 整理課件nOntological metaphor 實體隱喻 a metaphor in which an abstraction, such as an activity, emotion, or idea, is represented as something concrete, such as an object, substance, container, or person. e.g. container metaphor：metap

36、hor in which some concept is represented as having an inside and outside, and capable of holding something else. 1） Ive had a full life. 2）Life is empty for him. 3）Her life is crammed with activities. 整理課件Structural metaphor: a metaphor in which one concept is understood and expressed in terms of an

37、other structured, sharply defined concept. Example: Argument as war1) Your claims are indefensible. 2) He attacked every weak point in my argument. 整理課件l Conceptual metaphors typically employ a more abstract concept as target and a more concrete or physical concept as their source. Source domain源語域源

38、語域: the conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions. Target domain目標(biāo)域目標(biāo)域: the conceptual domain that we try to understand. 整理課件l More examples :EMOTIONS ARE TEMPERATURES1). she was a warm person2). I stayed cool3). That left me cold4). I warmed to the idea整理課件l GOOD IS UP1). an emo

39、tional high2). this lifts my spirits3). Then she broke down completely4). She is a rising star整理課件l LIFE IS A JOURNEY1). Hes without direction in his life. 2) Im at a crossroads in my life. 3) Shes never let anyone get in her way. 4) Hes gone through a lot in life. 整理課件l TIME IS MONEY1). Youre wasti

40、ng my time.2). I dont have the time to spare you.3). How do you spend your time these days?4). Ive invested a lot of time in this project.5). Time is precious.6). We run out of time.整理課件lLOVE IS A JOURNEY1) Were at a crossroads.2) We cant turn back now.3) I dont think our relationship is going anywhere.4) Our marriage is on the rocks整理課件2.5 Metonymiesl Metonymy is co